Yeni bir Türk diatom toprağı formülasyonunun (Detech) üç ana depolanmış tahıl zararlıların erginlerine karşı insektisidal ve kaçırıcı etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, yeni bir Türk diyatom toprağı formülasyonunun (Detech) pirinç biti Sitophilus oryzae (L., 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), kırma biti, Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) ve ekin kambur biti, Rhyzopertha dominica (F., 1792) erginlerine karşı insektisidal ve kaçırıcı etkisini değerlendirmek için laboratuvar denemeleri yürütülmüştür. İnsektisidal aktivite için, Detech’in 0, 600 ve 900 ppm konsantasyonu uygulanan ekmeklik yumuşak buğday üzerinde 25 ± 1°C sıcaklık ve %65 ± 5 nispi nemde biyolojik testler yürütülmüş ve 45 gün sonra yeni nesil ergin sayıları değerlendirilmiştir. Kaçırıcı etki için, 25 ± 1°C sıcaklık ve %65 ± 5 nispi nemde ve Detech’nin 1000 ppm konsantrasyonu uygulanan tek katmanlı buğday üzerinde iki seçenekli testler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Genel olarak, Detech buğday üzerinde T. confusum ve S. oryzae erginlerine karşı çok etkili olurken 7 ve 14 gün maruz bırakma süresi sonunda 600 ve 900 ppm'de T. confusum ve S. oryzae erginlerin %82-100 ölüme neden olmuştur. Her iki konsantrasyonda da S. oryzae'nın yeni nesil ergin çıkışı tamamen veya tamama yayın engellenirken, R. dominica da ise yeni nesil ergin çıkışındaki en yüksek azalma (%84) 900 ppm’de elde edilmiştir. Detech, T. confusum ve S. oryzae erginlerinde karşı oldukça yüksek düzeyde, R. dominica erginlerinde düşük kaçırıcı etki göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, Detech'in, tahıllarda umut verici bir koruyucu insektisit olarak depolanmış tahıl zararlılarına karşı etkin bir şekilde kullanım potansiyeline sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Denemeler 2020-2021 yılında Tekirdağ Namık Kemal ve Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Entomoloji laboratuvarlarında yürütülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Doğal insektisitler
• kaçırıcı etki
• Rhyzopertha dominica
• Sitophilus oryzae
• Tribolium confusum
• buğday

Insecticidal and repellency effects of a Turkish diatomaceous earth formulation (Detech) on adults of three important pests of stored grain

Abstract

In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted in order to assess the insecticidal and repellency effects of a novel Turkish diatomaceous earth (DE) formulation (Detech) on adults of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L., 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F., 1792) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). For the insecticidal activity, bioassays were conducted with soft wheat treated with 0, 600 and 900 ppm of Detech at 25 ± 1°C and 65 ± 5% RH and progeny production was assessed after 45 days. For the repellency tests, two-choice tests on mono-layer wheat were conducted at 1,000 ppm of Detech at 25 ± 1°C and 65 ± 5% RH. Overall, Detech was effective against T. confusum and S. oryzae adults in wheat, causing 82% to 100% mortality at 600 and 900 ppm after 7 and 14 days exposure. The complete, or almost complete, progeny inhibition of S. oryzae were found at both concentrations, whereas the highest reduction in R. dominica progeny (84%) was obtained at 900 ppm. Detech was highly and moderately repellent to T. confusum and S. oryzae adults, respectively, whereas it had no or low repellency effect on R. dominica adults. In conclusion, Detech, which consists of a mixture of three DE deposits with different diatom frustules has potential for use against stored-grain insect pests as a promising grain protectant. Experiments were conducted in 2020-2021 in Entomology Laboratory of Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University and Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University.

