MOTORLU ARAÇLARDA GÜRÜLTÜ KONTROLÜ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 59 - 75, 31.12.2022

Mehtap Ağırgan

Öz

Çevresel gürültüye kronik olarak maruz kalmanın fiziksel ve zihinsel sağlık üzerinde önemli etkileri vardır. Çevresel gürültüye maruz kalma, Dünya'da yaygın bir sorundur ve her altı kişiden en az biri sağlığa zararlı olduğu düşünülen düzeylere maruz kalmaktadır. Karayolu, demiryolu, uçak ve endüstri kaynaklarından gelen çevresel gürültü milyonlarca insanı etkileyerek önemli halk sağlığı etkilerine neden oluyor. Gürültüye uzun süreli maruz kalmanın, Avrupa topraklarında her yıl 12.000 erken ölüme ve 48.000 kalp hastalığı vakasına katkıda bulunduğu tahmin edilmektedir. 6,5 milyon kişinin kronik uyku bozukluğu yaşadığı, Uçak gürültüsünün bir sonucu olarak, 12.500 okul çocuğunun okulda öğrenme bozukluğu yaşadığı tahmin edilmektedir.
Ülkelere göre gürültü haritalamasının raporlanması konusunda bir miktar ilerleme kaydedilmiş olsa da, 2017 Çevresel Gürültü Direktifi (END) yasal raporlarda gerekli verilerin %30'dan fazlasını elde edememiştir. Avrupa'da Karayolu trafik gürültüsü, önemli bir çevre sorunudur. AB nüfusunun en az %20'si trafik gürültüsünün sağlığa zararlı olduğu bölgelerde yaşamaktadır. Tahmini 113 milyon insan uzun süreli olarak 55 dB ‘den fazla trafik gürültüsü seviyesinde etkilenmektedir. Ayrıca 22 milyonu yüksek oranda demiryolu gürültüsüne, 4 milyonu uçak gürültüsüne ve 1 milyondan azı da endüstrilerden kaynaklanan gürültüye maruz kalmaktadır.
Bu çalışma; Avrupa Birliğinin 2020 yılında yayınladığı Gürültü Raporunu ele alarak; gürültü çeşitliliği, özellikle motorlu araçlardan kaynaklanan gürültüleri önleme ve kontrol altında tutma yöntemleri hakkında yapılmış derleme bir makaledir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gürültü, Motorlu Araçlar, Karayolu, Demiryolu, Uçak

