A Phenomenological Study on the Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Ostracism

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 28, 331 - 350, 31.10.2021

Hasan Tutar Nuran Ozturk Baspınar Sevilay Guler

Öz

Organizational environments are environments where conflicts of interest are intense due to business and human interactions. Various problems are experienced in these environments due to both business and human interaction and interpersonal relations. These problems cause various psychological and physical health problems in the employees and organizational health problems such as reduced job satisfaction and damage to work peace in organizations. This study examined the problem of "organizational ostracism," an example of negative behavior in organizations. The study discussed the causes of ostracism and its effects on the ostracized person. The study was designed according to the descriptive phenomenological pattern, one of the qualitative research designs. The sample of the study was determined according to the purposeful sampling technique. The study data were collected through in-depth interviews from 19 faculty members with different titles and positions working in various departments of public universities. The research results were presented and interpreted as "code," "sub-theme," and "main theme." At the end of the examination, organizational exclusion; It was understood that it was caused by jealousy, ethnic, political and trade union discrimination. The impact of organizational ostracism on the individual excluded; intention to quit, feeling of burnout, and psychosomatic disorders were grouped under the main themes. Findings showed that organizational ostracism harms organizational and individual performance. The research results show that ostracism is an important organizational behavior problem that disrupts organizational and individual health and job satisfaction.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Organizational ostracism, Descriptive phenomenology, Intention to leave, Purposeful sampling, Loss of motivation

