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THE EFFECT OF CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT ON STUDENTS’ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISCOMFORT

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 2, 385 - 401, 31.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.46465/endustrimuhendisligi.1067573

Öz

Nowadays green buildings have become popular due to their efficiency in utilising energy and resources. While green construction is concerned, it is equally critical to establish a comfortable, healthy, and productive work environment. The classroom’s physical environment is widely known to effect academic performance and musculoskeletal discomfort. A two-part questionnaire was used to ascertain students' perceptions of the effect of the physical environment in classrooms on their reported musculoskeletal discomfort and academic performance at Cyprus International University in the green building. The results demonstrated that students' perceptions of the physical environment of the classrooms were completely appropriate for getting an education. A Kruskal-Wallis H test and a Post hoc analysis were involved in determining whether there was a relationship between demographic data and categorical variables. The results showed that age, weight, height, education level, and GPA are influenced the effect of classroom design on musculoskeletal discomfort. Likewise, height, education level, and GPA are found to be influential factors of the effect of classroom design on academic performance. The findings indicated that students' physical discomfort in the classroom is concentrated in the neck, right shoulder, upper back, and right forearm region.

Kaynakça

  • Azuan, M., Zailina, H., Shamsul, B. M., Asyiqin, M. A., Azhar, M. N., & Aizat, I. S. (2010). Neck, upper back, and lower back pain and associated risk factors among primary school children. Journal of Applied Sciences, 10(5), 431-435. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3923/JAS.2010.431.435
  • Baafi, R. K. A. (2020). School physical environment and student academic performance. Advances in Physical Education, 10, 121-137. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4236/ape.2020.102012
  • Bonett, D. G., & Wright, T. A. (2015). Cronbach's alpha reliability: Interval estimation, hypothesis testing, and sample size planning. Journal of organizational behavior, 36(1), 3-15. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1960
  • Caldwell, B. S. (1992, October). Human factors and educational quality. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 548-552). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/154193129203600603
  • Calik BB, Yagci N, Gursoy S, & Zencir M. (2014). Upper extremities and spinal musculoskeletal disorders and risk factors in students using computers. Pak J Med Sci;30(6):1361-1366. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.306.5022
  • Erdinç, O., & Ekşioğlu, M. (2009). Student Specific Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaires (SS-CMDQ) (English Version). Retrieved from http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/ahSSCMDQquest.html Grimes, P., & Legg, S. (2004). Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in school students as a risk factor for adult MSD: a review of the multiple factors affecting posture, comfort, and health in classroom environments. Journal of the Human-Environment System, 7(1), 1-9. Retrieved from https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jhes/7/1/7_1_1/_pdf
  • Gilavand, A. (2016). The impact of educational furniture of schools on learning and academic achievement of students at elementary level. Int J Med Res Health Sci, 5(7S), 343-348. Retrieved from https://www.ijmrhs.com/medical-research/the-impact-of-educational-furniture-of-schools-on-learning-and-academic-achievement-of-students-at-elementary-level.pdf
  • Guardino, C. A., & Fullerton, E. (2010). Changing behaviors by changing the classroom environment. Teaching exceptional children, 42(6), 8-13. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/004005991004200601
  • Guirado, T., Chambonnière, C., Chaput, J. P., Metz, L., Thivel, D., & Duclos, M. (2021). Effects of classroom active desks on children and adolescents’ physical activity, sedentary behavior, academic achievements and overall health: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2828. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062828
  • Gumasing, M. J. J., dos Santos, E.,& Villanueva, B. R. D. (2021, April). Predictive Model Affecting the Musculoskeletal Discomfort of Occupants of State Universities in the Manila City. In 2021 IEEE 8th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (ICIEA) (pp. 115-119). IEEE. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIEA52957.2021.9436752
  • Hedge, A., & Dorsey, J. A. (2013). Green buildings need good ergonomics. Ergonomics, 56(3), 492-506. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2012.718367
  • Hill, M. C.,& Epps, K. K. (2010). The impact of physical classroom environment on student satisfaction and student evaluation of teaching in the university environment. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 14(4), 65. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2311&context=facpubs
  • Ismail, S. A., Tamrin, S. B., & Hashim, Z. (2009). The association between ergonomic risk factors, rula score, and musculoskeletal pain among school children: a preliminary result. Global Journal of Health Science, 1(2), 73. Retrieved from http://www.ssu.ac.ir/cms/fileadmin/user_upload/Moavenatha/MBehdashti/TebKar/PDFs/The_Association_between_Ergonomic_Risk_Factors__RULA_Score__and.pdf
