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Geri Dönüştürülmüş Cam Kumlu Betonun Mühendislik Özellikleri ve Sürdürülebilirlik Değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 17, 117 - 130, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.599831

Öz

Doğal hammadde mevcudiyetindeki azalma, beton endüstrisini çevre dostu yaklaşımlar benimsemeye zorlamaktadır. Beton üretiminde geri dönüştürülmüş malzemelerin kullanılması, beton üretiminin çevresel ayak izini azaltmak için popüler bir yaklaşım haline gelmiştir. Cam, kolayca toplanıp geri dönüştürülebilen en çok tüketilen malzemelerden biridir. Beton üretiminde cam kullanımı, beton üretiminde kullanılan doğal hammadde miktarını potansiyel olarak azaltabilir ve atık gömme icin kullanılan bakir arazilerin depolama amacıyla kullanılmasını önler. Rapor edilen çalışma başlangıçta geri dönüştürülmüş cam kumu kullanılarak üretilen betonun taze ve sertleşmiş performansını araştırmış ve daha sonra da çevresel ve ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik açısından uygunluklarını değerlendirmek için sürdürülebilirlik analizi de yapılmıştır. Bu bağlamda, 30 N/mm2 ve 45 N/mm2 eşdeğer 28 günlük basınç dayanımına sahip kısmen cam kumu ikame (ağırlıkça %10) edilerek yapılan betonlar üretilmiştir.
Sonuçlar, geri dönüştürülmüş cam kumu kullanmanın, betonun taze özelliklerini bir miktar iyileştirebileceğini göstermiştir. Geri dönüştürülmüş cam kumunun doğal ince agreganın yerine %10 oranında kullanılmasının, erken yaşlarda basınç dayanımını yaklaşık %10 ve %14 oranında azalttığı gözlenmiştir, ancak basınç kayıplarının 30-RGS ve 45-RGS için normal beton karışımlarına kıyasla sırasıyla 28 günde % 0.6 ve% 10.5'e düştüğü gözlemlenmiştir. Ultrases geçis hızı sonuçları, geri dönüştürülmüş cam kumu kullanımının, normal karışımlara kıyasla benzer veya daha yoğun matris sağladığını gösterdi. Sonuçlar, geri dönüştürülmüş cam kumunun iyi bir agrega değişimi olarak kullanılmasının, 14,4 km'lik bir alanda tedarik edilmesi halinde çevresel olarak sürdürülebilir beton üretimine katkı sağlayabileceğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca geri dönüştürülmüş cam kumu, daha yakın tesislerden tedarik edilmek koşuluyla uygun maliyetli beton üretimi sağlayabildiği de ortaya çıkmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • daway, M. & Wang, Y. (2015) Recycled glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in structural concrete – Effects on compressive strength. Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering. 14(1), 116-122.
  • Afshinnia, K. & Rangaraju, P.R. (2016) Impact of combined use of ground glass powder and crushed glass on selected properties of Portland cement concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 117, 263-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.072.
  • Alexander, M. & Mindness, S. (2010) Aggregates in Concrete. 1st Ed., CRC Press. ISBN: 9780415258395.
  • Arulrajah, A., Kua, T., Horpilbulsuk, S., Mirzababaei, M. & Chinkulkijniwat, A. (2017) Recycled glass as a supplementary filler material in spent coffee grounds geopolymers. Construction and Building Materials. 151, 18-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.050.
  • Aydin, E. & Arel, H.Ş. (2019) High Volume Marble Substitution in Cement Paste: Towards Better Sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production. Article in Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117801.
  • Bilir, T., Yüksel, İ., Topçu, İ.B. & Gencel, O. (2015) Effects of bottom ash and granulated blast furnace slag as fine aggregate on abrasion resistance of concrete. 24(2), 261-269. https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2015-0101.
  • Bostanci, S.C., Limbachiya, M.C. & Kew, H. (2018) Use of recycled aggregates for low carbon and cost effective concrete production. Journal of Cleaner Production. 189, 176-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.090.
  • Bourgiba, A., Ghorbel, E., Cristofol, L. & Dhaoui, W. (2017) Effect of recycled sand on the properties and durability of geopolymer and cement based mortars. Construction and Building Materials. 153, 44-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.029.
  • Carsana, M., Frassoni, M. & Bertolini, M. (2014) Comparison of ground waste glass with other supplementary cementitious materials. Cement & Concrete Composites. 45, 39-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.09.005.
  • Corinaldesi, V., Nardinocchi, A. & Donnini, J. (2016) Reuse of recycled glass in mortar manufacturing. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering. 20, Issue sup1, 140-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2016.1246695.
  • Demirel, B., Gultekin, E. & Alyamac, K.E. (2019) Performance of Structural Lightweight Concrete containing Metakaolin after Elevated Temperature. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-1192-x.
  • Du, H. & Tan, K.H. (2017) Properties of high volume glass powder concrete. Cement & Concrete Composites. 75, 22-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.10.010.
  • European Parliamentary Research Service (2018) CO2 standards for new cars and vans. PE 614.689. European Parliament.
  • Gesoglu, M., Güneyisi, E., Hansu, O., Etli, S. & Alhassan, M. (2017) Mechanical and fracture characteristics of self-compacting concretes containing different percentage of plastic paste powder. Construction and Building Materials. 140, 562-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.139.
  • Guo, M.Z., Tu, Z., Poon, C.S. & Shi, C. (2018) Improvement of properties of architectural mortars prepared with 100% recycled glass by CO2 curing. Construction and Building Materials. 179, 138-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.188.
  • Hajimohammadi, A., Ngo, T. & Kashani, A. (2018) Glass waste versus sand as aggregates: The characteristics of the evolving geopolymer binders. Journal of Cleaner Production. 193, 593-603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.086.
