Kamu-Özel Sektör İşbirliği (KÖİ) modelleri tüm dünyada pek çok alanda yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu modellerde, yatırım maliyetleri, yapım ve işletme süreleri yanında birçok belirsizlik ve/veya riskler bulunmakta, kamu yararının gözetildiği projelerde risklerin etraflıca irdelenmesi ve analiz edilmesi ise kaçınılmaz olmaktadır. Belirsizlikleri nedeniyle, dünya çapında, kamu-özel sektör işbirliği çerçevesinde ortaya çıkabilecek olası risklere odaklanılmakta ve risk arz eden faktörler araştırmaya değer görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, 2000-2019 yılları arasında yayımlanmış KÖİ modellerinde risk paylaşımı ile ilgili araştırmalar, olası riskler ile kamu ve özel sektörler tercihleri ve gerçekleşen risk paylaşımları ile politik, hukuki, ekonomik, piyasa, proje, yapım, işletim vb. riskler açılarından ele alınmaktadır.
Acar, M.C., Havaalanı Terminal Binalarında Yap İşlet Devret Modeli, T:C: Ulaştırma Bakanlığı Sivil havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü, 2006.
Ahmad, U., Ibrahim, Y., Minai, M.S., Public private partnership in Malaysia: the differences in perceptions on the criticality of risk factors and allocation of risk between the private and public sectors, International Review of Management and Marketing 7 (2), 138-150, 2017.
Aladağ, H., Demirdöğen, G., Işık, Z., Investigation of dispute factors and effects on construction projects arising from COVİD-19 pandemic as a force majeure event, Journal of the faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 36 (3), 1213-1228, 2021. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.784968
Ameyaw, E. E. ve Chan, A. P., Risk allocation in public-private partnership water supply projects in Ghana, Construction Management and Economics, 33(3), 187-208, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2015.1031148
Bing, L., Akintoye, A., Edwards, P.J., Hardcastle, C., The allocation of risk in PPP/PFI construction projects in the UK. International Journal of Project Management 23 (1), 25-35, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2004.04.006
Budayan, C., Analysis of critical success factors in public private partnership projects by triangulation method: Turkey perspective, Journal of the faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 33 (3), 1029-1044, 2018. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.416404
Chou, J.S., Tserng, H.P., Lin, C., Yeh, C.P., Critical factor and risk allocation for PPP policy: Comparison between HSR and general infrastructure projects. Transport Policy 22, 36-48, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.05.009
Chung, D., Hensher, D.A., Rose, J.M., Toward the betterment of risk allocation: Investigating risk perceptions of Australian stakeholder groups to public-private-partnership tollroad projects. Research in Transportation Economics 30 (1), 43-58, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2010.10.007
Cui, C., Liu, Y., Hope, A., & Wang, J., Review of studies on the public–private partnerships (PPP) for infrastructure projects. International Journal of Project Management, 36(5), 773-794, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2018.03.004
Grimsey, D., Lewis, M.K., Evaluating the risk of public private partnership for infrastructure projects, International Journal of Project Management 20 (2), 107-118, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(00)00040-5
Hwang, B.G., Zhao, X., Gay, M.J.S., Public private partnership projects in Singapore: Factors, critical risks and preffered risk allocation from the perspective of contractors. International Journal of Project Management 31 (3), 424-433, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.08.003
Ke, Y., Wang, S., Chan, A.P., Lam, P.T., Preffered risk allocation in China’s public-private partnership (PPP) projects. International Journal of Project Management 28 (5), 482-49, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.08.007
Li B., Akintoye, A., Edwards, P.J., Hardcastle, C., Perceptions of positive and negative factors influencing the attractiveness of PPP/PFI procurement for construction projects in the UK: findings from a questionnaire survey. Engineering Construction and Architectural Management 12 (2), 125-148, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699980510584485
Medda, F., A game theory approach for the allocation of risks in transport public private partnerships. International Journal of Project Management, 25(3), 213-218, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.06.003
Mishra, S., Khasnabis, S., & Dhingra, S. L., A simulation approach for estimating value at risk in transportation infrastructure investment decisions. Research in transportation economics, 38(1), 128-138, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2012.05.009
Ng, A. ve Loosemore, M., Risk allocation in the private provision of public infrastructure. International Journal of Project Management 25 (1), 66-76, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.06.005
Osei-Kyei, R. ve Chan, A.P., Review of studies on the Critical Success Factors for Public–Private Partnership (PPP) projects from 1990 to 2013, International Journal of Project Management, 33(6), 1335-1346, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.02.008
Ozdoganm, I.D. ve Birgonul, M.T., A decision support framework for project sponsors in the planning stage of build-operate-transfer (BOT) projects. Construction Management & Economics, 18(3), 343-353, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1080/014461900370708
Özdemir, H., Kamu-özel sektör işbirliğinde risk yönetimi ve Türkiye üzerine bir değerlendirme, Journal of 4. Politics, Economy and Management 1 (2), 27-40, 2018.
