Diatomlu bir toprak formülasyonu olan Inert-PMS’in, depolanmış buğday tanelerinde Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), Liposcelis paeta Pearman, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) ve Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)’a karşı kalıcılığı ve insektisit etkinliği

Öz

Bu çalışma, yeni geliştirilmiş diatomlu bir toprak olan Inert-PMS’in dört farklı depolanmış buğday zararlısına [Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), Liposcelis paeta Pearman, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) ve Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)] karşı kalıcılığı ve insektisit etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla, 24 saat, 4 ve 7 gün aralıklarla 50, 75 ve 100 mg/kg dozları uygulanarak 28ºC sıcaklık ve % 65 orantılı neme sahip laboratuvar koşullarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kalıcılığını belirlemek için, inert PMS’in etkisi 0, 30, 60, 90 ve 120 gün süresince depolanan buğdaylarda değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, ergin ölümünün doz ve maruz kalma aralığı ile doğru orantılı olduğunu göstermiştir. Etki, 60 günlük depolamada sabit devam ederken, 90 ve 120 günlük depolamada ise düşmüştür. 75 mg/kg uygulama dozunda 4 gün sonununda, L. paeta ve C. ferrugineus Inert-PMS’ye en hassas türler olmuş (%100 ölüm), bunu R. dominica (%81) ve T. castaneum (%72) izlemiştir Inert-PMS, ayrıca düşük dozlarda da üremeyi baskılamıştır. Çevre dostu bir formülasyon olan Inert-PMS, depolanmış buğday zararlılarında sadece büyüme ve gelişmeye müdahale etmekle kalmayıp, aynı zamanda ucuzdur ve olumsuz etkileri de yoktur. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cryptolestes ferrugineus
• Liposcelis paeta
• Rhyzopertha dominica
• Tribolium castaneum
• InertPMS
• yeni geliştirilmiş diatomlu toprak

Persistence and insecticidal efficacy of a diatomaceous earth formulation, Inert-PMS, in stored wheat grain against Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), Liposcelis paeta Pearman, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

Abstract

Experiment was conducted to determine the persistence and insecticidal efficacy of a new enhanced diatomaceous earth, Inert-PMS, in wheat against four stored grain insect pests [Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), Liposcelis paeta Pearman, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)] under the laboratory conditions at 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg, for intervals of 24 h, 4 and 7 d at 28ºC and 65% RH. For persistence, Inert-PMS was applied to stored grain for 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 d. The results demonstrated that adult mortality was directly proportional to the dose and exposure interval. While the efficacy remained constant up to 60 d, it fell after 90 and 120 d of storage. L. paeta and C. ferrugineus were the most susceptible to Inert-PMS (100% mortality) followed by R. dominica (81%) and T. castaneum (72%) at 75 mg/kg after 4 d. Inert-PMS also suppressed the reproduction at lower dose rates. Inert-PMS is an eco-friendly formulation that not only interferes with the growth and development of stored grain insects but is also cheap and free from ill effects.

Keywords

• Cryptolestes ferrugineus
• Liposcelis paeta
• Rhyzopertha dominica
• Tribolium castaneum
• Inert-PMS
• new enhanced diatomaceous earth

Kaynakça

1. Abbot, W. S., 1925. A method of computing effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18: 265-267.
2. Aitken, A. D., 1975. Insect travellers, Coleoptera, Technical Bulletin 31, HMSO, London.
3. Arbogast, R. T., 1991. Beetles: Coleoptera. Ecology and Management of Food Industry Pests. FDA Technical Bulletin 4, Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Arlington, VA, pp. 131–176.
4. Arthur, F. H., 2000. Toxicity of diatomaceous earth to red flour beetles and confused flour beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) effects of temperature and relative humidity. Journal of Economic Entomology, 93: 526–532.
5. Assie, K. L., F. Francis, N. Gengler & E. Haubruge, 2007. Response and genetic analysis of malathion-specific resistant Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in relation to population density. Journal of Stored Products Research, 43: 33-44.
6. Athanassiou, C. G., N. G. Kavallieratos & N. A. Andris, 2004. Insecticidal effect of three diatomaceous earth formulations against adults of Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on oat, rye and triticale. Journal of Economic Entomology, 97: 2160–2167.
7. Athanassiou, C. G., N. G. Kavallieratos, F. C. Tsaganou, B. J. Vayias, C. B. Dimizas & C. Th. Buchelos, 2003. Effect of grain type on the insecticidal efficacy of SilicoSec against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Crop Protect., 22: 1141–1147.
8. Athanassiou, C. G., B. J. Vayias, C. B. Dimizas, N. G. Kavallieratos, A. S. Papagregoriou & C. Th. Buchelos, 2005. Insecticidal efficacy of diatomaceous earth against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium confusum du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on stored wheat: influence of dose rate, temperature and exposure interval. Journal of Stored Products Research, 41: 47–55.