  • Hajimohammadi, A., Ngo, T. & Kashani, A. (2018) Sustainable one-part geopolymer foams with glass fines versus sand as aggregates. Construction and Building Materials. 171, 223-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.120.
  • Harbi, R., Derable, R. & Nafa, Z. (2017) Improvement of the properties of a mortar with 5% kaolin fillers in sand combined with metakaolin, brick waste and glass powder in cement. Construction and Building Materials. 152, 632-641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.062.
  • Hilburg, J. (2019) Archpaper.com [online]. New York: The Architect`s Newspaper, LLC [cited 10th July 2019]. <https://archpaper.com/2019/01/concrete-production-eight-percent-co2-emissions/>.
  • Idir, R., Cyr, M. Tagnit-Hamou, A. (2011) Pozzolanic properties fine and coarse color-mixed glass cullet. Cement & Concrete Composites. 33(1), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.09.013.
  • Ismail, Z.Z. & AL-Hashmi, E.A. (2009) Recycling of waste glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Waste Management. 29, 655-59. http://doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.08.012.
  • Knoeri, C., Sanye-Mengual, E. & Althaus, H. (2013) Comparative LCA of recycled and conventional concrete for structural applications. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 18(5), 909-918. http://doi:10.1007/s11367-012-0544-2.
  • Limbachiya, M. (2009) Bulk engineering and durability properties of washed glass sand concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 23, pp.1078-1083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.05.022.
  • Ling, T.C. & Poon, C.S. (2011) Utilization of recycled glass derived from cathode ray tube glass as fine aggregate in cement mortar. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 192(2), 451-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.05.019.
  • Ling, T.C., Poon, C.S. & Kou, S.C. (2011) Feasibility of using recycled glass in architectural cement mortars. Cement & Concrete Composites. 33, 848-854. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.05.006.
  • Mineral Products Association (2019) Sustainable Development Report 2018. London: Mineral Products Association.
  • Nunes, S., Matos, A.M., Duarte, T., Figueiras, H. & Sousa-Coutinho, J. (2013) Mixture design of self-compacting glass mortar. Cement & Concrete Composites. 43, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.05.009.
  • Özkan, Ö. & Yüksel, İ. (2008) Studies on mortars containing waste bottle glass and industrial by-products. Construction and Building Materials. 22, 1288-1298. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.01.015.
  • Paul, S.C., Savija, B. & Babafemi, A.J. (2018) A comprehensive review on mechanical and durability properties of cement-based materials containing waste recycled glass. Journal of Cleaner Production. 198, 891-906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.095.
  • Penacho, P., de Brito, J. & Veiga, M.R. (2014) Physico-mechanical and performance characterization of mortars incorporating fine glass waste aggregate. Cement & Concrete Composites. 50, 47-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.02.007.
  • Persistence Market Research (2019) Persistence Market Research (PMR) [online]. Persistence Market Research [cited 10th July 2019]. <https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/market-research/global-construction-aggregates-market.asp>.
  • Rashid, K., Hameed, R., Ahmad, H.A., Razzaq, A., Ahmad, M. & Mahmood, A. (2018) Analytical framework for value added utilization of glass waste in concrete: Mechanical and environmental performance. Waste Management. 79, 312-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.052.
  • Sadiqul Islam, G.M., Rahman, M.H. & Kayem, N. (2017) Waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement for sustainable concrete practice. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment. 6, 37-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.10.005.
  • Siad, H., Lachemi, M., Sahmaran, M. & Anwar Hossain, K.M. (2017) Mechanical, Physical and Self-Healing Behaviors of Engineered Cementitious Composites with Glass Powder. 29(6). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001864.
  • Siad, H., Lachemi, M., Sahmaran, M., Mesbah, H.A. & Anwar Hossain, K.M. (2018) Use of recycled glass powder to improve the performance properties of high volume fly ash-engineered cementitious composites. 163, 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.067.
  • Soliman, N.A. & Tagnit-Hamou, A. (2017) Using glass sand as an alternative for quartz in UHPC. Construction and Building Materials. 145, 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.187.
  • Tan, K.H. & Du, H. (2013) Use of waste glass as sand in mortar: Part I – Fresh, mechanical and durability properties. Cement & Concrete Composites. 35, 109-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.08.028.
  • The Concrete Centre (2011) Specifying Sustainable Concrete. Ref. TCC/05/24, ISBN 978-1-908257-01-7; London: The Concrete Centre.
  • Uçal, G.O., Mahyar, M. & Tokyay, M. (2018) Hydration of alinite cement produced from soda waste sludge. Construction and Building Materials. 164, 178-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.196.
  • Ulubeyli, G.Ç., Bilir, T. & Artır, R. (2017) Ceramic Wastes Usage as Alternative Aggregate in Mortar and Concrete. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences. 5 (2), 194-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.21533/pen.v5i2.115.
  • Watts, J. (2019, February 25). Concrete: the most destructive material on earth. Retrieved from; https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/25/concrete-the-most-destructive-material-on-earth.

