Tarla koşullarında yetiştirilen biberlerde lufenuron’un parçalanma kinetiğinin araştırılması

Öz

Biber, Capsicum annuum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae), dünyada üretimi son derece yaygın olan bir kültür bitkisi olup, biber üretiminde Türkiye global ölçekte üçüncü sırada yer almaktadır. Biber yetiştiriciliğinde üretimi sınırlayan zararlılar genellikle pestisit kullanımını gerekli kılmakta, bu durum pestisit kalıntıları ve gıda güvenliği ile ilgili endişelere yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 2022 yılında Türkiye'nin Tokat ilinde tarla koşullarında biberde lufenuron’un parçalanma davranışı araştırılmıştır. Analizler hızlı, kolay, ucuz, etkili, sağlam ve güvenilir bir yöntem olan QuEChERS tekniği ile sıvı kromatografisi-tandem kütle spektrometresi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Lufenuron için ortalama geri kazanım oranları %77 ile %97 arasında değişirken, bağıl standart sapma değeri %13 olarak kaydedilmiştir. Lufenuron kalıntıları, tek doz ve çift doz uygulamaları sonrasında, biberde birinci dereceden kinetik modele uygun olarak bozunmuş ve yarılanma ömrü Tokat’ta sırasıyla 4,33 ve 6,42 gün, Niksar’da ise 6,80 ve 7,45 gün olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca yapılan sağlık risk değerlendirmesi yapılmış ve lufenuron için akut ve kronik risk katsayı değerleri 1’den çok daha düşük olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca yapılan sağlık risk değerlendirmesi sonucunda lufenuron için kronik risk katsayısının 1'den çok daha düşük olduğu görülmüştür. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, önerilen dozlarda lufenuron kullanılmasının tüketiciler için herhangi bir sağlık riski oluşturmadığı ortaya konulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kronik risk
• parçalanma kinetiği
• metot doğrulama
• QuEChERS
• pestisit kalıntısı

Investigation of the dissipation kinetics of lufenuron in pepper grown under field conditions

Öz

Pepper, Capsicum annuum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae) production is widely cultivated worldwide, with Türkiye ranks third in global pepper production. However, pests in pepper cultivation often necessitate pesticide use, leading to concerns about pesticide residue levels and their potential impact on food safety. This study investigated the dissipation behavior of lufenuron in pepper under field conditions in Tokat, Türkiye in 2022. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe technique was used to analyze residues of lufenuron in pepper. The average recoveries varied from 77% to 97%, with relative standard deviations of 13% for lufenuron. Lufenuron residues administered as recommended dose and double dose degraded in pepper following a first-order kinetic model, with an estimated half-life (t1/2) of 4.33 and 6.42 days in Tokat, 6.80 and 7.45 days in Niksar, respectively. Furthermore, a health risk assessment was conducted, which showed that the chronic risk quotient for lufenuron was much lower than 1. The present results indicated that the health risks posed for consumers by the lufenuron residues were negligible at the recommended dosages.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Chronic risk
• degradation kinetics
• method verification
• QuEChERS
• pesticide residue

Kaynakça

1. Altuntaş, Ö., R. Küçük & M. Değirmenci, 2021. Investigation of promising genotypes selected from Arapgir bell pepper population in terms of their plant characteristics. Yüzüncü Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 31 (1): 1-10 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
2. Álvarez-Vilca, J., G. S. Sarmiento, L. M. Chacón & L. L. Mamani, 2023. Residualidad y disipación de lufenuron aplicado en arveja en una zona semiárida e índice de peligro y riesgo por ingesta. Bioagro, 35 (2): 135-146 (in Spanish with abstract in English).
3. AOAC, 2007. AOAC Official Method: Pesticide residues in foods by acetonitrile extraction and partitioning with magnesium sulfate gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. First Action 2007. (Web page: https://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/fcris/Shared%20Documents/SOP/AOAC_2007_01.pdf) (Date accessed: September 2024).
4. Balkan, T., A. Yağcı & K. Kara, 2024. Dissipation behaviors of deltamethrin, emamectin benzoate and hexythiazox in grape under field conditions. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 59 (3): 123-129.
5. Balkan, T. & K. Kara, 2022. Determination of pesticide residues and risk assessment in some vegetables grown in Tokat province. Plant Protection Bulletin, 62 (2): 26-35.
6. Balkan, T. & K. Kara, 2023. Dissipation Kinetics of Some Pesticides Applied Singly or in Mixtures in/on Grape Leaf. Pest Managament Science, 79: 1234-1242.
7. Balkan, T. & Ö. Yılmaz, 2022. Investigation of insecticide residues in potato grown in Türkiye by LC-MS/MS and GC- MS and health risk assessment. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46 (4): 481-500.
8. Bletsou, A. A., A. H. Hanafi, M. E. Dasenaki & N.S. Thomaidis, 2013. Development of specific LC-ESI-MS/MS methods to determine Bifenthrin, Lufenuron, and Iprodione residue levels in green beans, peas, and chili peppers under Egyptian field conditions. Food Analytical Methods, 6: 1099-1112.

