Determination of fenazaquin in irrigation canal water and soil samples by gas chromatography mass spectrometry

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 17, 1334 - 1339, 31.12.2019

Nouha Bakaraki Turan

https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.629144

Öz

The urgent call for the control and regulation of pesticide usage arose from the adverse health effects associated with their excessive and wrong application mostly in the agricultural field. The uncontrolled use of pesticides has been proved to affect the environment because of their ability to accumulate in different environmental resources such as water and soil. Fenazaquin is one of the mostly used pesticides in the agricultural field known by its adverse health effects. In this study, the previously mentioned pesticide "fenazaquin" was analyzed in two different kind of environmental samples: irrigation canal water and soil samples using a highly accurate gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GCMS). In the first step of the study, the limit of qualification (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and relative standard deviation (RSD) were determined and calculated to be 0.04 mg/L, 0.14 mg/L and 10.2%, respectively. In the following step, the samples were spiked at different concentrations using low volumes of high concentration stock solution, to ensure the real effects of the sample matrices were observed. All measurement were performed by applying the adequate temperature program of the sensitive analytical instrument GCMS. The results obtained using the classical recovery procedure was satisfactory but matrix matching calibration strategy was used to improve the percent recoveries to almost 100%. Thus, this study explains the possibility of fenazaquin determination in two different environmental samples using the classical recovery and matrix matching strategies. Irrigation canal water and soil samples are on a high contamination risk from the pesticides used in the agricultural field.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fenazaquin, Pesticides, GC-MS

Gas kromatografi kütle spektrometresi ile sulama kanal suyu ve toprak numunesindeki fenazaquinin tayini

Öz

Pestisitlerin tarımsal alanlarda gereğinden fazla ve yanlış kullanımlarının yol açtığı sağlık problemleri, pestisit kullanımının düzenlenmesi ve kontrol edilmesi için acil müdahalenin gerekliliğini doğurmuştur. Kontrolsüz pestisit kullanımının çevreye olan etkisi su ve toprak gibi çevresel kaynaklarda meydana gelen p ile kanıtlanmıştır. Fenazaquin tarım alanlarında yaygın olarak kullanılan ve canlı ve çevre sağlığı açısından olumsuz etki gösterdiği bilinen pestisitler içerisinde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, iki farklı çevresel kaynaktan alınan numune analiz edilmiş; yüksek hassasiyete sahip bi gaz kromatografisi-kütle spektrometrisi (GC-MS) kullanılarak sulama kanal suyu ve toprak numunelerinde daha önce belirtilen pestisit ‘fenazaquin'in tayini gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında tespit limiti (LOD), tayin limiti (LOQ) ve bağıl standart sapma (RSD) değerleri sırasıyla 0.04 mg/L, 0.14 mg/L and 10.2% olarak belirlenmiştir.l Bir sonraki adımda, gerçek örnek matrislerinin analiz sonuçlarına etkilerini gözlemlemek amacıyla, yüksek konsantrasyonlu stok çözeltilerin düşük hacimleri ilave edilerek numuneler farklı kokonsantrasyonlarda hazırlanmıştır.Yapılan bütün ölçümlerde hassas analitik cihaz GCMS sisteminde geliştirilen uygun sıcaklık programı kullanılmıştır. Klasik geri kazanım prosedürünü kullanarak elde edilen sonuçlar yeterli derecede olmasına rağmen matris eşleştirme kalibrasyon stratejisinin kullanımı sayesinde geri kazanım oranı neredeyse %100’e yükseltilmiştir. Nitekim, bu çalışma iki farklı çevresel numunedeki fenazaquinin klasik geri kazanım ve matris eşleşme stratejisi ile tespit edilebileceğini açıklamaktadır. Sulama kanalı suyu ve toprak örnekleri tarım alanlarında kullanılan pestisitlerden kaynaklanan yüksek kontaminasyon riski altındadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fenazaquin, Pestisitler, GC-MS

