Kentsel bir ekosistemde farklı bitki komüniteleri üzerindeki afitlerin (Hemiptera: Aphididae) çeşitliliği ve konukçu bitki etkileşimleri

Öz

Bu çalışmada 2021 ve 2022 yıllarında Nisan ve Ekim ayları arasında kuzeybatı Türkiye’de bir kentsel ekosistemde farklı bitki komüniteleri üzerindeki afitlerin çeşitliliği ve konukçu etkileşimlerinin ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Örneklemelerin sonucunda 26 familyaya bağlı 65 konukçu bitki üzerinde Aphididae (Hemiptera) familyasından 26 cinse bağlı 55 afit tespit edilmiştir. Afitlerden, Capitophorus archangelskii Nevsky, 1928 ve Uroleucon leontodontis (Hille Ris Lambers, 1939) Türkiye afit faunası için yeni kayıtlardır. Kentsel ekosistemde, farklı konukçu bitki komüniteleri üzerinden Türkiye için yeni etkileşim kayıtlarını da içeren afitler ve konukçu bitkileri arasında 108 etkileşim tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, kentsel bir ekosistemdeki farklı bitki komüniteleri üzerindeki hem afitlerin hem de afit-konukçu etkileşimlerinin biyoçeşitlilik değerleri de ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Sonuçlarımız, afitlerin tür zenginliği ve bolluğunun yabancı otlar üzerinde diğer bitki komünitelerine kıyasla önemli ölçüde daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Benzer şekilde, yabancıotlar üzerindeki afit-konukçu etkileşimleri de ağaçlar ve çalılar üzerinde olduğundan daha fazla çeşitlilik göstermiştir. Bu doğrultuda, çalışmamızın sonuçları kentsel bir ekosistemde yabancıotlar üzerindeki afitlere ve konukçuları arasındaki etkileşimlerin biyoçeşitliliğinin diğer bitki kominitelerine göre daha yüksek olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Afit
• çeşitlilik
• konukçu bitki komünitesi
• etkileşim
• kentsel ekosistem

The diversity and host interactions of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on different plant communities in an urban ecosystem

Öz

The aim of this study was to reveal the diversity and host interactions of aphids on different plant communities in an urban ecosystem in the northwest of Türkiye between April and October from 2021 to 2022. From the sampling, 55 aphids from 26 genera in the family Aphididae (Hemiptera) on 65 host plant of 26 families were determined. From the aphids, Capitophorus archangelskii Nevsky, 1928 and Uroleucon leontodontis (Hille Ris Lambers, 1939) are found to be new to the aphid fauna of Türkiye. In the urban ecosystem, 108 interactions between aphids and hosts, including the new records of the interactions for Türkiye were identified on different plant communities. Also, we revealed the biodiversity of aphids and hosts interactions in various plant communities in the urban ecosystem. Our results showed that the species richness and abundance of aphids were significantly higher on the herbaceous plants compared to other communities. Also, interactions between aphids and their hosts in the herbaceous plants were more diverse than the trees and shrubs. Accordingly, the results of our study revealed that biodiversity of interactions between aphids and their hosts was higher on the herbaceous plants compared to other plant communities in the urban ecosystem.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aphid
• diversity
• host plant community
• interaction
• urban ecosystem

Kaynakça

1. Andrade, R., H. L. Bateman & Y. Kang, 2017. Seasonality and land cover characteristics drive aphid dynamics in an arid city. Journal of Arid Environments, 144 (1): 12-20.
2. Barczak, T., J. Bennewicz, M. Korczyński, M. Błażejewicz-Zawadzińska & H. Piekarska-Boniecka, 2021. Aphid assemblages associated with urban park plant communities. Insects, 12 (2): 173.
3. Beckett, S. J., 2016. Improved community detection in weighted bipartite networks. Royal Society Open Science, 3: 140536.
4. Bennewicz, J. & T. Barczak, 2014. “Aphids in Urban Environments, pp. 65-75”. In: Urban Fauna, Animal, Man and The City-Intractions and Relationships (Eds. P. Indykiewicz & J. Böhner). Art Studio Agencja Reklamowo-Wydawnicza, Bydgoszcz, 357 pp.
5. Bennewicz, J. & T. Barczak, 2016. Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) of different plant communities in an urban environment. Biologia, 71 (5): 583-592.
6. Blackman, R. L. & V. F. Eastop, 2006. Aphid’s on The World’s Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs: An Identification and Information Guide. Vol. 1. Host Lists and Keys. Vol. 2. The Aphids. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, West Sussex, 1439 pp.
7. Blackman, R. L. & V. F. Eastop, 2023. Aphids on the world’s plants. An online identification and information guide. (Web page: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info) (Date accessed: January 2023).
8. Borowiak-Sobkowiak, B. & B. Wilkaniec, 2010. Occurrence of aphids (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea) on tree and shrubs in Cytadela Park in Poznań. Aphids and Other Hemipterous Insects, 16 (1): 27-35.