9. Cheng, X., J. Xiao,Y. Liu, Q. Gao, Q. Fang, M. Liao, B. Liang, Z. Hu & H. Cao, 2022. Effect of formulation on the indoxacarb and lufenuron dissipation in maize and risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29: 70976-70983.
10. Çatak, H. & O. Tiryaki, 2020. Insecticide residue analyses in cucumbers sampled from Çanakkale open markets. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 44 (4): 449-460.
11. Çınar, M., 2022. Çanakkale İlinde Kapya Biber Üretiminde Ekonomik Analizi. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi (Unpublished) Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çanakkale, 105 s (in Turkish with abstract in English).
12. Dong, B., Q. Zhao & J. Hu, 2015. Dissipation kinetics of emamectin benzoate and lufenuron residues in cabbage grown under field conditions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187: 1-11.
13. EC, 2002. European Commission: Commission Directive 2002/63/EC of 11 July 2002 establishing Community methods of sampling for the official control of pesticide residues in and on products of plant and animal origin and repealing Directive 79/700/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 187 (45): 30-43.
14. EFSA, 2015. European Food Safety Authority: Revisiting the International Estimate of Short-Term Intake (IESTI equations) used to estimate the acute exposure to pesticide residues via food. EFSA Supporting Publication, 12 (12): 1-81.
15. EPA,2015. Standard operating procedure for using the Nafta guidance to calculate representative half-life values and characterizing pesticide degradation. (Web page: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-08/documents/ftt_sop_using_nafta_guidance_version2.pdf) (Date accessed: December 2024).
16. EU-MRL, 2024. European Union (EU-MRL) Pesticides Database: Pesticide Residues MRLs. Directorate General for Health & Consumers. (Web page: https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/mrls/?event= search.pr) (Date accessed: February 2023).
17. FAO, 2023. FAOSTAT, Crops and livestock products. (Web page: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL) (Date accessed: October 2024).
18. Farrag, A. H. & S. E. M. Shalby, 2007. Comparative histopathological and histochemical studies on IGR, Lufenuron and Profenofos insecticide albino rats. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 3 (5): 377-386.
19. Feng, Y., G. Zhang, A. Zhang, L. Zhou, Y. Bian, J. Pan, S. Yang, J. Han, X. Ma, X. Qi, L. Liang & B. Zou, 2022. Dissipation, residue, and dietary risk assessment of Methoxyfenozide, Chlorantraniliprole, Indoxacarb, Lufenuron, and Chlorfenapyr in spinach using a Modified QuEChERS method combined with a tandem mass spectrometry technique. Agronomy, 12 (12): 3173.
20. IRAC, 2024. Mode of Action Classification Scheme, Version 11.2. (Web page: https://irac-online.org/documents/moa-classification/) (Data accessed: September 2024).
21. IUPAC, 2024. The PPDB-Pesticide properties database, international union of pure and applied chemistry. (Web page: http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/iupac/Reports/420.htm) (Date accessed: April 2024).
22. Kabir, M. H., A. M. Abd El-Aty, M. M. Rahman, H. S. Chung, H. S. Lee, M. R Kim, B. J Chang, J. Wang, H. C. Shin & J. H. Shim. 2018. Residual dynamic and risk assessment of dimethomorph in Swiss chard grown at two different sites. Biomedical Chromatography, 32 (2): 1-6.
23. Khay, S., J. H. Choi, A. M. Abd El-Aty, M. I. Mamun, B. J. Park, A. Goudah, H. C. Shin & J. H. Shim, 2008. Dissipation behavior of lufenuron, benzoylphenylurea insecticide, in/on Chinese cabbage applied by foliar spraying under greenhouse conditions. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 81 (2008): 369-372.
24. Lee, J., B. J Kim, E. Kim & J. H. Kim, 2019. Dissipation kinetics and the pre-harvest residue limits of acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole in kimchi cabbage using ultra-performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry. Molecules, 24 (2616): 1-13.
25. Lehotay S. J., 2007. Determination of pesticide residues in foods by acetonitrile extraction and partitioning with magnesium sulfate: collaborative study. Journal of AOAC International, 90 (2): 485-520.
26. Li, K., W. Chen, P. Deng, X. Luo, Z. Xiong, Z. Li, Y. Ning, Y. Liu & A. Chen, 2022. Dissipation, residues and risk assessment of lufenuron during kumquat growing and processing. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 112 (2022): 104643 (1-7).
27. Li, Z., Y. Zhang, Q. Zhao, C. Wang, Y. Cui, J. Li, A. Chen, G. Liang & B. Jiao, 2020. Occurrence, temporal variation, quality and safety assessment of pesticide residues on citrus fruits in China. Chemosphere, 258: 127381 (1-11).
28. MacLachlan. D.J. & D. Hamilton, 2010. Estimation methods for Maximum Residue Limits for pesticides, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 58 (2): 208-218.
29. Malhat, F., M. Almaz, M. Arief, K. El-Din & M. Fathy, 2012. Residue and dissipation dynamics of lufenuron in tomato fruit using QuEChERS methodology. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, 89: 1037-1039.