  • Jiang, J., Wang, D., Liu, Y., Xu, Y., & Liu, J. (2018). A study on pupils' learning performance and thermal comfort of primary schools in China. Building and Environment, 134, 102-113. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.02.036
  • Legg, S., & Jacobs, K. (2008). Ergonomics for schools. Work, 31(4), 489-493. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stephen-Legg-3/publication/5926935_Ergonomics_in_Schools/links/02e7e52c9db6d2a5a9000000/Ergonomics-in-Schools.pdf
  • Nwaogazie, I. L., Umeadi, K. K., & Bovwe, O. (2016). Ergonomics Workstation Assessment of Musculoskeletal Disorders in University of Port Harcourt. International Journal of Tropical Disease and Health, 1-14. Doi: https://doi.org/10.9734/IJTDH/2016/29675
  • Parvez, S., Tasnim, N., Talapatra, S., Ruhani, A., & Hoque, A. S. M. (2022). Assessment of Musculoskeletal Problems among Bangladeshi University Students in Relation to Classroom and Library Furniture. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C, 1-14.Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40032-021-00792-7
  • Puteh, M., Che Ahmad, C. N., Mohamed Noh, N., Adnan, M., & Ibrahim, M. H. (2015). The classroom physical environment and its relation to teaching and learning comfort level. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(3), 237-240. Doi: https://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2015.V5.460
  • Ramli, N. H., Ahmad, S., & Masri, M. H. (2013). Improving the classroom physical environment: Classroom users’ perception. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 101, 221-229. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.195
  • Samani, S. A., & Samani, S. A. (2012). The impact of indoor lighting on students' learning performance in learning environments: A knowledge internalization perspective. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(24). Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1091.5445&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Stafford, T. M. (2015). Indoor air quality and academic performance. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 70, 34-50. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2014.11.002
  • Smith, T. J. (2001). Educational ergonomics: educational design and educational performance. International Society for Occupational Ergonomics and Safety. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.136.733&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Smith, T. J. (2007). The ergonomics of learning: educational design and learning performance. Ergonomics, 50(10),1530-1546. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130701587608
  • Suleman, Q., & Hussain, I. (2014). Effects of classroom physical environment on the academic achievement scores of secondary school students in Kohat division, Pakistan. International Journal of Learning & Development, 4(1), 71-82. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v4i1.5174
  • Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. International journal of medical education, 2, 53. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
  • Tantawy, S. A., Rahman, A. A., & Ameer, M. A. (2017). The relationship between the development of musculoskeletal disorders, body mass index, and academic stress in Bahraini University students. The Korean journal of pain, 30(2), 126. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.2017.30.2.126
  • Vakalis, D., Lepine, C., MacLean, H. L., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Can green schools influence academic performance?. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 51(13), 1354-1396. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2020.1753631
  • Wang, D., Xu, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Jiang, J., Wang, X., & Liu, J. (2018). Experimental investigation of the effect of indoor air temperature on students' learning performance under the summer conditions in China. Building and Environment, 140, 140-152. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.05.022
  • Wargocki, P., Porras-Salazar, J. A., & Contreras-Espinoza, S. (2019). The relationship between classroom temperature and children’s performance in school. Building and Environment, 157, 197-204. Dio: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.04.046
  • Widiastuti, K., Susilo, M. J., & Nurfinaputri, H. S. (2020). How Classroom Design Impacts for Student Learning Comfort: Architect Perspective on Designing Classrooms. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 9(3), 469-477. Doi: https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v9i3.20566
  • Yang, Z., Becerik-Gerber, B., & Mino, L. (2013). A study on student perceptions of higher education classrooms: Impact of classroom attributes on student satisfaction and performance. Building and Environment, 70, 171-188. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.08.030
  • Yang, S. Y., Chen, M. D., Huang, Y. C., Lin, C. Y., & Chang, J. H. (2017). Association between smartphone use and musculoskeletal discomfort in adolescent students. Journal of community health, 42(3), 423-430. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0271-x
  • York, T.T., Gibson, C., Rankin, S., (2015). Defining and Measuring Academic Success, Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 20(5), 1–20. Doi: https://doi.org/10.7275/hz5x-tx03
  • Zeverdegani, S. K., Yazdi, M., & MollaAghaBabaee, A. H. (2021). Latent class-derived patterns of musculoskeletal disorders in sedentary workers and chair ergonomic design. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 1-6. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2021.1916239
  • Žunjić, A., Papić, G., Bojović, B., Matija, L., Slavković, G., & Lukić, P. (2015). The role of ergonomics in the improvement of quality of education. FME Transactions, 43(1), 82-87. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5937/fmet1501082Z