Kaynakça

• Bulgurcuoğlu, A. E., Yılmaz, B., Chormey, D. S., & Bakırdere, S. (2018). Simultaneous determination of estrone and selected pesticides in water medium by GC-MS after multivariate optimization of microextraction strategy. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 190(4), 252.
• Chormey Dotse, S., Fırat, M., Büyükpınar, Ç., Erulaş, F., Komesli Okan, T., Turak, F., & Bakırdere, S. (2018). Accurate determination of pesticides, hormones and endocrine disruptor compounds in complex environmental samples using matrix dilution and matrix matching with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction Pure and Applied Chemistry (Vol. 90, pp. 1703).
• Chormey, D. S., Büyükpınar, Ç., Turak, F., Komesli, O. T., & Bakırdere, S. (2017). Simultaneous determination of selected hormones, endocrine disruptor compounds, and pesticides in water medium at trace levels by GC-MS after dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 189(6), 277.
• Chormey, D. S., Karakuş, Y., Karayaka, S., Özsöyler, Ç., Bozdoğan, A. E., & Bakırdere, S. (2017). Multivariate optimization of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of paclobutrazol and triflumizole in water by GC–MS. Journal of Separation Science, 40(23), 4541-4548. doi:10.1002/jssc.201700853Coskun, O. (2016). Separation techniques: chromatography. Northern clinics of Istanbul, 3(2), 156.
• Dhananjayan, V., & Ravichandran, B. (2018). Occupational health risk of farmers exposed to pesticides in agricultural activities. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 4, 31-37.
• Elanco, D. (1993). Fenazaquin—A Profile. Department of Regulatory Toxicology and Environmental Affairs, Agriculture Products Research and Development, Oxfordshire, UK.
• Jayaraj, R., Megha, P., & Sreedev, P. (2016). Organochlorine pesticides, their toxic effects on living organisms and their fate in the environment. Interdisciplinary toxicology, 9(3-4), 90-100.
• Kapukıran, F., Fırat, M., Chormey, D. S., Bakırdere, S., & Özdoğan, N. (2019). Accurate and Sensitive Determination Method for Procymidone and Chlorflurenol in Municipal Wastewater, Medical Wastewater and Irrigation Canal Water by GC–MS After Vortex Assisted Switchable Solvent Liquid Phase Microextraction. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 102(6), 848-853. doi:10.1007/s00128-019-02618-w
• Kim, K.-H., Kabir, E., & Jahan, S. A. (2017). Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects. Science of the Total Environment, 575, 525-535. Lindon, J. C., Tranter, G. E., & Koppenaal, D. (2016). Encyclopedia of spectroscopy and spectrometry: Academic Press.
• Pan, X., Dong, F., Wu, X., Xu, J., Liu, X., & Zheng, Y. (2019). Progress of the discovery, application, and control technologies of chemical pesticides in China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 18(4), 840-853.
• Rahman, M. M., El‐Aty, A. A., & Shim, J. (2015). Overview of Detectors in Gas Chromatography. In V. Pino, J. L. Anderson, A. Berthod, & A. M. Stalcup (Eds.), Analytical Separation Science (pp. 835-848): Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
• Ramakrishnan, B., Venkateswarlu, K., Sethunathan, N., & Megharaj, M. (2018). Local applications but global implications: Can pesticides drive microorganisms to develop antimicrobial resistance? Science of the Total Environment.
• Sangeetha, S., & Ramaraju, K. (2013). Relative Toxicity of Fenazaquin Against Two-Spotted Spider Mite on Okra. International journal of vegetable science, 19(3), 282-293.
• Solomon, M., Fitzgerald, J., & Ridout, M. (1993). Fenazaquin, a selective acaricide for use in IPM in apple in the UK. Crop Protection, 12(4), 255-258.
• Souza, A. d., Medeiros, A. d. R., Souza, A. C. d., Wink, M., Siqueira, I. R., Ferreira, M. B. C., . . . Torres, I. L. d. S. (2011). Evaluation of the impact of exposure to pesticides on the health of the rural population: Vale do Taquari, State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Ciencia & saude coletiva, 16(8), 3519-3528.