Determination of Winding Deformations in Power Transformers by Sweep Frequency Response Analysis and a Sample Field Study

Öz

Power transformers are expensive pieces of electrical equipment that are used to connect transmission and distribution networks. Power transformers are inspected and tested on a regular basis throughout production, shipment, installation, and operation. There are several ways for determining the mechanical integrity of power transformers. Power transformers are monitored using these diagnostic procedures, and any breakdowns and issues are avoided. Scanning Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) is an efficient method for determining the condition of the transformer core and windings. To evaluate the state of the transformer winding, SFRA, winding direct current resistance, and winding capacitance tests were done in this study. In the case study, a comprehensive case analysis was done on the SFRA test findings for a 50/62.5 MVA power transformer, and the results were analyzed. The results reveal that the SFRA test finds structural winding problems in transformers with high accuracy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Power transformers
• Scanning frequency response analysis
• Transformer windings
• Sweep frequency response analysis

Kaynakça

1. [1] M. Bagheri, Mohammad S. Naderi, T. Blackburn, and B. T. Phung, “Dean-Stark vs FDS and KFT methods in moisture content recognition of transformer,” presented at the IEEE International Conference on Power Energy (PECON’12), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, Dec 2-5, 2012.
2. [2] H. William and P.E. Bartley, “Life cycle management of utility transformer assets,” The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, Breakthrough Asset Management for the Restructured Power Industry, Salt Lake City, Utah, 2002.
3. [3] A. Paleri et al., “Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) in power transformers: An approach to locate inter-disk SC fault,” presented at 2017 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), IEEE, Bangalore, India, 2017.
4. [4] J.R. Secue and E. Mombello, “Sweep frequency response Analysis (SSFRA) for the assessment of winding displacements and deformation in power transformers,” Electric Power Research, vol. 78, no. 6, pp. 1119 – 1128, 2008.
5. [5] A.A. Pandya and B.R. Parekh, “Interpretation of sweep frequency response analysis (SSFRA) traces for the open circuit and short circuit winding fault damages of the power transformer,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 62, pp. 890-896, 2014.
6. [6] A.A. Pandya and B.R. Parekh, “Interpretation of sweep frequency response analysis (SSFRA) traces for the multiple winding faults which are practically simulated on the 10 kVA power transformer,” Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-6, 2014.
7. [7] M.H. Samimi et al., “Improving the numerical indices proposed for the SFRA interpretation by including the phase response,” Int.J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 83, pp. 585-593, 2016.
8. [8] N. Hashemnia et al., “Characterization of transformer SFRA signature under various winding faults,” presented at the International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD), Bali- Indonesia, September 23-27, 2012.

