Predictor of Tripartite Efficacy Perception in Basketball Players: Perfectionism

Abstract

The aim of the research was to investigate the tripartite efficacy beliefs of the athletes in terms of their perfectionism perceptions. The sample consists of 426 (210 male, 216 female) volunteer professional basketball players playing in the Turkish Basketball Leagues. The age of the basketball players participating in the research was 22.60±4.66 years, and their sports experience was 11.26±4.73 years. In the study, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale for Athletes and The Tripartite Efficacy Beliefs Scales in Sports were used. In the analysis process, correlation analysis and regression analysis (stepwise method) were used together with descriptive statistics. Within the framework of the results obtained by the correlation analysis; It was found that there is a statistically significant and positive relationship between the sub-dimensions of concern over mistakes, perceived parental pressure, and personal standards and all sub-dimensions of tripartite efficacy beliefs. According to the results of the regression analysis; The personal standards sub-dimension explains 12% of the variance of self-efficacy, and the concern over mistakes sub-dimension explains 1%. 4% of the variance of the other competency is explained by the sub-dimension of concern over mistakes, and the sub-dimension of personal standards explains 1%. Personal standards sub-dimension explains 7% of the variance of relation-inferred self-efficacy. When the results of the research are evaluated in general; it can be said that basketball players' perceptions of perfectionism affect their tripartite efficacy beliefs positively.

Keywords

• Basketball
• Perfectionism
• The Tripartite Efficacy.

Basketbolcularda Üçlü Yeterlik Algısının Öngörücüsü: Mükemmeliyetçilik

Öz

Sporcuların üçlü yeterlik algılarının, mükemmeliyetçilik algısı açısından incelenmesi araştırmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini Türkiye Basketbol Liglerinde oynayan 426 (210 erkek, 216 kadın) gönüllü profesyonel basketbol oyuncuları oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmaya katılan basketbolcuların yaşları 22.60±4.66, spor deneyimleri 11.26±4.73 yıl olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada, Spora Özgü Çok Boyutlu Mükemmeliyetçilik Ölçeği ve Sporda Üçlü Yeterlik Algıları Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Analiz sürecinde tanımlayıcı istatistiklerle birlikte, korelasyon analizi ve regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Korelasyon analiziyle elde edilen sonuçlar çerçevesinde; hatalarla aşırı ilgilenme alt boyutu, algılanan aile baskısı alt boyutu ve kişisel standartlar alt boyutları ile üçlü yeterlik algılarının tüm alt boyutları göz önüne alındığında, istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve olumlu yönde bir ilişkinin olduğu gözlenmiş olup, regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre; öz yeterliliğe ait varyansın %12’sini kişisel standartlar alt boyutu, %1’ini ise hatalarla aşırı ilgilenme alt boyutu açıklamaktadır. Diğer yeterliğe ait varyansın %4’ünü hatalarla aşırı ilgilenme alt boyutu, %1’ini ise kişisel standartlar alt boyutu açıklamaktadır. İlişki temelli öz yeterliğe ait varyansın %7’sini kişisel standartlar alt boyutu açıklamaktadır. Araştırmanın sonuçları genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde; basketbolcuların mükemmeliyetçilik algıları, üçlü yeterlik algılarını olumlu yönde etkilediği söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Basketbol
• Mükemmeliyetçilik
• Üçlü Yeterlik Algısı.

Kaynakça

1. Akın, N. K., ve Aşçı, F. H. (2020). Sporda üçlü yeterlik algılarının değerlendirilmesi: Öz-yeterlik, diğer-yeterlik ve ilişki temelli öz-yeterlik ölçeklerinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(4), 271-288.
2. Akın, N. K., ve Aşçı, F. H. (2021). Beden eğitimi dersinde üçlü yeterlik algılarının değerlendirilmesi: Ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 13(2), 302-311. https://doi.org/10.5336/sportsci.2020-79776
3. Ateş, C., Yıldız, Y., & Yıldız, K. (2018). Profesyonel basketbol ve voleybolcuların antrenör iletişim beceri düzeyleri algısı ve sporcuların kaygı düzeylerinin araştırılması. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5(3),40-52. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesakademia.331618
4. Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. Am Psychol, 44(9), 1175- 1184. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.9.1175
5. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of control. W.H. Freeman Company.
6. Bosscher, R. J., & Smit, J. H. (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the general self-efficacy scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(3), 339-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00025-4
7. Burns, D. D. (1980). The perfectionist’s script for self-defeat. Psychology Today, 14(6), 34-52.
8. Chufar, B. M., & Pettijohn, T. F. (2013). Meeting high standards: the effect of perfectionism on task performance, self-esteem and self-efficacy in college students. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 2(3), 117-123. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20130203.16