Shen, L.Y., Platten, A., Deng, X.P., Role of public private partnerships to manage risks in public sector projects in Hong Kong. International Journal of Project Management 24 (7), 587-594, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.07.006
Singh, L.B., Kalidindi, S.N., Traffic revenue risk management through annuity model of PPP road projects in India. International Journal of Project Management 24 (7), 605-613, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.07.008
T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Kamu-Özel İşbirliği Uygulamalarına İlişkin Gelişmeler Raporu: 2016, Yatırım Programlama İzleme ve Değerlendirme Genel Müdürlüğü, Haziran 2019.
Thomas, A. V., Kalidindi, S. N., & Ananthanarayanan, K. A. B. T., Risk perception analysis of BOT road project participants in India. Construction Management and Economics, 21(4), 393-407, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144619032000064127
Wang, H., Liu, Y., Xiong, W., & Song, J., The moderating role of governance environment on the relationship between risk allocation and private investment in PPP markets: Evidence from developing countries. International Journal of Project Management, 37(1), 117-130, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2018.10.008
Wang, Y., Cui, P., & Liu, J., Analysis of the risk-sharing ratio in PPP projects based on government minimum revenue guarantees. International Journal of Project Management, 36(6), 899-909, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2018.01.007
Wibowo, A. ve Mohamed, S., Risk criticality and allocation in privatised water supply projects in Indonesia. International Journal of Project Management, 28(5), 504-513, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.08.003
World Bank. About public-private partnership. https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/about-public-private-partnerships. Güncelleme tarihi Nisan 16, 2021. Erişim tarihi Mayıs 22, 2021.
Yescombe, E. R. Public-private partnerships: principles of policy and finance. Elsevier, UK, 2011.
Risk Allocation in Public Private Partnership (PPP) Construction Projects
Public-Private Partnership (PPP) models are widely used in many sectors or areas all over the world. There are many uncertainties and/or risks besides investment, construction, operating costs and operation period ın these models. And it is vital to examine and analyze them by considering to public benefits. Due to possible risks that may arise within PPP cooperations, factors that affect risks are focused on studies worldwide. In this paper, possible political, market, economic, legislative, construction, operating etc. risks, risk alocation or shares in between partners are dealed with and considered.
Acar, M.C., Havaalanı Terminal Binalarında Yap İşlet Devret Modeli, T:C: Ulaştırma Bakanlığı Sivil havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü, 2006.
Ahmad, U., Ibrahim, Y., Minai, M.S., Public private partnership in Malaysia: the differences in perceptions on the criticality of risk factors and allocation of risk between the private and public sectors, International Review of Management and Marketing 7 (2), 138-150, 2017.