9. [9] E. Al Murawwi and B. Barkat, “A new technique for a better sweep frequency response analysis interpretation,” presented at the 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation, IEEE, San Juan, PR, USA, June 10-13, 2012.
10. [10] A. A. Devadiga et al., “An alternative measurement approach to sweep frequency response analysis (ssfra) for power transformers fault diagnosis,” presented at the 2019 54th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), IEEE, Bucharest, Romania, Nov. 7, 2019.
11. [11] A. Almehdhar et al., “Application of SSFRA method for evaluation of short-circuit tests of power transformers,” 2022 International Conference on Diagnostics in Electrical Engineering (Diagnostika), IEEE, Pilsen, Czech Republic, September 6-8, 2022.
12. [12] J. Secue et al., “Approach for determining a reliable set of spot frequencies to be used during a sweep frequency response analysis (SSFRA) for power transformer diagnosis,” 2008 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America, IEEE, Bogota, Colombia, October 10, 2008.
13. [13] Q. Yang, S. Peiyu and C. Yong Chen, “Comparison of impulse wave and sweep frequency response analysis methods for diagnosis of transformer winding faults,” Energies vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 431, 2017.
14. [14] S. Ab Ghani et al, “Condition monitoring of distribution transformer's mechanical parts using sweep frequency response analysis (SSFRA),” Procedia Engineering, vol. 68, pp. 469-476, 2013.
15. [15] A. Kumar et al, “Core magnetization effect in sweep frequency response analysis for transformer diagnosis,” 2015 Second International Conference on Advances in Computing and Communication Engineering, IEEE, Dehradun, India, May 1-2, 2015.
16. [16] E. Al Murawwi, R. Mardiana and C.Q Su, “Effects of terminal connections on sweep frequency response analysis of transformers,” IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol. 28, no.3, pp. 8-13, 2012.
17. [17] Saravanakumar Arumugam, “Experimental investigation on terminal connection and system function pair during SSFRA testing on three phase transformers,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 58, pp. 101-110, 2014.
18. [18] J. Kumar and U. Prasadr, “Expert system for sweep frequency response analysis of transformer using MATLAB,” 2012.
19. [19] Y. Yoon et al., “High-frequency modeling of a three-winding power transformer using sweep frequency response analysis,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 13, pp. 4009, 2021.
20. [20] M. Brandt and A. Peniak, “Identification of the power transformer 110/23 kV failure,” 2014 ELEKTRO, IEEE, Rajecke Teplice, Slovakia, May 19-20, 2014.
21. [21] V. Behjat and M. Mahvi, “Statistical approach for interpretation of power transformers frequency response analysis results,” IET Sci. Meas. Technol., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 367-375, 2015.
22. [22] N. Wesley et al., “Evaluation of statistical interpretation methods for frequency response analysis based winding fault detection of transformers,” IEEE International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies (ICSET), Hanoi-Vietnam, pp. 36-41, November 14-16, 2016.
23. [23] M.F.M Yousof et al., “Using absolute average difference (DABS) in interpreting the frequency response of distribution transformer,” IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 226, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2017.
24. [24] M.F.M Yousof, C. Ekanayake, T.K. Saha, “Frequency response analysis to investigate deformation of transformer winding,” IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 22, pp. 2359-2367, 2015.
25. [25] A.S. Murthy et al., “Investigation of the effect of winding clamping structure on frequency response signature of 11 kV distribution transformer,” Energies, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 1-13, 2018.
26. [26] S.M. Saleh, S.H. El-Hoshy and O.E. Gouda, “Proposed diagnostic methodology using the cross-correlation coefficient factor technique for power transformer fault identification,” IET Electr. Power Appl., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 412-422, 2017.
27. [27] Bigdeli M., Azizian D., Gharehpetian G.B., Detection of probability of occurrence, type and severity of faults in transformer using frequency response analysis based numerical indices, Measurement, 168, 108322, 1-11,2021.
28. [28] Ni, Jianqiang & Zhao, Zhongyong & Tan, Shan & Chen, Yu & Yao, Chenguo & Tang, Chao. (2020). The actual measurement and analysis of transformer winding deformation fault degrees by FRA using mathematical indicators. Electric Power Systems Research. 184. 106324. 10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106324.
29. [29] M. Tahir, S. Tenbohlen and M.H. Samimi, “Evaluation of numerical indices for objective interpretation of frequency response to detect mechanical faults in power transformers,” presented at the 21st International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Budapest-Hungary, August 26- 30, 2019.
30. [30] E. Rahimpour, M. Jabbari and S. Tenbohlen, “Mathematical comparison methods to assess transfer functions of transformers to detect different types of mechanical faults,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 25, pp. 2544-2555, 2010.
31. [31] E. P. Dick and C. C. Erven, “Transformer diagnostic testing by frequency response analysis,” IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. 97, no. 6, pp. 2144–2150, 1978.
32. [32] IEC 60076-18 Ed.1: Power Transformers - Part 18, “Measurement of Frequency Response,” International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, 2012.
33. [33] A.A. Siada,, 2018, “IET power transformer condition monitoring and diagnosis,” Energy Engineering, ISBN-13: 978-1-78561-254-1.
34. [34] Odoğlu H, “Transformer and shunt reactor experiments", EMO Publications," 2012.
35. [35] A. Kraetge, M. Kruger and P. Fong, “Frequency response analysis—Status of the worldwide standardization activities,” presented at the 2008 International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis. IEEE, Beijing, China, April 21-24, 2008.
36. [36] CIGRE, “Mechanical-condition assessment of transformer windings using frequency response analysis (SFRA)”, Technical Brochure, 2008.
37. [37] IEEE Std C57.149™-2012, “IEEE guide for the application and interpretation of frequency response analysis for oil-immersed transformers,” New York/USA: IEEE Power Engineering Society, March 8, 2013.
38. [38] K. Selim et al., “The use of statistical methods in the evaluation of power transformer faults with frequency response analysis,” Journal of The Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 2022.
39. [39] R.K. Senobari, J. Sadeh and H. Borsi, “Frequency response analysis (SFRA) of transformers as a tool for fault detection and location: a review,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 155, pp. 172-183, 2018.
40. [40] A.A. Reykherdt and V. Davydov “Case studies of factorsinfluencing frequency response analysis measurementsand power transformer diagnostics,” IEEE Electr. Insul.Mag., vol. 27, no. 1, 22-30, 2011.
41. [41] M. Bagheri et al., “Frequency response analysis and short-circuit impedance measurement in detection of winding deformation within power transformers,” IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 33-40, 2013.
42. [42] The Electric Power Industry Standard of People’s Republic of China, “Frequency responseanalysis on winding deformation of power transformers,” Std. DL/T911-2004, ICS 27.100, F24, Document No. 15182-2005, June 2005.
43. [43] M Yousof et al., “The influence of data size in statistical analysis of power transformer frequency response,” presented at the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon). IEEE, Melaka, Malaysia, November 28-29, 2016.
44. [44] J. Ni et al., “The actual measurement and analysis of transformer winding deformation fault degrees by SFRA using mathematical indicators,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 184, pp. 106324, 2020.
45. [45] P.M. Nirgude, et al., “Application of numerical evaluation techniques for interpreting frequency response measurements in power transformers,” IET Science, Measurement & Technology, vol. 2, no. 5 pp. 275-285, 2008.
46. [46] H. C. Sun, Y. C. Huang and C. M. Huang, “A review of dissolved gas analysis in power transformers,” Energy Procedia, vol. 14, pp. 1220-1225, 2012.
47. [47] IEC, “Mineral oil-impregnated electrical equipment in service –guide to the interpretation of dissolved and free gases analysis,” IEC Standard 60599, 2015.