Concentration dependent effects of Lactarius deliciosus S.F. Gray (Russulales: Russulaceae) on development and reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Öz

Edible mushrooms contain bioactive compounds that may influence growth and reproduction in model organisms, yet organism-level effects of Lactarius deliciosus S.F. Gray (Russulales: Russulaceae) remain unstudied. This work examines how dietary inclusion of L. deliciosus collected from Çorum, Türkiye in 2025 affects development and reproduction in Oregon R Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Flies were reared on standard medium supplemented with 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% mushroom powder. Life-history traits assessed included larval development time, pupal viability, adult emergence rate and timing, fecundity, and egg hatchability. Statistical analyses used one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD (α=0.05) with effect sizes reported as eta squared. Dietary supplementation with L. deliciosus produced significant, concentration-dependent effects. Larval development time showed the strongest response (η²=0.361, p<0.001), with 0.5% and 1.0% groups developing faster than control, while 2.0% showed delayed development. Pupal viability (η²=0.292, p<0.006) and adult emergence rate (η²=0.272, p<0.009) improved at lower concentrations but declined at 2.0%. Reproductive traits peaked at 0.5%: fecundity (η²=0.292, p<0.006) and egg hatchability (η²=0.306, p<0.004). This biphasic dose-response pattern, enhancing performance at lower concentrations while reducing it at 2.0%, is consistent with hormesis.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Drosophila melanogaster
• hormesis
• Lactarius deliciosus
• life table traits
• toxicity

Lactarius deliciosus S.F. Gray (Russulales: Russulaceae)’un Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 (Diptera: Drosophilidae)’in gelişim ve üremesi üzerine konsantrasyona bağlı etkileri

Öz

Yenebilir mantarlar model organizmalarda büyüme ve üremeyi etkileyebilecek biyoaktif bileşikler içerir; ancak Lactarius deliciosus S.F. Gray (Russulales: Russulaceae)’un organizma düzeyindeki etkileri henüz çalışılmamıştır. Bu çalışma, 2025 yılında Çorum, (Türkiye)’den toplanan L. deliciosus’un diyete eklenmesinin Oregon R Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) üzerindeki gelişim ve üreme etkilerini incelemektedir. Sinekler, %0,5, %1,0 ve %2,0 oranlarında mantar tozu eklenmiş standart besiyerinde yetiştirilmiştir. Değerlendirilen yaşam öyküsü özellikleri arasında larva gelişim süresi, pupa yaşama oranı, ergin çıkış oranı ve zamanlaması, fekondite (yumurta verimi) ve yumurta açılım oranı yer almaktadır. İstatistiksel analizlerde tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve Tukey HSD testi (α=0,05) kullanılmış, etki büyüklükleri eta kare ile raporlanmıştır. Diyetteki L. deliciosus, konsantrasyona bağlı önemli etkiler oluşturmuştur. Larva gelişim süresi en güçlü yanıtı göstermiş (η²=0,361, p<0,001); %0,5 ve %1,0 grupları kontrolden daha hızlı gelişirken, %2,0 grubu gelişimde gecikme göstermiştir. Pupa yaşama oranı (η²=0,292, p<0,006) ve ergin çıkış oranı (η²=0,272, p<0,009) düşük konsantrasyonlarda iyileşmiş, ancak %2,0’de düşüş göstermiştir. Üreme özellikleri %0,5’te zirve yapmıştır (p<0,006). Düşük konsantrasyonlarda performansı artıran, %2,0’de ise azaltan bu iki fazlı doz-yanıt modeli, hormesis (düşük dozda uyarıcı, yüksek dozda baskılayıcı etki) ile uyumludur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Drosophila melanogaster
• hormesis
• Lactarius deliciosus
• yaşam tablosu
• zehirlilik