Keywords

• Natural insecticides
• repellency
• Rhyzopertha dominica
• Sitophilus oryzae
• Tribolium confusum
• wheat

Kaynakça

1. Abbott, W. S., 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18 (2): 265-267.
2. Akçalı, S., A. A. Işıkber, Ö. Sağlam, H. Tunaz & M. K. Er, 2018. “Laboratory evaluation of Turkish diatomaceous earths as potential stored grain protectants, 739-743”. In: Proceedings of 12th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection (7-11 October 2018, Berlin, Germany) (Eds. C. S. Adler, G. Opit, B. Fürstenau, ..., B. Timlick & P. Trematerra), 1130 pp.
3. Arnaud, L., H. T. T. Lan, Y. Brostaux & E. Haubruge, 2005. Efficacy of diatomaceous earth formulations admixed with grain against populations of Tribolium castaneum. Journal of Stored Products Research, 41 (2): 121-130.
4. Arthur, F.H., 2000. Toxicity of diatomaceous earth to red flour beetles and confused flour beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): effects of temperature and relative humidity. Journal of Economic Entomology, 93 (2): 526-532.
5. Arthur, F. H. & J. E. Throne, 2003. Efficacy of diatomaceous earth to control internal infestation of rice weevil and maize weevil (Coloeoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 96 (2): 510-518.
6. Athanassiou, C. G., N. G. Kavallieratos & N. S. Andris, 2004. Insecticidal effect of three diatomaceous earth formulations against adults of Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on oat, rye and triticale. Journal of Economic Entomology, 97 (6): 2160-2167.
7. Athanassiou, C. G., N. G. Kavallieratos, L. P. Economou, C. B. Dimizas, B. J. Vayias, S. Tomanovic & M. Milutinovic, 2005. Persistence and efficacy of three diatomaceous earth formulations against Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on wheat and barley. Journal of Economy Entomology, 98 (4): 1404-1412.
8. Athanassiou, C. G., N. G. Kavallieratos & C. M. Meletsis, 2007. Insecticidal effect of three diatomaceous earth formulations, applied alone or in combination, against three stored-product beetle species on wheat and maize. Journal of Stored Products Research, 43 (4): 330-334.