9. Çepikkurt, F., ve Yazgan, İ. B. (2012). Mükemmeliyetçilik ve başarı hedeflerinin hentbolcuların müsabaka öncesi yaşadıkları durumluk kaygıyı belirlemedeki rolü. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(2), 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000219
10. Çepikkurt, F. (2011). Üniversiteli hentbolcuların mükemmeliyetçilik ve kaygı düzeyleri ile başarı hedefleri ve müsabaka sonuçlarına yaptıkları yükleme biçimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Çukurova Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana.
11. Dahl, K. (2015). The relationship between sport perfectionism, self-efficacy and perceived performance. Master Thesis. Florida State University, College of Education. USA.
12. Davis, L., & Jowett, S. (2014). Coach–athlete attachment and the quality of the coach–athlete relationship: Implications for athlete’s well-being. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(15), 1454-1464 https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.898183
13. Dunkley, D. M., Blankstein, K.R., Halsall, J., Williams, M., & Winkworth, G. (2000). The relation between perfectionism and distress: Hassles, coping, and perceived social support as mediators and moderators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(4), 437-453. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.4.437
14. Dunlop, W. L., Beatty, D. J., & Beauchamp, M. R. (2011). Examining the influence of other-efficacy and self-efficacy on personal performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(4), 586-593. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.4.586
15. Dunn, J. G., Gotwals, J. K., & Dunn, J. C. (2005). An examination of the domain specificity of perfectionism among intercollegiate student-athletes. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(6), 1439-1448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.009
16. Dunn, J. G., Gotwals, J. K., Dunn, J. C., & Lizmore, M. R. (2020). Perfectionism, pre-competitive worry, and optimism in high-performance youth athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(6), 749-763. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2019.1577900
17. Feltz, D. L., Short, S. E., & Sullivan, P. J. (2008). Self-efficacy in sport. Human Kinetics.
18. Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. (3. Edt.). Sage.
19. Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Oliver, J. M., & Macdonald, S. (2002). Perfectionism in children and their parents: A developmental analysis. In P.L., Hewitt, & G.L., Flett (Eds.,), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 89e132). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10458-004
20. Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2005). The perils of perfectionism in sports and exercise. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(1), 14-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00326.x
21. Flett, G. L., & Hewitt. P. L. (2002). Perfectionism and maladjustment: An overview of theoretical, definitional, and treatment issues. In P.L., Hewitt, & G.L., Flett (Eds.,), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 5-31). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10458-001
22. Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172967
23. Ganske, K. H., & Ashby, J. S. (2007). Perfectionism and career decision‐making self‐efficacy. Journal of Employment Counseling, 44(1), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.2007.tb00021.x
24. Gotwals, J. K., Stoeber, J., Dunn, J. G., & Stoll, O. (2012). Are perfectionistic strivings in sport adaptive? A systematic review of confirmatory, contradictory, and mixed evidence. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 53(4), 263 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030288
25. Greenspon, T. S. (2008). Making sense of error: A view of the origins and treatment of perfectionism. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 62(3), 263-282. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2008.62.3.263
26. Habeeb, C. M. (2020). The tripartite model of relational efficacy beliefs in sport: A scoping review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2020.1815233
27. Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(3), 456. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.456
28. Hill, A. P., Stoeber, J., Brown, A., & Appleton, P. R. (2014). Team perfectionism and team performance: A prospective study. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(3), 303-315. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0206
29. Honicke, T., & Broadbent, J. (2016). The influence of academic self-efficacy on academic performance: A systematic review. Educational Research Review, 17, 63-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2015.11.002
30. Howle, T. C., Dimmock, J. A., Whipp, P. R., & Jackson, B. (2015). The self-presentation motives for physical activity questionnaire: Instrument development and preliminary construct validity evidence. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(3), 225-243. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0134
31. Jackson, B., Gucciardi, D. F., Lonsdale, C., Whipp, P. R., & Dimmock, J. A. (2014). “I think they believe in me”: The predictive effects of teammate-and classmate-focused relation-inferred self-efficacy in sport and physical activity settings. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(5), 486-505. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0070
32. Jackson, B., Gucciardi, D. F., & Dimmock, J. A. (2011). Tripartite efficacy profiles: A cluster analytic investigation of athletes’ perceptions of their relationship with their coach. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(3), 394-415. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.3.394
33. Jackson, B., Knapp, P., & Beauchamp, M. R. (2009). The coach-athlete relationship: A tripartite efficacy perspective. The Sport Psychologist, 23(2), 203-232. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.23.2.203
34. Jackson, B., & Beauchamp, M. R. (2010). Efficacy beliefs in coach–athlete dyads: Prospective relationships using actor–partner interdependence models. Applied Psychology, 59(2), 220-242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2009.00388.x