Kaynakça

1. Abbigeri, M., M. Khan, B. Thokchom, S. Singh, S. Bhavi, S. Kulkarni, B. Harini, G. Reddy, C. Govindasamy, K. Almutairi & Y. Babu, 2025. Therapeutic evaluation of Martynia annua derived carbon dots in an epileptic Drosophila model. Scientific Reports, 15 (1): 21572 (1-21).
2. Anet, A., S. Olakkaran, A. Purayil & G. Puttaswamygowda, 2019. Bisphenol A induced oxidative stress-mediated genotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 370: 42-53.
3. Armstrong, A., 2020. Drosophila melanogaster as a model for nutrient regulation of ovarian function. Reproduction, 159 (2): R69-R82.
4. Avcı, E. & G. A. Avci, 2019. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of medicinally important Lactarius deliciosus. International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Research, 2 (6): 49-55.
5. Bradshaw, T., C. Simmons, R. Ott & A. Armstrong, 2024. Ras/MAPK signaling mediates adipose tissue control of ovarian germline survival and ovulation in Drosophila melanogaster. Developmental Biology, 510: 17-28.
6. Canpolat, S., C. Düşgün, E. Ildız, E. Yürümez Canpolat & C. İşlek, 2024. Antioxidant potential and fatty acid composition of Lactarius sanguifluus. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22 (4): 1-6.
7. Chen, Y., X. Liu, L. Wu, A. Tong, L. Zhao, B. Liu & C. Zhao, 2018. Physicochemical characterization of polysaccharides from Chlorella pyrenoidosa and their anti-ageing effects in Drosophila melanogaster. Carbohydrate Polymers, 185: 120-126.
8. Colombo, M., L. Grauso, V. Lanzotti, G. Incerti, A. Adamo, A. Storlazzi, S. Gigliotti & S. Mazzoleni, 2023. Self-DNA inhibition in Drosophila melanogaster development: metabolomic evidence of molecular determinants. Biology, 12 (11): 1378 (1-19).