SINIF ORTAMININ ÖĞRENCİLERİN AKADEMİK PERFORMANSINA VE KAS-İSKELET RAHATSIZLIKLARI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 2, 385 - 401, 31.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.46465/endustrimuhendisligi.1067573

Öz

Günümüzde yeşil binalar, enerji ve kaynak kullanımındaki verimlilikleri nedeniyle popüler hale gelmiştir. Yeşil binalar söz konusu olduğunda, rahat, sağlıklı ve üretken bir çalışma ortamı oluşturmak da aynı derecede önemlidir. Sınıfın fiziksel ortamının akademik performansı ve kas-iskelet rahatsızlığını etkilediği yaygın olarak bilinmektedir. Öğrencilerin, sınıflardaki fiziksel ortamın, yeşil binadaki Uluslararası Kıbrıs Üniversitesi'nde rapor ettikleri kas-iskelet sistemi rahatsızlıkları ve akademik performansları üzerindeki etkisine ilişkin algılarını belirlemek için iki bölümden oluşan bir anket kullanıldı. Sonuçlar, öğrencilerin sınıfın fiziksel ortamına ilişkin algılarının eğitim almaya tamamen uygun olduğunu göstermiştir. Demografik veriler ile kategorik değişkenler arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığının belirlenmesinde Kruskal-Wallis H testi ve Post hoc analiz kullanıldı. Sonuçlar, yaş, ağırlık, boy, eğitim düzeyi ve not ortalamasının sınıf tasarımının kas-iskelet rahatsızlığı üzerindeki etkisini etkilediğini göstermiştir. Benzer şekilde, sınıf tasarımının akademik performans üzerindeki etkisinde boy, eğitim düzeyi ve not ortalamasının etkili faktörler olduğu bulunmuştur. Bulgular, öğrencilerin sınıftaki fiziksel rahatsızlıklarının boyun, sağ omuz, üst sırt ve sağ ön kol bölgesinde yoğunlaştığını göstermiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Azuan, M., Zailina, H., Shamsul, B. M., Asyiqin, M. A., Azhar, M. N., & Aizat, I. S. (2010). Neck, upper back, and lower back pain and associated risk factors among primary school children. Journal of Applied Sciences, 10(5), 431-435. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3923/JAS.2010.431.435
  • Baafi, R. K. A. (2020). School physical environment and student academic performance. Advances in Physical Education, 10, 121-137. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4236/ape.2020.102012
  • Bonett, D. G., & Wright, T. A. (2015). Cronbach's alpha reliability: Interval estimation, hypothesis testing, and sample size planning. Journal of organizational behavior, 36(1), 3-15. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1960
  • Caldwell, B. S. (1992, October). Human factors and educational quality. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 548-552). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/154193129203600603
  • Calik BB, Yagci N, Gursoy S, & Zencir M. (2014). Upper extremities and spinal musculoskeletal disorders and risk factors in students using computers. Pak J Med Sci;30(6):1361-1366. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.306.5022
  • Erdinç, O., & Ekşioğlu, M. (2009). Student Specific Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaires (SS-CMDQ) (English Version). Retrieved from http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/ahSSCMDQquest.html Grimes, P., & Legg, S. (2004). Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in school students as a risk factor for adult MSD: a review of the multiple factors affecting posture, comfort, and health in classroom environments. Journal of the Human-Environment System, 7(1), 1-9. Retrieved from https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jhes/7/1/7_1_1/_pdf
  • Gilavand, A. (2016). The impact of educational furniture of schools on learning and academic achievement of students at elementary level. Int J Med Res Health Sci, 5(7S), 343-348. Retrieved from https://www.ijmrhs.com/medical-research/the-impact-of-educational-furniture-of-schools-on-learning-and-academic-achievement-of-students-at-elementary-level.pdf
  • Guardino, C. A., & Fullerton, E. (2010). Changing behaviors by changing the classroom environment. Teaching exceptional children, 42(6), 8-13. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/004005991004200601