9. Athanassiou, C. G., N. G. Kavallieratos, B. J. Vayias & V. K. Stephou, 2008. Evaluation of a new enhanced diatomaceous earth formulation for use against Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). International Journal of Pest Management, 54: 43–49.
10. Athanassiou, C. G., Z. Korunic, N. G. Kavallieratos, G. G. Peteinatos, M. C. Boukouvala & N. H. Mikeli, 2006. “New Trends In The Use of Diatomaceous Earth Against Stored Grain Insects. 730–740.” In: 9th International Conference on Stored-Prod. Protect. Proc. 15–18 October 2006 (Eds: I. Lorini, B. Bacaltchuk, H. Beckel, D. Deckers, E. Sundfeld, J. P. dos Santos, J. D. Biagi, J. C. Celaro, L. R. D. A. Faroni, L. O. F. de Bortolini, M. R. Sartori, M. C. Elias, R. N. C. Guedes, R. G. da Fonseca& V. M. Scussel). Brazilian Post Harvest Association, Campinas, Brazil. 1359 pp.
11. Athanassiou, C. G. & N. G. Kavallieratos, 2005. Insecticidal effect and adherence of PyriSec in different grain commodities. Crop Protection 27: 703–710.
12. Bello, G. D., S. Padin, C. Lopez-Lastra & M. Fabrizio, 2001. Laboratory evaluation of chemical-biological control of the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.) in stored grains. Journal of Stored Products Research, 37: 77-81.
13. Ebeling, W., 1971. Sorptive dusts for pest control. Annual Review of Entomology 16, 123–158.
14. Fields, P. & Z. Korunic, 2000. The effect of grain moisture content and temperature on the efficacy of diatomaceous earths from different geographical locations against stored-product beetles. Journal of Stored Products Research, 36:1–13.
15. Fields, P. G. & W. E. Muir, 1995. “Physical Control, 195–221” In: Integrated Management of Insects in Stored Products. (Eds: B. Subramanyam, & D. W. Hagstrumm) Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. 432 pp.
16. Flinn, P. W., D. W. Hagstrum, C. R. Reed & T. W. Phillips, 2007. Stored grain advisor pro: Decision support system for insect management in commercial grain elevators. Journal of Stored Products Research, 43: 375-383.
17. Golob, P., 1997. Current status and future perspectives for inert dusts for control of stored product insects. Journal of Stored Products Research, 33: 69–79.
18. Greenspan, L., 1977. Humidity fixed points of binary saturated aqueous solutions. Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards, Section A, Physics and Chemistry. 81: 89-96.
19. IARC (International Agency for the Research of Cancer), 1997. Silica, some silicates, coal dust and para-aramid fibrils. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Human, Lyon, France.
20. Jackson, K. & D. Webley, 1994. “Effects of Dryacide on The Physical Properties of Grains, Pulses and Oilseeds. 635–637” In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Working Conference on Stored-product Protection. 17–23 April 1994, (Eds: E. Highley, E.J. Wright, H.J. Banks, B.R. Champ ) Canberra, Australia, CAB International, Oxford, UK (1994), 1274 pp.
21. Kavallieratos, N. G., C. G. Athanassiou, F. G. Pashalidou and N. S. Andris & Z. Tomanovic, 2005. Influence of grain type on the insecticidal efficacy of two diatomaceous earth formulations against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). Pest Management Science., 61: 660–666.
22. Kavallieratos, N. G., C. G. Athanassiou, F. H. Arthur & J. E. Throne, 2012. Lesser grain borers, Rhyzopertha dominica, select rough rice kernels with cracked hulls for reproduction. Journal of Insect Science, 12:38.
23. Korunic, Z., S. Cenkovski & P. Fields, 1998. Grain bulk density as affected by diatomaceous earth and application method. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 13: 81–89.
24. Korunic, Z., 1997. Rapid assessment of the insecticidal value of diatomaceous earths without conducting bioassays. Journal of Stored Products Research, 33: 219–229.
25. Korunic, Z., 1999. Enhanced diatomaceous earth: an alternative to methyl bromide. Australian Journal of Technology, 2: 95–104.
26. Korunic, Z. & P. Ormesher, 1996. “Diatomaceous Earth-An Alternative To Methyl Bromide, 1–10” In: Workshop on Alternative to Methyl Bromide Diatomaceous Earth and Stored Product Pests. Proc. (Eds: W. Quarles & P.S. Winn) Ontario, 30–31 May. 1996. Toronto.