9. Deans, C. & W. D. Hutchison, 2022. Hormetic and transgenerational effects in spotted-wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in response to three commonly-used insecticides. PLoS ONE, 17 (7): e0271417 (1-22).
10. Dissawa, D. M., I. Boyer & F. Ponton, 2025. Chlorothalonil exposure impacts larval development and adult reproductive performance in Drosophila melanogaster. Royal Society Open Science, 12 (6): 250136.
11. Dizeci, N. & Ö. Yıldırım, 2023. Evaluation of phenolic compounds and antioxidant effects of Lactarius deliciosus and Lactarius salmonicolor mushrooms. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 47 (2): 567-575.
12. Guo, Y., X. Chen, P. Gong, R. Wang, A. Han, Z. Deng, Z. Qi, H. Long, J. Wang, W. Yao, W. Yang, J. Wang & N. Li, 2023. Advances in the role and mechanisms of essential oils and plant extracts as natural preservatives to extend the postharvest shelf life of edible mushrooms. Foods, 12 (4): 801 (1-28).
13. Hafeez, E., D. Du, H. Ni, K. Zhu, F. Hu, J. Zhou & D. Chen, 2025. Regulation and mechanism of Bletilla striata polysaccharide on delaying ageing in Drosophila melanogaster. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 310 (2025): 143382 (1-13).
14. Huang, M., J. Liu, S. Zhang, X. Mei & X. Yang, 2011. Effects of bioactive extracts from four edible mushrooms on the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster. Mycology, 2 (1): 54-58.
15. Khatun, S., P. Rajak, M. Dutta & S. Roy, 2017. Sodium fluoride adversely affects ovarian development and reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster. Chemosphere, 186: 51-61.
16. Kostić, M., M. Ivanov, Â. Fernandes, R. C. Calhelha, J. Glamočlija, L. Barros & A. Ćirić, 2023. A comparative study of Lactarius mushrooms: chemical characterization, antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Journal of Fungi, 9 (1): 70 (1-16).
17. Kuratani, Y., A. Matsumoto, A. Shigenaga, K. Miyahara, K. Ekino, N. Saigusa & S. Ando, 2025. Cylindracin, a fruiting body-specific protein of Cyclocybe cylindracea, represses the egg-laying and development of Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. Toxins, 17 (3): 118 (1-27).
18. Leong, Y., F. Yang & J. Chang, 2021. Extraction of polysaccharides from edible mushrooms: emerging technologies and recent advances. Carbohydrate Polymers, 251 (2021): 117006 (1-16).
19. Li, X., S. Yang, S. Wang, Y. Shi, Y. Dai, X. Zhang, Y. Liu, Y. Guo, J. He & M. Xiu, 2023. Regulation and mechanism of Astragalus polysaccharide on ameliorating ageing in Drosophila melanogaster. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 240 (2023): 123632 (1-12).
20. Liu, J., W. Xia, Q. Wu, Y. Zhang, Y. Wu, B. Li, F. Chen, X. Du, S. Wu, Y. Yang, Y. Gao, M. Wu, L. Su & H. Tong, 2024. Fucoidan alleviates high sucrose-induced metabolic disorders and enhances intestinal homeostasis through Notch signalling. Journal of Advanced Research, 71: 189-207.
21. Mizuno, M. & K. Minato, 2024. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharides in mushrooms. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 86: 103076 (1-7).
22. Murgier, J., C. Everaerts, J. P. Farine & J. F. Ferveur, 2019. Live yeast in juvenile diet induces species-specific effects on Drosophila adult behaviour and fitness. Scientific Reports, 9 (1): 8873 (1-12).
23. Obata, F., C. Fons & A. Gould, 2018. Early-life exposure to low-dose oxidants increases longevity via microbiome remodelling in Drosophila. Nature Communications, 9: 975 (1-12).
24. Onbaşılı, D., G. Çelik, H. Katırcıoğlu & İ. Narin, 2015. Antimicrobial, antioxidant activities and chemical composition of Lactarius deliciosus (L.) collected from Kastamonu province of Turkey. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 15 (1): 98-103.
25. Pool, K. R., R. Hewa Gajanayakage, C. Connolly & D. Blache, 2024. Ancestral lineages of dietary exposure to an endocrine disrupting chemical drive distinct forms of transgenerational subfertility in an insect model. Scientific Reports, 14 (1): 18153 (1-16).
26. R Core Team, 2025. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. (Web page: https://www.R-project.org/) (Date accessed: 11.10.2025).
27. Salahuddin, M., V. Balan, K. Stamps, A. Abdel-Wareth, M. Mohammadi, W. Kim, W. Zhu & J. Lohakare, 2025. Harnessing mushrooms for poultry nutrition: boosting health, immunity, and productivity. Poultry Science, 104 (8): 105223 (1-17).
28. Stilinović, N., I. Čapo, S. Vukmirović, A. Rašković, A. Tomas, M. Popović & A. Sabo, 2020. Chemical composition, nutritional profile and in vivo antioxidant properties of the cultivated mushroom Coprinus comatus. Royal Society Open Science, 7 (9): 200900 (1-18).
29. Svilpe, E. & N. Matjuškova, 2010. Influence of shiitake mushroom Lentinula edodes on reproduction of Drosophila melanogaster. Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences, 64 (5-6): 223-228.
30. Tabares-Mosquera, O. E., J. A. Juárez-Díaz, R. Camacho-Carranza & P. Ramos-Morales, 2025. Transgenerational reproductive and developmental toxicity induced by N-nitrosodimethylamine and its metabolite formaldehyde in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 45 (5): 841-857.
31. Uysal, H., H. Celik, H. Kizilet, B. Yilmaz, M. Ozdal & O. Gulmez, 2020. Determination of the protective effects of fungus species belonging to the genus Pleurotus against the longevity toxicity of guaiazulene in Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon R). Drosophila Information Services, 103 (1): 1-9.
32. Zhang, S., M. A. Gantumur, Y. He, A. Bilawal, Z. Jiang & Y. Yang, 2025. Characterization and comparison of chemical compositions and biological activities of an edible mushroom (Lactarius volemus) of three different sizes. Food Chemistry, 464 (2025): 141690 (1-10).