  • Guirado, T., Chambonnière, C., Chaput, J. P., Metz, L., Thivel, D., & Duclos, M. (2021). Effects of classroom active desks on children and adolescents’ physical activity, sedentary behavior, academic achievements and overall health: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2828. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062828
  • Gumasing, M. J. J., dos Santos, E.,& Villanueva, B. R. D. (2021, April). Predictive Model Affecting the Musculoskeletal Discomfort of Occupants of State Universities in the Manila City. In 2021 IEEE 8th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (ICIEA) (pp. 115-119). IEEE. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIEA52957.2021.9436752
  • Hedge, A., & Dorsey, J. A. (2013). Green buildings need good ergonomics. Ergonomics, 56(3), 492-506. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2012.718367
  • Hill, M. C.,& Epps, K. K. (2010). The impact of physical classroom environment on student satisfaction and student evaluation of teaching in the university environment. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 14(4), 65. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2311&context=facpubs
  • Ismail, S. A., Tamrin, S. B., & Hashim, Z. (2009). The association between ergonomic risk factors, rula score, and musculoskeletal pain among school children: a preliminary result. Global Journal of Health Science, 1(2), 73. Retrieved from http://www.ssu.ac.ir/cms/fileadmin/user_upload/Moavenatha/MBehdashti/TebKar/PDFs/The_Association_between_Ergonomic_Risk_Factors__RULA_Score__and.pdf
  • Jiang, J., Wang, D., Liu, Y., Xu, Y., & Liu, J. (2018). A study on pupils' learning performance and thermal comfort of primary schools in China. Building and Environment, 134, 102-113. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.02.036
  • Legg, S., & Jacobs, K. (2008). Ergonomics for schools. Work, 31(4), 489-493. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stephen-Legg-3/publication/5926935_Ergonomics_in_Schools/links/02e7e52c9db6d2a5a9000000/Ergonomics-in-Schools.pdf
  • Nwaogazie, I. L., Umeadi, K. K., & Bovwe, O. (2016). Ergonomics Workstation Assessment of Musculoskeletal Disorders in University of Port Harcourt. International Journal of Tropical Disease and Health, 1-14. Doi: https://doi.org/10.9734/IJTDH/2016/29675
  • Parvez, S., Tasnim, N., Talapatra, S., Ruhani, A., & Hoque, A. S. M. (2022). Assessment of Musculoskeletal Problems among Bangladeshi University Students in Relation to Classroom and Library Furniture. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C, 1-14.Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40032-021-00792-7
  • Puteh, M., Che Ahmad, C. N., Mohamed Noh, N., Adnan, M., & Ibrahim, M. H. (2015). The classroom physical environment and its relation to teaching and learning comfort level. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(3), 237-240. Doi: https://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2015.V5.460
  • Ramli, N. H., Ahmad, S., & Masri, M. H. (2013). Improving the classroom physical environment: Classroom users’ perception. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 101, 221-229. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.195
  • Samani, S. A., & Samani, S. A. (2012). The impact of indoor lighting on students' learning performance in learning environments: A knowledge internalization perspective. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(24). Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1091.5445&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Stafford, T. M. (2015). Indoor air quality and academic performance. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 70, 34-50. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2014.11.002
  • Smith, T. J. (2001). Educational ergonomics: educational design and educational performance. International Society for Occupational Ergonomics and Safety. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.136.733&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Smith, T. J. (2007). The ergonomics of learning: educational design and learning performance. Ergonomics, 50(10),1530-1546. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130701587608