Aladağ, H., Demirdöğen, G., Işık, Z., Investigation of dispute factors and effects on construction projects arising from COVİD-19 pandemic as a force majeure event, Journal of the faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 36 (3), 1213-1228, 2021. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.784968
Ameyaw, E. E. ve Chan, A. P., Risk allocation in public-private partnership water supply projects in Ghana, Construction Management and Economics, 33(3), 187-208, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2015.1031148
Bing, L., Akintoye, A., Edwards, P.J., Hardcastle, C., The allocation of risk in PPP/PFI construction projects in the UK. International Journal of Project Management 23 (1), 25-35, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2004.04.006
Budayan, C., Analysis of critical success factors in public private partnership projects by triangulation method: Turkey perspective, Journal of the faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 33 (3), 1029-1044, 2018. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.416404
Chou, J.S., Tserng, H.P., Lin, C., Yeh, C.P., Critical factor and risk allocation for PPP policy: Comparison between HSR and general infrastructure projects. Transport Policy 22, 36-48, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.05.009
Chung, D., Hensher, D.A., Rose, J.M., Toward the betterment of risk allocation: Investigating risk perceptions of Australian stakeholder groups to public-private-partnership tollroad projects. Research in Transportation Economics 30 (1), 43-58, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2010.10.007
Cui, C., Liu, Y., Hope, A., & Wang, J., Review of studies on the public–private partnerships (PPP) for infrastructure projects. International Journal of Project Management, 36(5), 773-794, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2018.03.004
Grimsey, D., Lewis, M.K., Evaluating the risk of public private partnership for infrastructure projects, International Journal of Project Management 20 (2), 107-118, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(00)00040-5
Hwang, B.G., Zhao, X., Gay, M.J.S., Public private partnership projects in Singapore: Factors, critical risks and preffered risk allocation from the perspective of contractors. International Journal of Project Management 31 (3), 424-433, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.08.003
Ke, Y., Wang, S., Chan, A.P., Lam, P.T., Preffered risk allocation in China’s public-private partnership (PPP) projects. International Journal of Project Management 28 (5), 482-49, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.08.007
Li B., Akintoye, A., Edwards, P.J., Hardcastle, C., Perceptions of positive and negative factors influencing the attractiveness of PPP/PFI procurement for construction projects in the UK: findings from a questionnaire survey. Engineering Construction and Architectural Management 12 (2), 125-148, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699980510584485
Medda, F., A game theory approach for the allocation of risks in transport public private partnerships. International Journal of Project Management, 25(3), 213-218, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.06.003
Mishra, S., Khasnabis, S., & Dhingra, S. L., A simulation approach for estimating value at risk in transportation infrastructure investment decisions. Research in transportation economics, 38(1), 128-138, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2012.05.009
Ng, A. ve Loosemore, M., Risk allocation in the private provision of public infrastructure. International Journal of Project Management 25 (1), 66-76, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.06.005
Osei-Kyei, R. ve Chan, A.P., Review of studies on the Critical Success Factors for Public–Private Partnership (PPP) projects from 1990 to 2013, International Journal of Project Management, 33(6), 1335-1346, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.02.008
Ozdoganm, I.D. ve Birgonul, M.T., A decision support framework for project sponsors in the planning stage of build-operate-transfer (BOT) projects. Construction Management & Economics, 18(3), 343-353, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1080/014461900370708
Özdemir, H., Kamu-özel sektör işbirliğinde risk yönetimi ve Türkiye üzerine bir değerlendirme, Journal of 4. Politics, Economy and Management 1 (2), 27-40, 2018.
Shen, L.Y., Platten, A., Deng, X.P., Role of public private partnerships to manage risks in public sector projects in Hong Kong. International Journal of Project Management 24 (7), 587-594, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.07.006
Singh, L.B., Kalidindi, S.N., Traffic revenue risk management through annuity model of PPP road projects in India. International Journal of Project Management 24 (7), 605-613, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.07.008
T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Kamu-Özel İşbirliği Uygulamalarına İlişkin Gelişmeler Raporu: 2016, Yatırım Programlama İzleme ve Değerlendirme Genel Müdürlüğü, Haziran 2019.
Thomas, A. V., Kalidindi, S. N., & Ananthanarayanan, K. A. B. T., Risk perception analysis of BOT road project participants in India. Construction Management and Economics, 21(4), 393-407, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144619032000064127
Wang, H., Liu, Y., Xiong, W., & Song, J., The moderating role of governance environment on the relationship between risk allocation and private investment in PPP markets: Evidence from developing countries. International Journal of Project Management, 37(1), 117-130, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2018.10.008
Wang, Y., Cui, P., & Liu, J., Analysis of the risk-sharing ratio in PPP projects based on government minimum revenue guarantees. International Journal of Project Management, 36(6), 899-909, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2018.01.007
Wibowo, A. ve Mohamed, S., Risk criticality and allocation in privatised water supply projects in Indonesia. International Journal of Project Management, 28(5), 504-513, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.08.003
World Bank. About public-private partnership. https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/about-public-private-partnerships. Güncelleme tarihi Nisan 16, 2021. Erişim tarihi Mayıs 22, 2021.
Yescombe, E. R. Public-private partnerships: principles of policy and finance. Elsevier, UK, 2011.
Bayırtepe, H., & Bican Sayılır, Ö. (2022). Yapım İşlerinde Kamu-Özel Sektör İşbirliği (KÖİ), Riskler ve Paylaşım. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi(38), 534-543. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1102956