9. Breuste, J., J. Niemelä & R. P. H. Snep, 2008. Applying landscape ecological principles in urban environments. Landscape Ecology, 23 (1): 1139-1142.
10. Dormann, C. F., J. Fruend & B. Gruber, 2021. Package ‘bipartite’. Visualizing bipartite networks and calculating some (ecological) indices (Version 2.216) (R Foundation for Statistical Computing). (Web page: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/bipartite/index) (Date accessed: March 2023).
11. Durà, V. B., E. Meseguer, C. H. Crespo, M.M. Monerris, I. A. Doménech & M. E. R. Santamalia, 2023. Contribution of green roofs to urban arthropod biodiversity in a Mediterranean climate: A case study in València, Spain. Building and Environment, 228 (1): 109865.
12. Favret, C., 2023. Aphid species file. Version 5.0/5.0. (Web page: http://aphid.speciesfile.org) (Date accessed: January 2023).
13. Frank, S. D. & P. M. Shrewsbury, 2004. Effect of conservation strips on the abundance and distribution of natural enemies and predation of Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on golf course fairways. Environmental Entomology, 33 (6): 1662-1672.
14. Hille Ris Lambers, D., 1950. On mounting aphids and other soft skinned insects. Entomologische Berichten, 298 (1): 55-58.
15. Hope, D., C. Gries, W. Zhu, W. F. Fagan, C. L. Redman, N. B. Grimm, A. L. Nelson, C. Martin & A. Kinzig, 2003. Socioeconomics drive urban plant diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100 (15): 8788-8792.
16. Jaśkiewicz, B., 2005. Analysis of the aphid population colonizing roses in different types of city green areas of Lublin. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 4 (2): 129-137.
17. Kamiński, P., T. Barczak, J. Bennewicz, L. Jerzak, M. Bogdzińska, O. Aleksandrowicz, B. Koim-Puchowska, M. Szady-Grad, J. J. Klawe & A. Woźniak, 2016. Effects of chemical elements in the trophic levels of natural salt marshes. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 38 (1): 783-810.
18. Kareiva, P., 1983. “Influence of Vegetation Texture on Herbivore Populations: Resource Concentration and Herbivore Movement, pp. 259-289”. In: Variable Plants and Herbivores in Natural and Managed Systems (Eds. R. F. Denno & M. McClure). Academic, New York, 717 pp.
19. Kavallieratos, N. G., Ž. Tomanović, A. Petrović, M. Janković, P. Starý, M. Yovkova & C. G. Athanassiou, 2013. Review and key for the identification of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) of aphids infesting herbaceous and shrubby ornamental plants in southeastern Europe. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 106 (3): 294-309.
20. Kavallieratos, N. G., Ž. Tomanović, A. Petrović, K. Kocić, M. Janković & P. Starý, 2016. Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) of aphids feeding on ornamental trees in southeastern Europe: key for identification and tritrophic associations. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 109 (3): 473-487.
21. Kindt, R. & M. R. Kindt, 2019. Package ‘BiodiversityR’. Package for community ecology and suitability analysis. (Web page: https://www.r-project.org/) (Date accessed: March 2023).
22. Lumbierres, B., X. Pons & P. Starý, 2005. Parasitoids and predators of aphids associated with public green areas of Lleida (NE Iberian Peninsula). Advances in Horticultural Sciences, 19 (1): 69-75.
23. R Core Team, 2023. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. (Web page: https://www.R-project.org) (Date accessed: January 2023).
24. Shochat, E., S. B. Lerman, J. M. Anderies, P. S. Warren, S. H. Faeth & C. H. Nilon, 2010. Invasion, competition, and biodiversity loss in urban ecosystems. BioScience, 60 (3): 199-208.
25. Shrewsbury, P. M., J. H. Lashomb, G. C. Hamilton, J. Zhang, J. M. Patt & R. A. Casagrande, 2004. The influence of flowering plants on herbivore and natural enemy abundance in ornamental landscapes. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 30 (1): 23-33.
26. Shrewsbury, P.M. & M.J. Raupp, 2006. Do top-down or bottom-up forces determine Stephanitis pyrioides abundance in urban landscapes? Ecological Applications, 16 (1): 262–72.
27. Simon, J. C., C. Rispe & P. Sunnucks, 2002. Ecology and evolution of sex in aphids. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 17 (1): 34-39.
28. Smith, R. M., K. Thompson, J. G. Hodgson, P. H. Warren & K. J. Gaston, 2006. Urban domestic gardens (IX): composition and richness of the vascular plant flora, and implications for native biodiversity. Biological Conservation, 129 (1): 312-322.
29. Tena, A., F. L. Wäckers, G. E. Heimpel, A. Urbaneja & A. Pekas, 2016. Parasitoid nutritional ecology in a community context: the importance of honeydew and implications for biological control. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 14 (1): 100-104.
30. Threlfall, C. G., A. Ossola, A. K. Hahs, N. S. G. Williams, L. Wilson & S. J. Livesley, 2016. Variation in vegetation structure and composition across urban green space types. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 4 (1): 66.
31. Tomanović, Ž., N. G. Kavallieratos, P. Starý, L. Ž. Stanisavljević, A. Ćetković, S. Stamenković, S. Jovanović & C. G. Athanassiou, 2009. Regional tritrophic relationship patterns of five aphid parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in agroecosystem-dominated landscapes of southeastern Europe. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102 (3): 836-854.
32. Tomanović, Ž., N. G. Kavallieratos, P. Starý, O. Petrović-Obradović, S. Tomanović & S. Jovanović, 2006. Aphids and parasitoids on willows and poplars in southeastern Europe (Homoptera: Aphidoidea, Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 113 (4): 174-180.
33. Tooker, J. F. & L. M. Hanks, 2000. Influence of plant community structure on natural enemies of pine needle scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in urban landscapes. Environmental Entomology, 29 (6): 1305-1311.
34. Weller, B. & J. U. Ganzhorn, 2004. Carabid beetle community composition, body size, and fluctuating asymmetry along an urban-rural gradient. Basic and Applied Ecology, 5 (2): 193-201.