Engineering Properties and Sustainability Assessment of Recycled Glass Sand Concrete

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 17, 117 - 130, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.599831

Öz

Reduction in the availability of natural raw materials is forcing concrete industry to adopt environmentally friendly approaches. Utilization of recycled materials in concrete production has become a popular approach to lessen the environmental footprint of the concrete production. Glass is one of the most consumed materials that can be easily collected and recycled. Glass use in concrete production may potentially reduce the amount of natural raw materials used in concrete production and prevents the use of virgin lands for landfilling purposes. Reported work initially investigates the fresh and hardened performances of recycled glass sand (RGS) incorporated concrete and further sustainability analysis was also carried out. As an initial attempt for this particular research, natural sand was replaced by 10% RGS in aiming to assess their suitability from the environmental and economical sustainability point of view. In this regard, concretes made with partially substituted RGS (10% by mass replacement) with equivalent 28-day compressive cube strengths of 30 N/mm2 and 45 N/mm2 were produced.
The results showed that the use RGS could improve concrete fresh properties slightly. Use of RGS by 10% as a replacement to natural fine aggregate was observed to reduce compressive strength at early ages by approximately 10% and 14% but strength losses were minimized to 0.6% and 10.5% for 30-RGS and 45-RGS respectively at 28-days compared to conventional concrete mixes. Ultrasonic pulse velocity results showed that RGS incorporation provide either similar or denser matrix compared to conventional mixes. Results indicated that use of RGS as a fine aggregate replacement could lead to environmentally sustainable concrete production if it is supplied within range of 14.4 km based on eCO2 emissions. It is also revealed that RGS could provide cost-efficient concrete production on the condition of supplied from closer facilities.

