Araştırma Makalesi
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Despite Our Different Social Identities, We Can Co-Exist: Intergroup Positive and Negative Contact

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 1205 - 1231, 31.07.2019

Öz

The aim of this study was to develop an in-depth understanding of the positive and negative contact experiences among the university students with different social identity categories living in the same dormitory room. The research was designed as a qualitative study utilizing phenomenological approach. A total of 45 students, who identified themselves as Turkish (22) and Kurdish (23) in terms of ethnic and cultural sub-identities were interviewed and qualitative data were collected. In the study, semi-structured interview technique was used to collect data. In the analysis of qualitative data, data reduction, data display and outcome verification steps were followed. The results of the study revealed that the students sharing the same dorm room were generally satisfied with their interactions and had frequent contact. It was also determined that the students were able to get help from each other to a large extent and as much as they could. However, it was ascertained that students refrained from discussing political issues on social identity. It was concluded that, depending on the quality of contact between groups, prejudice between the groups gradually decreased, and in close friendships the human identity and personal characteristics were taken as reference. In addition, it was also observed that as contact between groups becomes negative, social identities become more visible and pronounced. It was determined that a significant number of students were not disturbed by each other in their interactions and did not feel any anxiety. Students began to feel uncomfortable and anxious when political issues based on personal characteristics and social identities were discussed. It was stressed, albeit not as strongly, that students' social identity-based prejudice transformed positively as a result of the frequency and quality of increased social contact.

Kaynakça

  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
  • Barlow, F. K., Paolini, S., Pedersen, A., Hornsey, M. J., Radke, H. R. M., Harwood, J., … Sibley, C. G. (2012). The Contact Caveat: Negative Contact Predicts Increased Prejudice More Than Positive Contact Predicts Reduced Prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212457953
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Brown, R, & Hewstone, M. (2005). An integrative theory of intergroup contact. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37 (37), 255-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(05)37005-5
  • Brown, Rupert, Vivian, J., & Hewstone, M. (1999). Changing attitudes through intergroup contact: the effects of group membership salience. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29(5–6), 741–764. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199908/09)29:5/6<741::AID-EJSP972>3.0.CO;2-8
  • Cakal, H., Hewstone, M., Schwär, G., & Heath, A. (2011). An investigation of the social identity model of collective action and the ‘sedative’ effect of intergroup contact among Black and White students in South Africa. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50(4), 606-627. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02075.x
  • Davies, K, Wright, S. C., & Aron, A. (2011). Cross-group friendships: How interpersonal connections encourage positive intergroup attitudes. Moving beyond Prejudice Reduction: Pathways to Positive Intergroup Relations. https://doi.org/10.1037/12319-006
  • Davies, Kristin, Tropp, L. R., Aron, A., Pettigrew, T. F., & Wright, S. C. (2011). Cross-group friendships and intergroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(4), 332–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311411103
  • Dixon, J., Levine, M., Reicher, S., & Durrheim, K. (2012). Beyond prejudice: Are negative evaluations the problem and is getting us to like one another more the solution? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35(6), 411–425. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X11002214
  • Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., Validzic, A., Matoka, K., Johnson, B., & Frazier, S. (1997). Extending the Benefits of Recategorization: Evaluations, Self-Disclosure, and Helping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33(4), 401–420. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1997.1327
  • Graf, S., Paolini, S., & Rubin, M. (2014). Negative intergroup contact is more influential, but positive intergroup contact is more common: Assessing contact prominence and contact prevalence in five Central European countries. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44 (6), 536-547. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2052
  • Hayward, L. E., Tropp, L. R., Hornsey, M. J., & Barlow, F. K. (2018). How negative contact and positive contact with Whites predict collective action among racial and ethnic minorities. British Journal of Social Psychology, 57(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12220
  • Hewstone, M. (2009). Living Apart, Living Together? The Role of Intergroup Contact in Social Integration. In Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 162, 2008 Lectures (pp. 243–300). British Academy. https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264584.003.0009
  • Mazziotta, A., Rohmann, A., Wright, S. C., De Tezanos-Pinto, P., & Lutterbach, S. (2015). (How) does positive and negative extended cross-group contact predict direct cross-group contact and intergroup attitudes? European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(5), 653-667. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2110
  • Paolini, S., Harwood, J., & Rubin, M. (2010). Negative intergroup contact makes group memberships salient: Explaining why intergroup conflict endures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(12), 1723-1738. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210388667
  • Paolini, S., Harwood, J., Rubin, M., Husnu, S., Joyce, N., & Hewstone, M. (2014). Positive and extensive intergroup contact in the past buffers against the disproportionate impact of negative contact in the present. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44(6), 548-562. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2029
  • Paolini, S., Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., & Voci, A. (2004). Effects of direct and indirect cross-group friendships on judgments of catholics and protestants in northern ireland: The mediating role of an anxiety-reduction mechanism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(6), 770–786. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203262848
  • Pettigrew, T. F. (1997). Generalized Intergroup Contact Effects on Prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(2), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167297232006
  • Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 65-85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
  • Pettigrew, T. F. (2008). Future directions for intergroup contact theory and research. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(3), 187–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.12.002
  • Pettigrew, T. F., Christ, O., Wagner, U., & Stellmacher, J. (2007). Direct and indirect intergroup contact effects on prejudice: A normative interpretation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31(4), 411–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.11.003
  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
  • Selvanathan, H. P., Techakesari, P., Tropp, L. R., & Barlow, F. K. (2018). Whites for racial justice: How contact with Black Americans predicts support for collective action among White Americans. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 21(6), 893–912. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217690908
  • Techakesari, P., Barlow, F. K., Hornsey, M. J., Sung, B., Thai, M., & Chak, J. L. Y. (2015). An Investigation of Positive and Negative Contact As Predictors of Intergroup Attitudes in the United States, Hong Kong, and Thailand. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(3), 454-468. https://doi.org/10.1177 /0022022115570313
  • Turner, R. N., & Cameron, L. (2016). Confidence in Contact: A New Perspective on Promoting Cross-Group Friendship Among Children and Adolescents. Social Issues and Policy Review, 10(1), 212–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12023
  • Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., Voci, A., Paolini, S., & Christ, O. (2007). Reducing prejudice via direct and extended cross-group friendship, 212–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280701680297
  • Van Oudenhoven, J. P., Groenewoud, J. T., & Hewstone, M. (1996). Cooperation, ethnoic salience and generalisation of interethnic attitudes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26(May 1995), 649–661.