27. Korunic, Z., P. G. Fields, M. I. P. Kovacs, J. S. Noll, O. M. Lukov, C. Demianyk & K. J. Shibley, 1996. The effect of diatomaceous earth on grain quality. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 9: 373–378.
28. Lorini, I. & D. J. Galley, 1999. Deltamethrin resistance in R. dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) a pest of stored grain in Brazil. Journal of Stored Products Research, 35: 37-46.
29. Lorini, I. & D. J. Galley, 2000. Estimation of realized heritability of resistance to deltamethrin insecticide in selected strain of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 36: 119-124.
30. McFarlane, J. A., 1982. Damage to milled rice by psocids. Tropical Stored Products Information. 44: 3–10.
31. Mewis, I. & Ch. Ulrichs, 2001. Action of amorphous diatomaceous earth against different stages of the stored product pests Tribolium confusum Du val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Sitophilus granarius L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 37:153–164.
32. Michalaki, M. P., C. G. Athanassiou, T. Steenberg & C. Th. Buchelos, 2007. Effect of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wise) Brown and Smith (Ascomycota: Hypocerales) alone or in combination with diatomaceous earth against Tribolium confusum jacquelin du Val (Coleopteran: Tenebrionidae) and Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidea). Biological Control, 40: 280-285.
33. Opit, G. P. & J. E. Throne, 2008. Effects of Diet on Population Growth of Psocids Lepinotus reticulates and Liposcelis entomophila. Journal of Economic Entomology, 101(2): 616-622.
34. Padin, S. B., G. D. Bello & M. Fabrizio, 2002. Grain losses caused by Tribolium castaneum, Sitophlus oryzae and Acanthoscelides obtectus in stored durum wheat and beans treated with Beauveria bassiana. Journal of Stored Products Research, 38: 69-74.
35. Rajendran, S., 1994. Psocids in food commodities and their control. Pestology, 28: 14–19.
36. Rigaux, M., E. Haubruge & P. G. Fields, 2001. Mechanisms for tolerance to diatomaceous earth between strains of Tribolium castaneum. Entomologia Experimentalis Applicata, 101: 33–39.
37. Sokal, R. R. & F. J. Rohlf, 1995. Biometry, third ed. Freedman and Company, New York.
38. Subramanyam, B. & R. Roesli, 2000. “Inert Dusts. 321–380” In: Alternatives to Pesticides in Stored Product IPM. (Eds: B. Subramanyam & D. W. Hagstrum) Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 437pp.
39. Subramanyam, B. & D. W. Hagstrum, 1995. “Resistance Measurement and Management. 331–398” In: Integrated Management of Insects in Stored Products (Eds: B. Subramanyam & D. W. Hagstrum). Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. 432 pp.
40. Subramanyam, Bh., C. L. Swanson, N. Madamanchi & S. Norwood, 1994. Effectiveness of Insecto, a New Diatomaceous Earth Formulation in Suppressing Several Stored-Grain Insect Species. 650–659. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Working Conference on Stored-product Protection. 17–23 April 1994, (Eds: E. Highley, E.J. Wright, H.J. Banks, B.R. Champ ) Canberra, Australia, CAB International, Oxford, UK (1994), 1274 pp.
41. Turner, B. D., 1994. Liposcelis bostrychophila (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae), a stored food pest in the U.K. International Journal of Pest Management, 40: 179–190.
42. Vardeman, E. A., F. H. Arthur, J. R. Nechols & J. F. Campbell, 2006. Effect of temperature, exposure interval and depth of diatomaceous earth on distribution, mortality and reproduction of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera : Bostrichidae) in stored wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology, 99:1017–1024.
43. Vayias, B. J. & C. G. Athanassiou, 2004. Factors affecting efficacy of the diatomaceous earth formulation SilicoSec against adults and larvae of the confused beetle Tribolium confusum du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Crop Protection, 23:565–573.