Kaynakça

• Abasli, K. (2018). Örgütsel dışlanma, işe yabancılaşma ve örgütsel sinizm ilişkisine yönelik öğretmen görüşleri (Doktora tezi). Hacettepe Universitesi. http://www.openaccess.hacettepe.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/handle/11655/5264
• Adaman, F., & Keyder, C. (2006). Türkiye'de büyük kentlerin gecekondu ve çöküntü mahallelerinde yaşanan yoksulluk ve sosyal dışlanma. Avrupa Komisyonu Raporu. https://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/social_inclusion/docs/2006/study_turkey_tr.pdf
• Birch, D. A. (1998). Identifying sources of social support. The Journal of School Health, 68(4), 159-161. https://doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.1998.tb06335.x.
• Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1992). Qualitative research for education: Introduction and methods. Allyn and Bacon.
• Bryman, A. (2004). Quantity and quality in social research. Routledge.
• Charmaz, K. (2011). Grounded theory methods in social justice research. The Sage handbook of qualitative research, (pp. 359-380). Sage.
• Chen, Z., Dewall, C. N., Poon, K.T., & Chen, E.W. (2012). When destiny hurts: implicit theories of relationships moderate aggressive responses to ostracis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(5), 1029-1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.04.002
• Chung, Y. W. (2015). The mediating effects of organizational conflict on the relationships between workplace ostracism with in-role behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Conflict Management, 26(4), 366-385. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-01-2014-0001
• Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th Ed.). Routledge.
• Cozby, C. P. (1989). Methods in behavioral research (4th Ed.). Mayfield.
• Creswell, J. W. (1998). Research design. Qualitative and quantitative approach. Sage.
• Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage.
• Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research. Pearson.
• Celik, C., & Kosar, A. (2015). Örgüt kültürü ve işyerinde dışlanma arasındaki ilişki: Mersin Üniversitesi çalışanları üzerinde bir uygulama. C. Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(2), 47-62.
• Eickholt, M. S., & Goodboy, A. K. (2017). Investment model predictions of workplace ostracism on k–12 teachers' commitment to their schools and the profession of teaching. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 32(2), 139-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2017.1332483
• Erdemli, O., & Kurum, G. (2019). Okul yöneticisi ve öğretmenlerin gözünden okulda dışlanma: Nedenleri ve sonuçları. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1-24. doi: 10.16986/HUJE.2019051589.
• Ersoy, A. F. (2016). Fenomenoloji. Ahmet Saban & Ali Ersoy (Eds.), Eğitimde nitel araştırma desenleri. Anı.
• Ferris, D. L., Brown, D. J., Berry, J. W., & Lian, H. (2008). The development and validation of the workplace ostracism scale. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1348-1366. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012743
• Greasley, K., & Ashworth, P. (2007). The phenomenology of "approach to studying": The university student's studies within the lifework. British Educational Research Journal, 32, 819-843.
• Haq, I. U. (2014, June). Workplace ostracism and job outcomes: Moderating effects of psychological capital. In Human capital without borders: Knowledge and learning for quality of life: Proceedings of the management, knowledge and learning international conference (Vol. 2014). ToKnowPress. RePEc:tkp:mklp14:1309-1323
• Harding, R. (2013). Friendship and ostracism: A look at how having a best friend within the preschool classroom affects ostracism. Spring.
• Harvey, M., Moeller, M., Kiessling, T., & Dabic, M. (2018). Ostracism in the workplace: 'Being voted off the 'island'. Organ Dyn, 675, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2018.08.006
• Hitlan, R. T., Cliffton, R. J., & DeSoto, M. C. (2006). Perceived ostracism in the workplace: the moderating effects of gender on work-related attitudes and psychological health. North American Journal of Psychology, 8(2), 217-236.
• Hitlan, R. T., Zárate, M.A, Kelly, K. M. & DeSoto, M. C. (2015). Linguistic ostracism causes prejudice: Support for a serial mediation effect. The Journal of Social Psychology, 156(4), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2015.1119668
• Izci, C. (2018). Akademik kurumlarda örgütsel adalet ve dışlanma ilişkisi: Araştırma görevlileri üzerine bir araştırma. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(2), 177- 194. 10.26468/trakyasobed.502209
• Leung, A. S. M., Wu, L. Z., Chen, Y. Y., & Young, M. N. (2011). The impact of workplace ostracism in service organizations. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(4), 836-844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.01.004
• Liu, H.L., & Xia, H.S. (2016). Workplace ostracism: A review and directions for future research. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 4, 197-201. 10.4236/jhrss.2016.43022
• Lustenberger, D. E., & Jagacinski, C. M. (2010). Exploring the effects of ostracism on performance and intrinsic motivation. Human Performance, 23(4), 283-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2010.501046
• MacDonald, G., & Leary, M. R. (2005). Why does social ostracism hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain. Psychological Bulletin, 131(2), 202-223. 10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.202
• Maxwell, J. A. (1996). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Sage.
• Mayring, P. (2011). Nitel sosyal araştırmaya giriş. (Adnan Gümüş and M. Sezai Durgun, Trans.). Bilgesu.
• McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2006). Research in education evidence-based inquiry. Pearson.
• Merriam, S. B. (2013). Nitel araştırma (S. Turan, Trans. Ed.). Nobel..
• Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (2015). Nitel veri analizi (S. Akbaba Altun & A. Ersoy, Trans. Ed.). Pegem.
• Miller, H. C., Bourrasseau, C., Williams, K. D., & Molet, M. (2014). There is no sweet escape from social pain: glucose does not attenuate the effects of ostracism. Physiology & Behavior, 124, 8-14.
• Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Sage.
• Neuman, W. L. (2012). Toplumsal araştırma yöntemleri: Nicel ve nitel yaklaşımlar I‐II. Cilt (5th Ed.). Yayın Odası.