9. Athanassiou, C. G., N. G. Kavallieratos, F. C. Tsaganou, B. J. Vayias, C. B. Dimizas & C. T. Buchelos, 2003. Effect of grain type on the insecticidal efficacy of SilicoSec against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Crop Protection, 22 (10): 1141-1147.
10. Athanassiou, C. G., N. G. Kavallieratos, B. J. Vayias & E. C. Panoussakis, 2008. Influence of grain type on the susceptibility of different Sitophilus oryzae (L.) populations, obtained from different rearing media, to three diatomaceous earth formulations. Journal of Stored Products Research, 44 (3): 279-284.
11. Athanassiou, C. G., N. G. Kavallieratos, B. J. Vayias, Z. Tomanovic, A. Petrovic, V. Rozman, C. Adler, Z. Korunic & D. Milovanovic, 2011. Laboratory evaluation of diatomaceous earth deposits mined from several locations in central and southeastern Europe as potential protectants against coleopteran grain pests. Crop Protection, 30 (3): 329-339.
12. Athanassiou, C. G. & Z. Korunic, 2007. Evaluation of two new diatomaceous earth formulations enhanced with abamectin and bitterbarkomycin, against four stored-grain beetle species. Journal of Stored Products Research, 43 (4): 468-473.
13. Athanassiou, C. G., Z. Korunic, N. G. Kavallieratos, G. G. Peteinatos, M. C. Boukouvala & N. H. Mikeli, 2006. “New trends in the use of diatomaceous earth against stored grain insects, 730-740”. 9th International Conference on Stored Product Protection (5-18 October, Campinas, Brazil),1351 pp.
14. Çetin, M. & B. Taş, 2012. A natural mineral with biological origin: Diatomite. Turkish Science-Research Foundation (Türk Bilim Araştırma Vakfı (TÜBAV) Science Journal, 5 (2): 28-46. (In Turkish with abstract in English).
15. Desmarchelier, J. M. & J. C. Dines, 1987. Dryacide treatment of stored wheat: Its efficacy against insects, and after processing. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 27 (2): 309-312.
16. Doğanay, Ş. İ., 2013. Determination of Efficiency of Some Diatomaceous Earths against to Stored-Grain Insects, Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Institute of Natural and Applied Science, Plant Protection Department (Unpublished) Master Thesis, 55 pp (in Turkish with abstract in English).
17. Ebeling, W., 1971. Sorptive dust for pest control. Annual Review of Entomology, 16 (1): 123-158.
18. Ferizli, A. G. & G. Beris, 2005. Mortality and F1 progeny of the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (F) on wheat treated with diatomaceous earth: effects of rate, exposure period and relative humidity. Pest Management Science, 61 (11): 1103-1109.
19. Fields, P. & Z. Korunic, 2000. The effect of grain moisture content and temperature on the efficacy of diatomaceous earths from different geographical locations against stored-product beetles. Journal of Stored Products Research, 36 (1): 1-13.
20. Fields, P., S. Allen, Z. Korunic, A. McLaughlin & T. Stathers, 2003. “Standardised testing for diatomaceous earth, 779-784”. 8th International Conference on Stored-Product Protection (22-26 July 2002, York, UK), CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 1058 pp.
21. Golob, P., 1997. Current status and future perspectives for inert dusts for control of stored product insects. Journal of Stored Products Research, 33 (1): 69-79.
22. Greenspan, L., 1977. Humidity fixed points of binary saturated aqueous solutions. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards- A. Physics & Chemistry, 81 (1): 89-96.
23. Işıkber, A. A., Ö. Sağlam, M. K. Er & H. Tunaz, 2016. “Potential of Turkish diatomaceous earth formulations as natural grain protectants for control of stored grain insects, 42”. 15th International Cereal and Bread Congress (18-21 April 2016, İstanbul, Turkey), 404 pp.
24. Juliana, G. & H. C. F. Su, 1983. Laboratory studies on several plant materials as insect repellents for protection of cereal grains. Journal of Economic Entomology, 76 (1): 165-175.
25. Kavallieratos, N. G., C. G. Athanassiou, B. J Vayias. & S. N. Maistrou, 2007. Influence of temperature on susceptibility of Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) populations to three modified diatomaceous earth formulations. Florida Entomologist, 90 (4): 616-625.
26. Kavallieratos, N. G., C. G. Athanassiou, F. G. Pashalidou, N. S. Andris & Z. Tomanovic, 2005. Influence of grain type on the insecticidal efficacy of two diatomaceous earth formulations against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). Pest Management Science, 61 (7): 660-666.
27. Korunic, Z., 1997. Rapid assessment of the insecticidal value of diatomaceous earths without conducting bioassays. Journal of Stored Products Research, 33 (3): 219-229.
28. Korunic, Z., 1998. Diatomaceous earth a group of natural insecticides. Journal of Stored Products Research, 34 (2-3): 87-97.