Farklı Sosyal Kimliklerimize Rağmen, Aynı Yurt Odasını Paylaşabiliriz: Gruplararası Olumlu ve Olumsuz Temas

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 1205 - 1231, 31.07.2019

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, yurtlarda aynı odada kalan, farklı sosyal kimlik kategorilerine sahip üniversite öğrencileri arasında yaşanan, gruplararası olumlu ve olumsuz temas deneyimlerini derinlemesine incelemektir. Araştırma nitel araştırma yaklaşımlarından fenomenolojik çalışma olarak kurgulanmıştır. Araştırma, öğrenciler ile yüz yüze görüşme yapılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kendini etnik ve kültürel alt kimlik olarak Türk (22) ve Kürt (23) olarak tanımlayan toplam 45 öğrenci ile yüz yüze derinlemesine görüşülerek nitel veriler toplanmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplamak için yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Nitel verilerin analizinde sırası ile veri azaltımı, veri gösterimi ve sonuç çıkarma aşamaları izlenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda, aynı yurt odasını paylaşan öğrencilerin genellikle etkileşimlerinden memnun oldukları ve sıklıkla temas kurdukları saptanmıştır. Öğrencilerin, birbirlerinden büyük ölçüde ve ellerinden geldiği sürece yardım alabildikleri saptanmıştır. Bununla birlikte sosyal kimlik temelli siyasi ve politik konulara girmekten imtina edildiği belirlenmiştir. Gruplararası temas kalitesine bağlı olarak, gruplararası önyargıların zamanla azaldığı, yakın arkadaşlıklarda, birbirlerini sosyal kimliklerin ötesine geçerek, insan üst kimliği ve kişisel özellikler referans alınarak algıladıkları saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, gruplararası temas olumsuzlaşmaya başladıkça sosyal kimliklerin daha görünür olmaya ve algılanmaya başladığı belirlenmiştir. Öğrencilerin önemli bir kısmının etkileşimlerinde birbirlerinden rahatsız olmadıkları ve kendilerini kaygılı hissetmedikleri saptanmıştır. Öğrencilerin, kişisel ve sosyal kimlik temelli siyasi-politik konular konuşulmaya başlandığında, kendilerini rahatsız ve kaygılı hissettikleri belirlenmiştir. Az değinilmesine rağmen artan temas sıklığına ve kalitesine bağlı olarak öğrencilerin sosyal kimlik temelli önyargılarında olumlu dönüşüm gerçekleştiği bulunmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
  • Barlow, F. K., Paolini, S., Pedersen, A., Hornsey, M. J., Radke, H. R. M., Harwood, J., … Sibley, C. G. (2012). The Contact Caveat: Negative Contact Predicts Increased Prejudice More Than Positive Contact Predicts Reduced Prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212457953
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Brown, R, & Hewstone, M. (2005). An integrative theory of intergroup contact. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37 (37), 255-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(05)37005-5
  • Brown, Rupert, Vivian, J., & Hewstone, M. (1999). Changing attitudes through intergroup contact: the effects of group membership salience. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29(5–6), 741–764. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199908/09)29:5/6<741::AID-EJSP972>3.0.CO;2-8
  • Cakal, H., Hewstone, M., Schwär, G., & Heath, A. (2011). An investigation of the social identity model of collective action and the ‘sedative’ effect of intergroup contact among Black and White students in South Africa. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50(4), 606-627. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02075.x
  • Davies, K, Wright, S. C., & Aron, A. (2011). Cross-group friendships: How interpersonal connections encourage positive intergroup attitudes. Moving beyond Prejudice Reduction: Pathways to Positive Intergroup Relations. https://doi.org/10.1037/12319-006
  • Davies, Kristin, Tropp, L. R., Aron, A., Pettigrew, T. F., & Wright, S. C. (2011). Cross-group friendships and intergroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(4), 332–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311411103
  • Dixon, J., Levine, M., Reicher, S., & Durrheim, K. (2012). Beyond prejudice: Are negative evaluations the problem and is getting us to like one another more the solution? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35(6), 411–425. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X11002214
  • Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., Validzic, A., Matoka, K., Johnson, B., & Frazier, S. (1997). Extending the Benefits of Recategorization: Evaluations, Self-Disclosure, and Helping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33(4), 401–420. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1997.1327