Kaynakça

• ACCOBAMS, 2019, Methodological guide: guidance on underwater noise mitigation measures, No ACCOBAMS- MOP7/2019/Doc 31, Istanbul, Turkey (https://accobams. org/wp content/uploads/2019/04/MOP7.Doc31Rev1_ Methodological-Guide-Noise.pdf) Erişim: 2 Ağustos 2019.
• ACEA, 2017, Vehicles in use — Europe 2017, European Automobile Manufacturers' Association (https://www.acea.be/statistics/article/vehicles-in-use- europe-2017) Erişim 9 Temmuz 2019.
• EC, 2011, White Paper — Roadmap to a single European transport area: towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system (COM(2011) 144 final).
• EC, 2017a, Noise abatement approaches, Science for Environment Policy No 17, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg (https://ec.europa.eu/ environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/noise_abatement_approaches_FB17_en.pdf) Erişim 8 Şubat 2019.
• EC, 2017b, Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the implementation of the Environmental Noise Directive in accordance with Article 11 of Directive 2002/49/EC (COM(2017) 151 final). EC, 2019, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions — Environmental Implementation Review 2019: a Europe that protects its citizens and enhances their quality of life (COM(2019) 149 final).
• EEA, 2014b, Noise in Europe 2014, EEA Report No 10/2014, European Environment Agency (http:// www.eea.europa.eu/publications/noise-in-europe-2014) Erişim 20 Temmuz 2019.
• EEA, 2018c, Unequal exposure and unequal impacts: social vulnerability to air pollution, noise and extreme temperatures in Europe, EEA Report No 22/2018, European Environment Agency.
• EEA, 2019d, 'Reported data on noise exposure covered by Directive 2002/49/EC', European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/ data/data-on-noise-exposure-7) Erişim 11 Ocak 2020.
• Environmental noise in Europe — (2020) - EEA Report No 22/2019 ISBN 978-92-9480-209-5 ISSN 19778449 doi:10.2800/686249
• ERA, 2018, Recommendation No 006REC1072- 1 of the European Union Agency for Railways on the amendment of Commission Regulation (EU) No 1299/2014 on the technical specifications for interoperability relating to the 'infrastructure' subsystem of the rail system in the European Union, Commission Regulation (EU) No 1301/2014 on the technical specifications for interoperability relating to the 'energy' subsystem of the rail system in the European Union and Commission Regulation (EU) No 1304/2014 on the technical specification for interoperability relating to the subsystem 'rolling stock — noise' amending Decision 2008/232/EC and repealing Decision 2011/229/EU (European Union Agency For Railways, Valenciennes).
• ETC/ATNI, 2019a, 'ETC/ATNI Report 3/2019: Noise exposure scenarios in 2020 and 2030 outlooks for EU 28 — Eionet Portal' (https://www.eionet.europa.eu/ etcs/etc-atni/products/etc-atni-reports/etc-atni-report- 3-2019-noise-exposure-scenarios-in-2020-and-2030- outlooks-for-eu-28) Erişim 21 Temmuz 2019.
• ETC/ATNI, 2019b, Noise indicators under the Environmental Noise Directive. Methodology for estimating missing data, Eionet Report ETC/ATNI No 1/2019, European Topic Centre on Air Pollution, Transport, Noise and Industrial Pollution. accessed 21 July 2019. https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-atni/products/etc-atni-reports/noise-indicators-under-the-environmental-noise-directive-methodology-for-estimating-missing-data ETC/ATNI, 2019c, Status of quiet areas in European urban agglomerations, Eionet Report ETC/ATNI No 10/2019, European Topic Centre on Air Pollution, Transport, Noise and Industrial Pollution (https://www.eionet. europa.eu/etcs/etc-atni/products/etc-atni-reports/etc- atni-report-10-2019-status-of-quiet-areas-in-european- urban-agglomerations) Erişim: 7 Şubat 2020.
• ETC/ATNI, 2019d, Noise Action Plans. Managing exposure to noise in Europe, No ETC/ATNI Report No 8/2019 (https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-atni/products/ etc-atni-reports/etc-atni-report-8-2019-noise-action- plans-managing-exposure-to-noise-in-europe) Erişim: 7 Şubat 2020. https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-atni/products/etc-atni-reports/etc-atni-report-8-2019-noise-action-plans-managing-exposure-to-noise-in-europe
• EU, 2002, Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise (OJ L 189, 18.7.2002, s. 12-25).
• EU, 2013, Decision No 1386/2013/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 November 2013 on a General Union Environment Action Programme to 2020 'Living well, within the limits of our planet' (OJ L 354, 28.12.2013, s. 171-200).
• EU, 2014, Regulation (EU) No 598/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on the establishment of rules and procedures with regard to the introduction of noise-related operating restrictions at Union airports within a Balanced Approach and repealing Directive 2002/30/EC (OJ L 173, 12.6.2014, s. 65-78).
• Jarosińska, D., Heroux, M., Wilkhu, P., Creswick, J., Verbeek, J., Wothge, J. ve Paunovic, E., 2018, 'Development of the WHO environmental noise guidelines for the European region: an introduction', International Journal of EnvironmentalResearch and Public Health 15 (4) (DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040813). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29677170/ Erişim 10.11.2022
• Peeters, B. ve Nusselder, R. (2019) — work carried out within the Interest Group on Noise Abatement (IGNA) of the European Network of the Heads of the Environmental Protection Agencies. https://mp.nl/sites/default/files/publications/IG%20Noise_Critical%20noise%20values%20in%20EU.pdf Erişim: 28.11.2022
• Peeters, B. ve Van Blokland, G., 2018, Decision and cost/benefit methods for noise abatement measures in Europe, No M+P.BAFU.15.02.1, European Network of the Heads of Environmental Protection Agencies (https://www.mp.nl/sites/all/files/publicaties/ rBAFU.15.02.1.rev6%20-%20decision%20and%20cost- benefit%20methods%20%28final%29.pdf) Erişim 8 Mart 2019.
• Shannon, G., McKenna, M.F., Angeloni, L.M., Crooks,K.R., Fristrup, K.M., Brown,E., Warner, K.A., Nelson, M.D., White, C., Briggs, J., McFarland, S. ve Wittemyer, G., 2016, 'A synthesis of two decades of research documenting the effects of noise on wildlife', Biological Reviews 91(4), s. 982-1005 (DOI: https://doi. org/10.1111/brv.12207).
• WHO, 2018, Environmental noise guidelines for the European region, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen(http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/noise/publications/ 2018/environmental-noiseguidelines-for- the-european-region-2018) Erişim: 7 Aralık 2018.