Kaynakça

  • daway, M. & Wang, Y. (2015) Recycled glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in structural concrete – Effects on compressive strength. Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering. 14(1), 116-122.
  • Afshinnia, K. & Rangaraju, P.R. (2016) Impact of combined use of ground glass powder and crushed glass on selected properties of Portland cement concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 117, 263-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.072.
  • Alexander, M. & Mindness, S. (2010) Aggregates in Concrete. 1st Ed., CRC Press. ISBN: 9780415258395.
  • Arulrajah, A., Kua, T., Horpilbulsuk, S., Mirzababaei, M. & Chinkulkijniwat, A. (2017) Recycled glass as a supplementary filler material in spent coffee grounds geopolymers. Construction and Building Materials. 151, 18-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.050.
  • Aydin, E. & Arel, H.Ş. (2019) High Volume Marble Substitution in Cement Paste: Towards Better Sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production. Article in Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117801.
  • Bilir, T., Yüksel, İ., Topçu, İ.B. & Gencel, O. (2015) Effects of bottom ash and granulated blast furnace slag as fine aggregate on abrasion resistance of concrete. 24(2), 261-269. https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2015-0101.
  • Bostanci, S.C., Limbachiya, M.C. & Kew, H. (2018) Use of recycled aggregates for low carbon and cost effective concrete production. Journal of Cleaner Production. 189, 176-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.090.
  • Bourgiba, A., Ghorbel, E., Cristofol, L. & Dhaoui, W. (2017) Effect of recycled sand on the properties and durability of geopolymer and cement based mortars. Construction and Building Materials. 153, 44-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.029.
  • Carsana, M., Frassoni, M. & Bertolini, M. (2014) Comparison of ground waste glass with other supplementary cementitious materials. Cement & Concrete Composites. 45, 39-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.09.005.
  • Corinaldesi, V., Nardinocchi, A. & Donnini, J. (2016) Reuse of recycled glass in mortar manufacturing. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering. 20, Issue sup1, 140-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2016.1246695.
  • Demirel, B., Gultekin, E. & Alyamac, K.E. (2019) Performance of Structural Lightweight Concrete containing Metakaolin after Elevated Temperature. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-1192-x.
  • Du, H. & Tan, K.H. (2017) Properties of high volume glass powder concrete. Cement & Concrete Composites. 75, 22-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.10.010.
  • European Parliamentary Research Service (2018) CO2 standards for new cars and vans. PE 614.689. European Parliament.
  • Gesoglu, M., Güneyisi, E., Hansu, O., Etli, S. & Alhassan, M. (2017) Mechanical and fracture characteristics of self-compacting concretes containing different percentage of plastic paste powder. Construction and Building Materials. 140, 562-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.139.
  • Guo, M.Z., Tu, Z., Poon, C.S. & Shi, C. (2018) Improvement of properties of architectural mortars prepared with 100% recycled glass by CO2 curing. Construction and Building Materials. 179, 138-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.188.
  • Hajimohammadi, A., Ngo, T. & Kashani, A. (2018) Glass waste versus sand as aggregates: The characteristics of the evolving geopolymer binders. Journal of Cleaner Production. 193, 593-603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.086.
  • Hajimohammadi, A., Ngo, T. & Kashani, A. (2018) Sustainable one-part geopolymer foams with glass fines versus sand as aggregates. Construction and Building Materials. 171, 223-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.120.
  • Harbi, R., Derable, R. & Nafa, Z. (2017) Improvement of the properties of a mortar with 5% kaolin fillers in sand combined with metakaolin, brick waste and glass powder in cement. Construction and Building Materials. 152, 632-641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.062.
  • Hilburg, J. (2019) Archpaper.com [online]. New York: The Architect`s Newspaper, LLC [cited 10th July 2019]. <https://archpaper.com/2019/01/concrete-production-eight-percent-co2-emissions/>.
  • Idir, R., Cyr, M. Tagnit-Hamou, A. (2011) Pozzolanic properties fine and coarse color-mixed glass cullet. Cement & Concrete Composites. 33(1), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.09.013.
  • Ismail, Z.Z. & AL-Hashmi, E.A. (2009) Recycling of waste glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Waste Management. 29, 655-59. http://doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.08.012.
