BEDENSEL CEZA VE PSİKOLOJİK UYGULAMALARIN ÖĞRENCİLERİN ÖĞRENME VE DAVRANIŞLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ

Öz

Bu makale ile bedensel cezalandırmanın ve psikolojik uygulamaların öğrencilerin öğrenme ve davranışları üzerindeki etkisini test etmek amaçlanmıştır. Pakistan'ın Punjab Üniversitesi Laboratuar Okulu'nda, demografik açıdan kontrollü bir çevrede homojen değişkenler ile altı ayı aşkın bir sürede öncelikle bir pilot çalışma ve ardından deneysel bir çalışma yürütülmüştür. X düzeyinde 32 öğrenci ‘Bedensel Ceza Grubu' (BCG) ve ‘Psikolojik Uygulamalar Grubu' (PUG) olmak üzere 2 ayrı grupta sınıflandırılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları ortaya koymuştur ki sürtüşme veya akademik ilgisizlik sonrasında bedensel cezaya maruz kalan öğrenciler, negatif davranış sergilemekle kalmayıp aynı zamanda akademik düzeylerinde de gerilemeler gözlenmiştir. Diğer taraftan psikolojik uygulama gören öğrenciler ise öğrenmeye karşı ilgilerini arttırmışlar, daha sıcak davranışlar sergilemişler ve okulla ilgili uzun süreli performanslarında iyileşme sergilemişlerdir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bedensel Ceza, Psikolojik uygulama, davranış, öğrenme

Kaynakça

1. Angoff, W.H. (1984). Scales, Norms and Equivalent Scores: Princeton, NJ:
2. Educational Testing Service.
3. Bachman, L.F., and Palmer, A.S. (1996). Language Testing in Practice: Designing and Developing Useful Language Tests: Oxford University Press.
4. Bauman L.J., Friedman B. (1998). Corporal Punishment: Pediatric Clin NoAm.
5. BBC News. (00:22 GMT, April 17, 2007). US University Shooting Kills 33:
6. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6560685.stm.
7. BBC News. (21:32 GMT, April 26, 2002). 18 Dead In German School Shooting:
8. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1952869.stm.

9. Bindley, G. (1998). Describing Language Development? Rating Scales and SLA: Interface between Second Language Acquisition and Language Testing Research. Cambridge University Press, 40-112.
10. Brown, J.D. (1996).Testing in Language Programs: Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
11. Brown, J.D. (1988).Understanding Research in Second Language Learning: A
12. Teacher’s Guide to Statistics and Research Design. London: Heinemann.
13. Cazden, C. (1986). Child language and education: New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
14. Climinillo LM. (1988) Discipline: The School’s Dilemma. Adolescence.
15. Daily Times. (July 4, 2005). Staff Report, Corporal Punishment.
16. Feldt, L.S.,and Brennan, R.L. (1989). Reliability, Educational Measurement: 3rd
17. edition. New York: Macmillan, 46-105.
18. Gallup Organization. (1995). Discipline Children in America: A Gallup Poll
19. Report. Princeton, NJ: Gallup Organization.
20. Gershoff E.T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review, 14(2): 490-495.
21. Graziano, Anthony M., and Linda J. (1992). Effects of Corporal Punishment on Children: Violence Update, 86(3):368-382.
22. Graziano, Anthony M., and Namaste, Karen A. (July, 1990). Parental Use of Physical Force in Child Discipline: Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5 (4):43-50.
23. Hambleton, R.K., Swaminathan, H.,and Rogers, H.J. (1991). Fundamentals of Item Response theory: Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
24. Hatch, E., and Lazaraton, A. (1991) The Research Manual: Design and Statistics for Applied Linguistics: New York: HarperCollins and Newbury House.
25. Hyman I.A. (1988). Eliminating Corporal Punishment in Schools: Moving from advocacy research to policy implementation. Child Legal Rights, 15(6):110-115.
26. Hyman I.A., McDowell E., and Rains B. (1977). Corporal Punishment and alternative in the schools: An overview of theoretical and practical issues in National Institute of Education Preceding: Conference on Corporal Punishment in Schools: A National Debate February 18-20. U.S. Government Printing Office.
27. Larzelere R.E. and Johnson B. (1999). Evaluation of the effects of Sweden’s spanking ban on physical child abuses: Psychology Rape, 12 (54):15-16.
28. Linn, R.L. (ed.) (1989). Educational Measurement. 3rd edition New York: American Council on Education and Macmillan.
29. Makino, T. (1979). English morpheme acquisition order of Japanese secondary school students: TESOL Quarterly, 43 (13): 124.
30. McCord, J. (May, 1991). Questioning the Value of Punishment: Social Problems. 38( 2):190-200.
31. Orwin, R.G. (1994). Evaluating Coding Decisions: In H. Cooper and L.V. Hedges (eds), The Handbook of Research Synthesis. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
32. Popham, W.J. (1981). Modern Educational Measurement: Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
33. Rohner, Ronald P., Kean, Kevin J., Cournoyer, David. (August, 1991). Effects of Corporal Punishment, Perceived Caretaker Warmth, and Cultural Beliefs on the Psychological Adjustment of Children in St. Kitts, West Indies: Journal of Marriage and the Family, 19 (25), 40-45.
34. Shavelson, R.J. Webb, N.M. (1991). Generalizability Theory: A Primer. Newbury Park, CA; Sage.
35. Selinger, H.W., Shohamy, E. (1989). Second Language Research Methods: Oxford University Press.
36. Straus, Murray A. (May, 1991). Discipline and Deviance: Physical Punishment of Children and Violence and Other Crime in Adulthood: Social Problems 38 (2):205-206
37. Tabachnick, B.G., and Fidell, L.S. (1996).Using Multivariate Statistics: 3rd Edition. New York; Harper Collins.
38. Traub, R.E. (1994). Reliability for the Social Sciences: Theory and Applications. Thousands Oaks, CA, Sage.
39. Wauchope BA., and Straus MA. (1990).Physical punishment and physical abuse of American Children: Incidence rates by age, gender and occupational class. In: Straus MA Gelles RJ (eds).Physical Violence in American Families. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
40. Woods, A., and Fletcher Hughes, A. (1986). Statistics in Language Studies: New York, Cambridge University Press.
41. Wright, B.D. (1999). Fundamental Measurement for Psychology. The New Rules of Measurement: What Every Psychologist and Educator should know. Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associate.