  • Graf, S., Paolini, S., & Rubin, M. (2014). Negative intergroup contact is more influential, but positive intergroup contact is more common: Assessing contact prominence and contact prevalence in five Central European countries. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44 (6), 536-547. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2052
  • Hayward, L. E., Tropp, L. R., Hornsey, M. J., & Barlow, F. K. (2018). How negative contact and positive contact with Whites predict collective action among racial and ethnic minorities. British Journal of Social Psychology, 57(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12220
  • Hewstone, M. (2009). Living Apart, Living Together? The Role of Intergroup Contact in Social Integration. In Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 162, 2008 Lectures (pp. 243–300). British Academy. https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264584.003.0009
  • Mazziotta, A., Rohmann, A., Wright, S. C., De Tezanos-Pinto, P., & Lutterbach, S. (2015). (How) does positive and negative extended cross-group contact predict direct cross-group contact and intergroup attitudes? European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(5), 653-667. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2110
  • Paolini, S., Harwood, J., & Rubin, M. (2010). Negative intergroup contact makes group memberships salient: Explaining why intergroup conflict endures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(12), 1723-1738. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210388667
  • Paolini, S., Harwood, J., Rubin, M., Husnu, S., Joyce, N., & Hewstone, M. (2014). Positive and extensive intergroup contact in the past buffers against the disproportionate impact of negative contact in the present. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44(6), 548-562. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2029
  • Paolini, S., Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., & Voci, A. (2004). Effects of direct and indirect cross-group friendships on judgments of catholics and protestants in northern ireland: The mediating role of an anxiety-reduction mechanism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(6), 770–786. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203262848
  • Pettigrew, T. F. (1997). Generalized Intergroup Contact Effects on Prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(2), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167297232006
  • Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 65-85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
  • Pettigrew, T. F. (2008). Future directions for intergroup contact theory and research. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(3), 187–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.12.002
  • Pettigrew, T. F., Christ, O., Wagner, U., & Stellmacher, J. (2007). Direct and indirect intergroup contact effects on prejudice: A normative interpretation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31(4), 411–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.11.003
  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
  • Selvanathan, H. P., Techakesari, P., Tropp, L. R., & Barlow, F. K. (2018). Whites for racial justice: How contact with Black Americans predicts support for collective action among White Americans. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 21(6), 893–912. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217690908
  • Techakesari, P., Barlow, F. K., Hornsey, M. J., Sung, B., Thai, M., & Chak, J. L. Y. (2015). An Investigation of Positive and Negative Contact As Predictors of Intergroup Attitudes in the United States, Hong Kong, and Thailand. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(3), 454-468. https://doi.org/10.1177 /0022022115570313
  • Turner, R. N., & Cameron, L. (2016). Confidence in Contact: A New Perspective on Promoting Cross-Group Friendship Among Children and Adolescents. Social Issues and Policy Review, 10(1), 212–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12023
  • Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., Voci, A., Paolini, S., & Christ, O. (2007). Reducing prejudice via direct and extended cross-group friendship, 212–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280701680297
  • Van Oudenhoven, J. P., Groenewoud, J. T., & Hewstone, M. (1996). Cooperation, ethnoic salience and generalisation of interethnic attitudes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26(May 1995), 649–661.
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Abbas Türnüklü 0000-0002-7209-0768