  • Knoeri, C., Sanye-Mengual, E. & Althaus, H. (2013) Comparative LCA of recycled and conventional concrete for structural applications. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 18(5), 909-918. http://doi:10.1007/s11367-012-0544-2.
  • Limbachiya, M. (2009) Bulk engineering and durability properties of washed glass sand concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 23, pp.1078-1083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.05.022.
  • Ling, T.C. & Poon, C.S. (2011) Utilization of recycled glass derived from cathode ray tube glass as fine aggregate in cement mortar. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 192(2), 451-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.05.019.
  • Ling, T.C., Poon, C.S. & Kou, S.C. (2011) Feasibility of using recycled glass in architectural cement mortars. Cement & Concrete Composites. 33, 848-854. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.05.006.
  • Mineral Products Association (2019) Sustainable Development Report 2018. London: Mineral Products Association.
  • Nunes, S., Matos, A.M., Duarte, T., Figueiras, H. & Sousa-Coutinho, J. (2013) Mixture design of self-compacting glass mortar. Cement & Concrete Composites. 43, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.05.009.
  • Özkan, Ö. & Yüksel, İ. (2008) Studies on mortars containing waste bottle glass and industrial by-products. Construction and Building Materials. 22, 1288-1298. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.01.015.
  • Paul, S.C., Savija, B. & Babafemi, A.J. (2018) A comprehensive review on mechanical and durability properties of cement-based materials containing waste recycled glass. Journal of Cleaner Production. 198, 891-906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.095.
  • Penacho, P., de Brito, J. & Veiga, M.R. (2014) Physico-mechanical and performance characterization of mortars incorporating fine glass waste aggregate. Cement & Concrete Composites. 50, 47-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.02.007.
  • Persistence Market Research (2019) Persistence Market Research (PMR) [online]. Persistence Market Research [cited 10th July 2019]. <https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/market-research/global-construction-aggregates-market.asp>.
  • Rashid, K., Hameed, R., Ahmad, H.A., Razzaq, A., Ahmad, M. & Mahmood, A. (2018) Analytical framework for value added utilization of glass waste in concrete: Mechanical and environmental performance. Waste Management. 79, 312-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.052.
  • Sadiqul Islam, G.M., Rahman, M.H. & Kayem, N. (2017) Waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement for sustainable concrete practice. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment. 6, 37-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.10.005.
  • Siad, H., Lachemi, M., Sahmaran, M. & Anwar Hossain, K.M. (2017) Mechanical, Physical and Self-Healing Behaviors of Engineered Cementitious Composites with Glass Powder. 29(6). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001864.
  • Siad, H., Lachemi, M., Sahmaran, M., Mesbah, H.A. & Anwar Hossain, K.M. (2018) Use of recycled glass powder to improve the performance properties of high volume fly ash-engineered cementitious composites. 163, 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.067.
  • Soliman, N.A. & Tagnit-Hamou, A. (2017) Using glass sand as an alternative for quartz in UHPC. Construction and Building Materials. 145, 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.187.
  • Tan, K.H. & Du, H. (2013) Use of waste glass as sand in mortar: Part I – Fresh, mechanical and durability properties. Cement & Concrete Composites. 35, 109-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.08.028.
  • The Concrete Centre (2011) Specifying Sustainable Concrete. Ref. TCC/05/24, ISBN 978-1-908257-01-7; London: The Concrete Centre.
  • Uçal, G.O., Mahyar, M. & Tokyay, M. (2018) Hydration of alinite cement produced from soda waste sludge. Construction and Building Materials. 164, 178-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.196.
  • Ulubeyli, G.Ç., Bilir, T. & Artır, R. (2017) Ceramic Wastes Usage as Alternative Aggregate in Mortar and Concrete. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences. 5 (2), 194-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.21533/pen.v5i2.115.
  • Watts, J. (2019, February 25). Concrete: the most destructive material on earth. Retrieved from; https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/25/concrete-the-most-destructive-material-on-earth.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sevket Can Bostancı 0000-0002-1493-6147

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Sayı: 17

Kaynak Göster

APA Bostancı, S. C. (2019). Engineering Properties and Sustainability Assessment of Recycled Glass Sand Concrete. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi(17), 117-130. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.599831