  • Suleman, Q., & Hussain, I. (2014). Effects of classroom physical environment on the academic achievement scores of secondary school students in Kohat division, Pakistan. International Journal of Learning & Development, 4(1), 71-82. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v4i1.5174
  • Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. International journal of medical education, 2, 53. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
  • Tantawy, S. A., Rahman, A. A., & Ameer, M. A. (2017). The relationship between the development of musculoskeletal disorders, body mass index, and academic stress in Bahraini University students. The Korean journal of pain, 30(2), 126. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.2017.30.2.126
  • Vakalis, D., Lepine, C., MacLean, H. L., & Siegel, J. A. (2021). Can green schools influence academic performance?. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 51(13), 1354-1396. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2020.1753631
  • Wang, D., Xu, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Jiang, J., Wang, X., & Liu, J. (2018). Experimental investigation of the effect of indoor air temperature on students' learning performance under the summer conditions in China. Building and Environment, 140, 140-152. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.05.022
  • Wargocki, P., Porras-Salazar, J. A., & Contreras-Espinoza, S. (2019). The relationship between classroom temperature and children’s performance in school. Building and Environment, 157, 197-204. Dio: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.04.046
  • Widiastuti, K., Susilo, M. J., & Nurfinaputri, H. S. (2020). How Classroom Design Impacts for Student Learning Comfort: Architect Perspective on Designing Classrooms. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 9(3), 469-477. Doi: https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v9i3.20566
  • Yang, Z., Becerik-Gerber, B., & Mino, L. (2013). A study on student perceptions of higher education classrooms: Impact of classroom attributes on student satisfaction and performance. Building and Environment, 70, 171-188. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.08.030
  • Yang, S. Y., Chen, M. D., Huang, Y. C., Lin, C. Y., & Chang, J. H. (2017). Association between smartphone use and musculoskeletal discomfort in adolescent students. Journal of community health, 42(3), 423-430. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0271-x
  • York, T.T., Gibson, C., Rankin, S., (2015). Defining and Measuring Academic Success, Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 20(5), 1–20. Doi: https://doi.org/10.7275/hz5x-tx03
  • Zeverdegani, S. K., Yazdi, M., & MollaAghaBabaee, A. H. (2021). Latent class-derived patterns of musculoskeletal disorders in sedentary workers and chair ergonomic design. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 1-6. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2021.1916239
  • Žunjić, A., Papić, G., Bojović, B., Matija, L., Slavković, G., & Lukić, P. (2015). The role of ergonomics in the improvement of quality of education. FME Transactions, 43(1), 82-87. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5937/fmet1501082Z
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Endüstri Mühendisliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Banu Numan Uyal 0000-0002-3798-1338

Muhamammed Usman Umar Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-2338-4284

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2022
Kabul Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 33 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Numan Uyal, B., & Umar, M. U. (2022). THE EFFECT OF CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT ON STUDENTS’ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISCOMFORT. Endüstri Mühendisliği, 33(2), 385-401. https://doi.org/10.46465/endustrimuhendisligi.1067573

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