• Nezlek, J. B., Eric, D.,Wesselmann, L.W., & Kipling, D. W. (2015). Ostracism in everyday life: The effects of ostracism on those who ostracize. The Journal of Social Psychology, 155 (5), 432-451. 10.1080/00224545.2015.1062351
• O'Reilly, J., Robinson, S. L., Berdahl, J. L., & Banki, S. (2014). Is negative attention better than no attention? The comparative effects of ostracism and harassment at work. Organization Science, 26(3), 774-793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2014.0900
• Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd Ed.). Sage.
• Patton, M. Q. (2014). Nitel araştirma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri (M. Bütün and S. B. Demir, Trans. Eds.). Pegem.
• Pelit, E. (2008). İşletmelerde işgören güçlendirmenin işgörenlerin iş doyumuna etkisi: Otel işletmelerinde bir araştırma.(Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi.
• Poon, K.T., & Chen, Z. (2014). When justice surrenders: the effect of just-world beliefs on aggression following ostracism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 101-112. 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.01.006
• Price, D. D. (2000). Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain. Science, 288, 1769–1772. 10.1126/science.288.5472.1769.
• Ramsey, A. T., & Jones, E. E. (2015). Minding the interpersonal gap: Mindfulness-based interventions in the prevention of ostracism. Consciousness and Cognition, 31, 24- 34. 10.1016/j.concog.2014.10.003
• Reiners, G. M. (2012). Understanding the differences between Husserl's (descriptive) and Heidegger's (interpretive) phenomenological research. Journal of Nursing and Care, 1(5), 1-3. 10.4172/2167-1168.1000119
• Robinson, S. L., O'Reilly, J., & Wang, W. (2013). Invisible at work: An integrated model of workplace ostracism. Journal of Management, 39(1), 203-231.
• Sapancali, F. (2005). Sosyal dışlanma. Dokuz Eylül.
• Smith, J. A., & Eatough, V. (2007). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In E. Lyons and A. Coyle (Eds.), Analyzing qualitative data in psychology (p. 35). Sage.
• Sommer, R., & Sommer, B. B. (1986). A practical guide to behavioral research. Oxford Uni.
• Soybali, H.H., & Pelit, O. (2018). Örgütsel dışlanmanın işten ayrılma niyetine etkisi: Afyonkarahisar’daki beş yıldızlı otel işletmelerinde bir araştırma. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20 (3), 225-249. 10.32709/akusosbil.468636
• Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage.
• Turunc, O., & Avci, U. (2015). Algılanan örgütsel destek ve lider-üye etkileşiminin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkisi: iş stresinin aracılık rolü. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 12(1), 43-63. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/soid/issue/11391/136050
• Tutar, H. (2014). Örgütsel psikoloji, endüstri ve örgüt psikolojisine yeni yaklaşımlar. Detay.
• Tutar, H., & Erdem, A T. (2020). Örnekleriyle bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve SPSS uygulamaları. Seçkin.
• Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Stucke, T. S. (2001). If you can't join them, beat them: Effects of social ostracism on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1058–1069. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1058
• Van Manen, M. (2014). Phenomenology of practice: Meaning-giving methods in phenomenological research and writing. Left Coast Press.
• Vega, G., & Brennan, L. (2000). Isolation and technology: The human disconnect. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 13(5), 468–481. 10.1108/09534810010377435
• Wang, B. (2014). Dispositional agreeableness predicts ostracizing others at work (Master thesis). Michigan State University. https://d.lib.msu.edu/etd/2484
• Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Department of Psychological Sciences, 425-452. 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641
• Williams, K. D., & Sommer, K. L. (1997). Social ostracism by coworkers: Does rejection lead to loafing or compensation? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(7), 693-706. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167297237003
• Williams, K. D., & Gerber, J. (2004). Ostracism: The making of the ignored and excluded mind. Interaction Studies: Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems, 6(3), 359–374. https://doi.org/10.1075/is.6.3.04wil
• Wu, C., Liu, J., Kwan, H. K., & Lee, C. (2015). Why and when workplace ostracism inhibits Organizational citizenship behaviors: An organizational identification perspective. Journal of Applied, 101(3), 362-378. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000063
• Wu, L. Z., Yim, F. H. K., Kwan, H. K., & Zhang, X. (2012). Coping with workplace ostracism: The roles of ingratiation and political skill in employee psychological distress. Journal of Management Studies, 49(1), 178-199. 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2011.01017.x
• Wu, L., Wei, L., & Hui, C. (2011). Dispositional antecedents and consequences of workplace ostracism: An empirical examination. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 5(1), 23–44. 10.1007/s11782-011-0119-2
• Yildirim, E., & Akin, M. (2018). Örgütlerde dışlanma, sinizm ve pozitif-negatif duygusallık arasındaki ilişkiler: pozitif ve negatif duygusallığın aracılık rolü. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 14(2), 427-449. http://dx.doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2018239941
• Yilmaz, O., & Akgun, N. (2019). İlkokul ve ortaokul öğretmenlerinin örgütsel dışlanma ve örgütsel uyum algıları arasındaki ilişki. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(3), 1147-1159. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2019.19.49440-576144
• Zhao, H., Peng, Z., & Sheard, G. (2013). Workplace ostracism and hospitality employees' counterproductive work behaviors: The joint moderating effects of proactive personality and political skill. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 33, 219-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.08.006
• Zimmerman, C.A., Carter-Sowell, A.R., & Xu, X. (2016). Examining workplace ostracism experiences in academia: Understanding how differences in the faculty ranks ınfluence ınclusive climates on campus. Front Psychol, 7, 1-9. 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00753