Major variants of esophagitis

Abstract

The term esophagitis refers to any inflammatory condition that affects the esophageal mucosa or wall. There is a wide va-riety of causes leading to esophageal inflammation, including reflux disease, infections (e.g. herpes simplex or Candida al-bicans), drugs, exposure to physical or chemical agents (e.g. radiotherapy or corrosives), and systemic inflammatory/im-mune disorders (e.g. Crohn's disease, collagen vascular disea-se) (1). However, esophagitis of these various etiologies often presents with overlapping histologic features such as epithe-lial hyperplasia, intraepithelial edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration comprising neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosi-nophils within the squamous epithelium, all representing re-active changes to injury (2,3). Therefore, correlating the cli-nical, endoscopic and histologic findings is crucial in arriving at the correct diagnosis. In this review, the clinicopathologic features of the major types of esophagitis are summarized

Keywords

• -

Major variants of esophagitis

Öz

.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• xx

Kaynakça

1. Noffsinger AE. Update on esophagitis. Controversial and underdiagno- sed causes. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009;133:1087-95.
2. Maguire A, Sheahan K. Pathology of oesophagitis. Histopathology 2012;60:864-79.
3. Takubo K, Honma NB, Aryal G, et al. Is there a set of histologic changes that are invariably reflux associated? Arch Pathol Lab Med 2005;129: 159-63.
4. Allende DS, Yerian LM. Diagnosing gastroesophageal reflux disease. The pathologist’s perspective. Adv Anat Pathol 2009;16:161-5.
5. Ismail-Beigi F, Horton PF, Pope CE 2nd. Histological consequences of gastroesophageal reflux in man. Gastroenterology 1970;58:163-74.
6. Nandurkar S, Talley NJ, Martin CJ, Ng T, Adams S. Esophageal histology does not provide additional useful information over clinical assessment in identifying reflux patients presenting for esophagogastroduodenos- copy. Dig Dis Sci 2000;45:217-24.
7. Mansoor A, Soetikno R, Ahmed A. The differential diagnosis of eosinop- hilic esophagitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2000;30:242-4.
8. Van Malenstein H, Farre R, Sifrim D. Esophageal dilated intercellular spaces (DIS) and nonerosive reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:1021-8.

9. Ireland-Jenkin K, Wu X, Heine RG, Cameron DJS, Catto-Smith AG, Chow XW. Oesophagitis in children: reflux or allergy? Pathology 2008;40:188-95.
10. Sabri MT, Hussain SZ, Shalaby TM, Orenstein SR. Morphometric histo- logy for infant gastroesophageal reflux disease: evaluation of reliability in 497 esophageal biopsies. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;44:27-34.
11. Landres RT, Kuster GG, Strum WB. Eosinophilic esophagitis in a patient with vigorous achalasia. Gastroenterology 1978;74:1298-301.
12. Atwood SEA, Smyrk TC, Demeester TR, Jones JB. Esophageal eosinop- hilia with dysphagia. A distinct clinicopathological syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:109-16.
13. Moawad FJ, Veerappan GR, Wong RK. Eosinophilic esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci 2009;54:1818-28.
14. Antonioli DA, Furuta GT. Allergic eosinophilic esophagitis: a primer for pathologists. Semin Diagn Pathol 2005;22:266-72.
15. Yan BM, Shaffer EA. Eosinophilic esophagitis: a newly established cause of dysphagia. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:2328-34.
16. Chang F, Anderson S. Clinical and pathological features of eosinophilic oesophagitis: a review. Pathology 2008;40:3-8.
17. Sprenger RA, Arends JW, Poley JW, Kuipers EJ, ter Borg F. Eosinophilic esophagitis: an enigmatic, emerging disease. Netherlands J Med 2009;67:8-12.
18. Odze RD. Pathology of eosinophilic esophagitis: what the clinician needs to know. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:485-90.
19. Liacouras CA, Bonis P, Putam PE, et al. Summary of the First Internatio- nal Gastrointestinal Eosinophil Research Symposium. J Pediatric Gastro- enterol Nutr 2007;45:370-91.
20. Genta RM, Spechler SJ, Souza RF. The twentieth eosinophil. Adv Anat Pathol 2007;14:340-3.
21. Tobin JM, Sinha B, Ramani P, Saleh AR, Murphy MS. Upper gastrointes- tinal mucosal disease in pediatric Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: a blinded, controlled study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001;32:443- 8.
22. Rueda-Pedreza ME. Non-neoplastic disorders of the esophagus. In: La- cobuzio-Donahue CA, Montgomery EA, eds. Gastrointestinal and liver pathology. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, 2011;14- 32.
23. Werneck-Silva AL, Prado IB. Role of upper endoscopy in diagnosing op- portunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pati- ents. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:1050-6.
24. Greenson JK, Beschorner WE, Boinott JK, Yardley JH. Prominent mono- nuclear cell infiltrate is characteristic of herpes esophagitis. Hum Pathol 1991;22:541-9.
25. Baroco A, Oldfield EC. Gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus disease in the immunocompromised patient. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2008;10:409-16.
26. Ravelli AM, Villanaci V, Ruzzeneti N, et al. Dilated intercellular spaces: a major morphological feature of esophagitis. JPGN 2006;42:510-5.
27. Parfitt JR, Driman DK. Pathological effects of drugs on the gastrointesti- nal tract: a review. Hum Pathol 2007;38:527-36.