30. Mujahid, M., S. Latif, M. Ahmed, W. Shehzadi, M. Imran, M. Ahmad, A. Asari, M. Jehangir & Z. Mahmud, 2022. Modified matrix solid phase dispersion-HPLC method for determination of pesticide residue in vegetables and their impact on human health: A risk assessment. Frontiers in Chemistry, 10: 1084350 (1-13).
31. OECD, 2021. Test No. 509: Crop Field Trial, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5, OECD Publishing, Paris. (Web page: https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2021/06/test-no-509-crop-field-trial_g1ghbba1/9789264076457-en.pdf) (Date accessed: December 2021)
32. Osman, K. A., A. M. Al-Humaid, S. M. Al-Rehiayani & K. N. Al-Redhaiman, 2010. Monitoring of pesticide residues in vegetables marketed in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. Ecotoxicology & Environmental Safety, 73 (6): 1433-1439.
33. Rachid, R., D. B. Houria & D. Mohammed-Réda, 2008. Impact of flufenoxuron, an IGR pesticide on Gallus domesticus embryonic development in ovo. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology, 2 (3): 87-91.
34. SANTE, 2019. SANTE/2019/12752, On data requirements for setting maximum residue levels, comparability of residue trials and extrapolation of residue data on products from plant and animal origin, 2-55. (Web page: https://food.ec.europa.eu/document/download/d0729db4-fe2f-4750-b3d4-f7aa913c51d1_en?filename=pesticides_mrl_guidelines_app-d.pdf) (Date accessed: February 2022)
35. SANTE, 2021. SANTE/11312/2021, Analytical quality control and method validation procedures for pesticide residues analysis in food and feed, 1-55. (Web page: https://www.eurl-pesticides.eu/userfiles/file/EurlALL/SANTE_11312_2021.pdf) (Date accessed: April 2022).
36. Serbes, E. B., & O. Tiryaki, 2023. Determination of insecticide residues in “Bayramiç Beyazı” nectarines and their risk analysis for consumers. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 47(1): 73-85.
37. Sun, H., L. Zhou, X. Zhang, F. Luo, M. Yang, X. Wang, Z. Lou & Z. Chen, 2019. Residue dissipation and dietary exposure risk assessment of methoxyfenozide in cauliflower and tea via modified QuEChERS using UPLC/MS/MS. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 100 (6): 2358-2363.
38. Şeker, A., 2018. Bazı Biber (Capsicum annuum L.) Çeşitlerinin SSR Markerlar Ile Moleküler Karakterizasyonu. Ankara Üniversitesi (Unpublished) Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 48 s (in Turkish with abstract in English).
39. Tang, H., Q. Sun, J. Huang, G. Wen, L. Han, L. Wang, Y. Zhang, M. Dong & W. Wang, 2023. Residue behaviors, degradation, processing factors, and risk assessment of pesticides in citrus from field to product processing. Science of the Total Environment, 897 (2023): 165321 (1-11).
40. Tezcan, A. & H. Kaman, 2018. Water-yield relations of two different pepper varieties grown under greenhouse in farmer conditions in Turkey. Çukurova Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 33 (2): 73-82 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
41. Tomlin, C. D. S., 2004. The e-Pesticides Manual, Version 3.0 (13th Ed.). BCPC (British Crop Protection Council) Alton, 1344.
42. TUIK, 2022. Turkish Statistical Institute. (Web page: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr) (Date accessed: August 2024) (in Turkish).
43. TUIK, 2024a. Foreign Trade Statistics. (Web page: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/disticaret.zul?param1=25¶m2=0&sitcrev=0&isicrev=0&sayac=5802) (Date accessed: December 2024) (in Turkish).
44. TUIK, 2024b. Turkey Health Interview Survey. (Web page: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/DownloadIstatistikselTablo?p=WEBW229PP/91tMV2m71fU6pRWq2F1ZD/lzOFFk0bNDi2rjAC8QDCRN62nr2M3n1K) (Date accessed: September 2024) (in Turkish).
45. Vijay, A., R. L. Kalasariya, P. H. Rathod, S. Chawla & R. R. Acharya, 2024. Dissipation and evaluation of different treatments on the residues of different insecticides in/on cauliflower curd. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 41 (4): 385-399.
46. Yelaldı, A., K. Kara & T. Balkan, 2024. Investigation of insecticide residues in fig and health risk assessment. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 48 (3): 319-326.
47. Yıldırım, İ. & U. Çiftçi, 2022. Monitoring of pesticide residues in peppers from Çanakkale (Turkey) public market using QuEChERS method and LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS detection. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 194: 570 (1-14).
48. Wang, X., S. Hu, L. Meng, K. Wang, X. Zhang, K. Li, N. Wang, N. Zou, Y. Xu, B. Li, W. Mu & X. Pang, 2023. Residue dissipation dynamics and dietary risk assessment of emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, and lufenuron in cabbage. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30 (58): 121748-121758.
49. WHO, 2006. World Health Organization, Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food. WHO Food Additives Series: 57: 1-95.
50. Xu, F., Z. Lu & D. Xu, 2022. Dissipation behavior, residue transfer, and safety evaluation of chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb during tea growing and brewing by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29 (42): 63735-63752.