29. Korunic, Z., 2013. Diatomaceous earths - Natural Insecticides. Pesticides & Phytomedicine (Belgrade), 28 (2): 77 95.
30. Korunic, Z. & P. G. Fields, 2016. Relationship between insecticidal efficacy and oil absorption capacity of inert dusts against Sitophilus spp. Indian Journal of Entomology, 78 (special): 108-113.
31. Korunic, Z. & A. Mackay, 2000. Grain surface-layer treatment of diatomaceous earth for insect control. Archives of Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 51 (1): 1-11.
32. Kostyukovsky, M., A. Trostanetsky, M. Menasherov, Yasinov G. & T. Hazan, 2010. “Laboratory evaluation of diatomaceous earth against main stored product insect, 701-704”. 10th International Working Conference on Stored-Product Protection (27 June to 2 July 2010, Estoril, Portugal), Julius Kühn-Institute, Berlin, Germany, 1053 pp.
33. La Hue, D. W., 1978. Insecticidal dusts: grain protectants during high temperature-low humidity storage. Journal of Economic Entomology, 71 (2): 230-232.
34. Losic, D. & Z. Korunic, 2018. “Diatomaceous Earth, A Natural Insecticide for Stored Grain Protection: Recent Progress and Perspectives, 219-247”. In: Diatom Nanotechnology: Progress and Emerging Applications (Ed. D. Losic). RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 270 pp.
35. Mete, Z., 1988. Enrichment of diatomite reserve in Kutahya-Alayunt region. Journal of The Mediterranean University Isparta Engineering Faculty, 1 (1): 184-201. (in Turkish with abstract in English).
36. Mohan, S. & P.G. Fields, 2002. A simple technique to assess compounds that are repellent or attractive to stored-product insects. Journal of Stored Products Research, 38 (1): 23-31.
37. Nair, M. R. G. K., 1957. Structure of water proofing epicuticular layers in insects in relation to inert dust action. Indian Journal of Entomology, 10 (1): 37-49.
38. Nikpay, A., 2006. Diatomaceous earth as alternatives to chemical insecticides in stored grain. Insect Science, 13 (6): 421-429.
39. Nwaubani, S. I., G. P. Opit, G. O. Otitodun & M. A. Adesida, 2014. Efficacy of two Nigeria-derived diatomaceous earths against Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) on wheat. Journal of Stored Products Research, 59 (1): 9-16.
40. Özbey, G. & N. Atamer, 1987. “Some knowledge on Kizelgur (Diatomite), 493-502”. 10th Turkish Scientific and Technical Congress of Mining (11-15 May 1988), Ankara, Turkey 550 pp (In Turkish with abstract in English).
41. Quarles, W., 1992. Silica gel for pest control. The IPM Practitioner, 14 (5-6): 1-11.
42. Rigaux, M., E. Haubruge & P. G. Fields, 2001. Mechanisms for tolerance to diatomaceous earth between strains of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera:Tenebroinidae). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 101 (1): 33-39.
43. SAS, 2012. SAS / STAT User’s Guide, Version 12.1, 2nd Ed. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. pp. 21.
44. Sıvacı, R. & Ş. Dere, 2006. Seasonal change of Diatomic flora of Melendiz Stream. Ç.U Science and Art Faculty Journal of Science, 27 (1): 1-12. (in Turkish with abstract in English).
45. Subramanyam, B. & R. Roesli, 2000. “Inert Dusts, 321-379”. In: Alternatives to Pesticides in Stored-Product IPM (Eds. B. Subramanyam & D. W. Hagstrum), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, 437 pp.
46. Subramanyam, B., C. L. Swanson, N. Madamanchi & S. Norwood, 1994. “Effectiveness of Insecto a new diatomaceous earth formulation in suppressing several stored-grain insect species, 650-659”. 8th International Conference on Stored-Product Protection, (17-23 April 1994, Canberra, Australia). CAB International, Wallingford, OX, UK,1071 pp.
47. Vardeman, E. A., F. A. Arthur, J. R. Nechols & J. F. Cambell, 2007. Efficacy of surface application with diatomaceous earth to control Rhyzoperta dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in stored wheat. Journal of Stored Products Research, 43 (4): 333-341.
48. Wakil, W., M. Ashfaq, A. Shabbir, A. Javed & M. Sagheer, 2006. Efficacy of Diatomaceous earth (Protect-It) as a protectant of stored wheat against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrycidae). Pakistan Entomologist, 28 (2): 19-23.
49. White, G. D., W. L. Berndt, J. H. Schesser & C. C. Fifield, 1966. Evaluation of four inert dusts for the protection of stored wheat in Kansas from insect attack, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC, 51 (8): 5-21.
50. White, N. D. G. & S. R. Loschiavo, 1989. Factors affecting survival of the merchant grain beetle (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) and the confused flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) exposed to silica aerogel. Journal of Economic Entomology, 82 (3): 960-969.