Particles and Particles Effects on the Energy Sources

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 7, 1 - 8, 03.06.2016

Nurettin Çek

Öz

All animate and inanimate beings are composed of atoms which are, in basic terms, formed by protons, electrons and neutrons. Recent scientific research shed light on this simple model and showed that the existence of subatomic particles which produce protons, electrons and neutrons. There is ongoing research to determine the classical definition of these subatomic particles as such their masses, charges as well as spins. In the view of this research, scientists model forces on the four distinct and basic forms; weak and strong nuclear forces, electromagnetic forces and finally gravitational forces. With this modelling a new theoretical study area is born known as the Standard Model. In this study the interaction between subatomic particles, the balance between them and the usage of these interactions in order to create energy are discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

atom, subatomic particle, energy sources

Parçacıklar ve Parçacıkların Enerji Kaynakları Üzerinde Etkileri

Öz

Canlı ve cansız tüm varlıklar atomlardan oluşmuştur. Atom temel olarak proton, nötron ve elektron parçacıklarından oluşmaktadır. Ancak yapılan bilimsel araştırmalar, atomları oluşturan parçacıkların daha küçük parçacıklar olan atomaltı parçacıklarla oluştukları ortaya çıkarmıştır. Atomaltı parçacıkların kütleleri, elektriksel yükleri ve spinleri hakkında detaylı araştırmalar yapılmaktadır. Atomaltı parçacıkların kütleleri, elektriksel yükleri, spinleri vb. özelliklerinden dolayı dört temel kuvvetin (zayıf çekirdek kuvveti, kuvvetli çekirdek kuvveti, kütle çekim kuvveti ve elektromanyetik kuvvet) ortaya çıktığı bilim insanları tarafından belirtilmiştir. Atomaltı parçacıklar standart modelde detaylı araştırılmıştır. Bu çalışmada atomaltı parçacıklar arasındaki etkileşim, atomaltı parçacıklar arasındaki dengeyi sağlayan unsurlar ve atomaltı parçacıkların etkileşmeleri sonucu enerji kaynaklarının oluşumu anlatılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Atom, atomaltı parçacık, enerji kaynakları

Kaynakça

• Shupe M.A. 1979. A Composite Model of Leptons and Quarks. Physics Letters B 86(1), 87-92.
• Bouchiat C., Iliopoulos J and Meyer P.H. 1972. An Anomaly-Free Version of Weinberg's Model. Physics Letters B 38(7), 519-523.
• Das A., Ferber T. 2003. Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte, London.
• Lıchtenberg D. 2007. The Universe and The Atom. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte, London.
• Weınberg S. 1990. The Discovery of Subatomic Particles. Hardback.
• Terazawa H., Yasuè M., Akama K. and Masaki Hayashi M., 1982. Observable Effects of the Possible Sub-Structure of Leptons and Quarks. Physics Letters B 112(4-5), 387-392.
• Jadach S., Ward B, F, L., and Was Z. 1991. The Monte Carlo Program KORALZ, Version 3.8, for the Lepton or Quark Pair Production at LEP/SLC Energies. Computer Physics Communications 66(2–3), 276-292.
• Griffiths D. 2004. Introduction to Elementary Particles. Wiley VCHV Verlang GmbH&Co.
• Zuchelli P., 2002. A Novel Concept For A Neutrino Factory: The Beta-Beam. Physics Letters B 532(3-4), 166-172.
• Mahmoud T. 2004. Development of the readout chamber of the ALICE transition radiation detector and evaluation of its physics performance in the quarkonium sector. Dissertation Ruperto–Combined Faculties of Natural Science and Mathematics, Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany.
• http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/654820/Yukawa-Hideki (05.08.2013).
• http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/lightandcolor/particleorwave.html (21.08.2013).
• Serway RA. and Beichner J. 2000. Physics for Scientists and Engineers With Modern Physics. Saunders College Publishing.
• http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/214675/Jean-Foucault (03.04.2013)
• Taylor J.R., Zafiratos C.D. And Dubson M.D. 2008. Physics for Scientists and Engineers With Modern Physics. Lecturer Publishing.
• Simon B. 1977. Functional Integration and Quantum Physics. Akademic Press INC. LTD. London.
• http://press.web.cern.ch/press-releases/2013/03/new-results-indicate-particle-discovered-cern-higgs-boson (11.06.2013)
• http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/Science/StandardModel-en.html (16.06.2013)
• Beskidt C., Boer W., Kazakov D., 2013. A comparison of the Higgs sectors of the CMSSM and NMSSM for a 126 GeV Higgs boson. Physics Letters B 726(4–5), 758–766.
• http://www.atlas.ch/news/2012/laest-resultsfrom-higgs-search.html (17.06.2013)
• http://cms.web.cern.ch/news/observationnew-particle-mass-125-gev (17.06.2013)
• http://www.engr.psu.edu/antimatter/Papers/NASA_anti.pdf (14.09.2013)
• http://kenan.web.cern.ch/kenan/CPF/%C3%87PFDersNotu.pdf (10.07.2013)
• Nutt R. 2002. The History of Positron Emission Tomography. Molecular Imaging&Biology 4(1), 11-26.
• http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/home/antimatter_spaceship.html (10.07.2013)
• Öztürk G. 1989. Antimaddeyle Yıldızlara Yolculuk. Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi, 16-19.
• http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/technology/warp/antistat.html (10.07.2013)
• http://www.universetoday.com/14841/how-long-does-it-take-to-get-to-mars/ (16.09.2013).
• Anonim, “Alpha, Beta and Gamma Radioaktivity”, Royal Society of Chemistry, Registered Charity Number 207890.
• Raj Y., Ahuja, Sharma S. and Bahadur B., “Autism: An Epigenomic Side-Effect of Excessive Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields”, International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 5 (4), 171-174, Nisan 2013.
• Kaiser F. 1983. Thery of Resonant Effects of RF ond MW Energy” In Michaelson, S. (Ed), Biologial Effects and Dosimetry of Nonionizing Radiation, Plenum Pub. , 251-282, New York.
• Frönlich H. 1980. The Bioligal Effects of Microwaves and Related Quenstions. Adwances in Electronic and Electron Physics, 85-152.
• Everett M.A., Yeargers E., Sayre RM. and Olson R.L. 1966. Apenetration of Epidermis By Ultraviolet Rays”, Photochemistry and Photobiology, 533-542. (Article first published online: 25.06.2009).
• Gribben J. 2004. The Scientists; A History of Science Told Through the Lives of Its Greatest Inventors. Random House, 424–432.
• Lytle C.D., Cyr W.H., Bira J.Z., Miller SA, James R.H., Landry R.J., Jacobs R.A., Kaczmarek R.G, Sharkness C.M, Gaylor D., 1993. An Estimation of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk from Ultraviolet Radiation Emitted by Fluorescent Lamps. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 9(6), 268–74.
• Bendiganavale A.K. and Malshe V.C. 2008. Infrared Reflective Inorganic Pigments. Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering 1(1), 67-79.