35. Jackson, B., Whipp, P. R., Chua, K. P., Dimmock, J. A., & Hagger, M. S. (2013). Students’ tripartite efficacy beliefs in high school physical education: Within-and cross-domain relations with motivational processes and leisure-time physical activity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(1), 72-84. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.1.72
36. Jackson, B., Whipp, P. R., & Beauchamp, M. R. (2013). The tripartite efficacy framework in high school physical education: Trans-contextual generality and direct and indirect prospective relations with leisure-time exercise. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030169
37. Karasar, N. (2011). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Nobel Yayınları
38. Koivula, N., Hassmén, P., & Fallby, J. (2002). Self-esteem and perfectionism in elite athletes: Effects on competitive anxiety and self-confidence. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(5), 865-875. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00092-7
39. Lent, R. W., & Lopez, F. G. (2002). Cognitive ties that bind: A tripartite view of efficacy beliefs in growth-promoting relationships. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21(3), 256-286. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.21.3.256.22535
40. Locicero, K. A., & Ashby, J. S. (2000). Multidimensional perfectionism and self-reported self-efficacy in college students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 15(2), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1300/J035v15n02_06
41. Pianta, R. C. (2006). Classroom management and relationships between children and teachers: Implications for research and practice. In C. M. Evertson & C. S. Weinstein (Eds.), Handbook of classroom management: Research, practice, and contemporary issues (pp. 685–709). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
42. Saville, P. D., Bray, S. R., Ginis, K. A. M., Cairney, J., Marinoff-Shupe, D., & Pettit, A. (2014). Sources of self-efficacy and coach/instructor behaviors underlying relation-inferred self-efficacy (RISE) in recreational youth sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(2), 146-156. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0144
43. Scherbaum, C. A., Cohen-Charash, Y., & Kern, M. J. (2006). Measuring general self-efficacy: A comparison of three measures using item response theory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(6), 1047-1063. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164406288171
44. Selağzı, S., ve Çepikkurt, F. (2015). Antrenör ve sporcu iletişim düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 11-18.
45. Skinner, B. R. (2013). The relationship between confidence and performance throughout a competitive season. Master Thesis. Health and Human Movement, Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Utah State University.
46. Stoeber, J. (2012). Perfectionism and performance. In S. M. Murphy (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of sport and performance psychology (pp. 294–306). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199731763.013.0015
47. Stoeber, J., & Becker, C. (2008). Perfectionism, achievement motives, and attribution of success and failure in female soccer players. International Journal of Psychology, 43(6), 980-987. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590701403850
48. Stoeber, J., & Otto, K. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism: Approaches, evidence, challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 295-319. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_2
49. Stoeber, J., Hutchfield, J., & Wood, K. V. (2008). Perfectionism, self-efficacy, and aspiration level: Differential effects of perfectionistic striving and self-criticism after success and failure. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(4), 323-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.04.021
50. Stoeber, J., Otto, K., Pescheck, E., Becker, C., & Stoll, O. (2007). Perfectionism and competitive anxiety in athletes: Differentiating striving for perfection and negative reactions to imperfection. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(6), 959-969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.006
51. Stoeber, J., Stoll, O., Pescheck, E., & Otto, K. (2008). Perfectionism and goal orientations in athletes: Relations with approach and avoidance orientations in mastery and performance goals. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 102–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.02.002
52. Stoeber, J., Stoll, O., Salmi, O., & Tiikkaja, J. (2009). Perfectionism and achievement goals in young Finnish ice-hockey players aspiring to make the under-16 national team. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 8594. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802448749
53. Stonecypher, J. M., Blom, L. C., Johnson, J. E., Bolin, J. H., & Hilliard, R. C. (2019). Interdependent tripartite efficacy perceptions and individual performance: Case study of a boys’ basketball team. Psychological reports, 122(2), 645-669. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118761045
54. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6. Edt.). Pearson.
55. Thomas, O., Thrower, S. N., Lane, A., & Thomas, J. (2021). Types, sources, and debilitating factors of sport confidence in elite early adolescent academy soccer players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 33(2), 192-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2019.1630863
56. Topal, M., Eyduran, E., Yağanoğlu, A.M., Sönmez, A.Y., ve Keskin, S. (2010). Çoklu doğrusal bağlantı durumunda ridge ve temel bileşenler regresyon analiz yöntemlerinin kullanımı. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(1), 53-57.
57. Træen, B., Finstad, K. S., & Røysamb, E. (2019). Perfect riders: Personality, perfectionism, and mental health in Norwegian competition riders. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 75, 82-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2019.01.016
58. Usher, E. L., & Pajares, F. (2008). Sources of self-efficacy in school: Critical review of the literature and future directions. Review of Educational Research, 78(4), 751-796. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308321456