İnsektisitlerin ekotoksikolojik riskleri: Çevresel davranışları, maruziyet yolları ve sürdürülebilir yönetim stratejilerinin kapsamlı bir incelemesi

Öz

İnsektisitleri de kapsayan pestisitler modern tarımda zararlı organizmaların kontrolünde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, uygulanan insektisitlerin küçük bir kısmı hedef organizmaya ulaşmakta, hedef dışına taşınan kısmı ise tarımsal çevrede kirliliğe yol açabilmektedir. Bu derleme pestisitlerin çevrede akıbetine ve ekotoksikolojik risklerini azaltma stratejilerine odaklanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, insektisitlerin çevresel davranışı, ekosisteme giriş yolları, hedef olmayan organizmalara ekotoksikolojik etkileri, ekotoksikolojik risklerini azaltma yolları tartışılmıştır. Riskin azaltılmasına yönelik yaklaşımlar; IPM, modern uygulama teknolojileri, düşük riskli insektisitlerin geliştirilmesi, nanoteknoloji tabanlı formülasyonlar ve remediasyon uygulamalarını kapsamaktadır. İnsektisitlerin taşınımı, dağılımı ve kalıcılığı birlikte değerlendirilmiş; yüzey ve yeraltı sularına bulaşmayı azaltabilecek önlemler özetlenmiştir. Ekotoksikolojik riski; insektisitin fizikokimyasal özellikleri, uygulama yöntemi, toprak özellikleri ve çevresel koşulları etkilemektedir. Gelecekteki araştırmalar, güncel insektisitler, akarisitler ve nematisitler, gerçekçi karışım maruziyetleri ve sürdürülebilir yönetim stratejilerine öncelik vermelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ekotoksikolojik risk
• insektisit kalıntısı
• pestisit
• risk azaltma stratejileri

Destekleyen Kurum

Yazarlar bu makalenin yayınlanması için herhangi bir mali destek almamışlardır.

Proje Numarası

Proje numarası yok

Etik Beyan

Çalışma için etik kurul onayı gerekmemektedir.

Teşekkür

Yazarlar, Prof. Dr. Zeki Gökalp'e (Sertifikalı İngilizce Çevirmen) makalenin eleştirel okumasını ve sözdizimsel düzeltmelerini yaptığı için teşekkür ederler.

Ecotoxicological risks of insecticides: A comprehensive review of environmental behavior, exposure pathways and strategies for sustainable management

Öz

Pesticides, including insecticides, are widely used to control pests in modern agriculture. However, a small portion of the applied insecticide reaches the intended target, while off-target losses may contaminate agricultural environments. This review focused on the fate of insecticides in the environment and strategies to reduce their ecotoxicological risks. In this context, the environmental behavior of insecticides, their pathways into the ecosystem and the ecotoxicological effects on non-target organisms, ways to reduce ecotoxicological risks are discussed. Risk-reduction options discussed include IPM, modern application technologies, development of lower-risk insecticides, nanotechnology-based formulations, and remediation. The transport, distribution, persistence, and major exposure routes of insecticides are examined collectively, and measures for minimizing contamination of surface water and groundwater are summarized. Ecotoxicological risk is affected by the physicochemical properties of the insecticide, application method, soil characteristics, and environmental conditions. Future research should prioritize current-use insecticides, acaricides, and nematicides, realistic mixture exposures, and sustainable management strategies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ecotoxicological risk
• insecticide residue
• pesticide
• risk reduction strategies

Destekleyen Kurum

The authors received no financial support for publication of this article.

Proje Numarası

Proje numarası yok

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee approval is not required for the study.

Teşekkür

The authors are grateful to Prof. Dr. Zeki Gökalp (Certifed English Translator) for his critical reading and through syntactic corrections of the manuscript.

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