Veysel Karazor Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-3778-4972

Tarkan Kaçmaz Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-0067-0509

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Türnüklü, A., Karazor, V., & Kaçmaz, T. (2019). Farklı Sosyal Kimliklerimize Rağmen, Aynı Yurt Odasını Paylaşabiliriz: Gruplararası Olumlu ve Olumsuz Temas. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(3), 1205-1231.
AMA Türnüklü A, Karazor V, Kaçmaz T. Farklı Sosyal Kimliklerimize Rağmen, Aynı Yurt Odasını Paylaşabiliriz: Gruplararası Olumlu ve Olumsuz Temas. Derginin Amacı ve Kapsamı. Temmuz 2019;7(3):1205-1231.
Chicago Türnüklü, Abbas, Veysel Karazor, ve Tarkan Kaçmaz. “Farklı Sosyal Kimliklerimize Rağmen, Aynı Yurt Odasını Paylaşabiliriz: Gruplararası Olumlu Ve Olumsuz Temas”. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi 7, sy. 3 (Temmuz 2019): 1205-31.
EndNote Türnüklü A, Karazor V, Kaçmaz T (01 Temmuz 2019) Farklı Sosyal Kimliklerimize Rağmen, Aynı Yurt Odasını Paylaşabiliriz: Gruplararası Olumlu ve Olumsuz Temas. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi 7 3 1205–1231.
IEEE A. Türnüklü, V. Karazor, ve T. Kaçmaz, “Farklı Sosyal Kimliklerimize Rağmen, Aynı Yurt Odasını Paylaşabiliriz: Gruplararası Olumlu ve Olumsuz Temas”, Derginin Amacı ve Kapsamı, c. 7, sy. 3, ss. 1205–1231, 2019.
ISNAD Türnüklü, Abbas vd. “Farklı Sosyal Kimliklerimize Rağmen, Aynı Yurt Odasını Paylaşabiliriz: Gruplararası Olumlu Ve Olumsuz Temas”. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi 7/3 (Temmuz 2019), 1205-1231.
JAMA Türnüklü A, Karazor V, Kaçmaz T. Farklı Sosyal Kimliklerimize Rağmen, Aynı Yurt Odasını Paylaşabiliriz: Gruplararası Olumlu ve Olumsuz Temas. Derginin Amacı ve Kapsamı. 2019;7:1205–1231.
MLA Türnüklü, Abbas vd. “Farklı Sosyal Kimliklerimize Rağmen, Aynı Yurt Odasını Paylaşabiliriz: Gruplararası Olumlu Ve Olumsuz Temas”. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 3, 2019, ss. 1205-31.
Vancouver Türnüklü A, Karazor V, Kaçmaz T. Farklı Sosyal Kimliklerimize Rağmen, Aynı Yurt Odasını Paylaşabiliriz: Gruplararası Olumlu ve Olumsuz Temas. Derginin Amacı ve Kapsamı. 2019;7(3):1205-31.