Lethal effects of four insecticides on immature stages of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in laboratory conditions

Abstract

Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) is a general biocontrol agent of several insect pests in greenhouses. The lethal effects of four compounds, imidacloprid, lufenuron, thiametoxam and thiodicarb, on the eggs and 1st instar larvae of C. carnea were studied in laboratory conditions. Dipping bioassay tests were used for eggs and the residual contact method for larvae. Positive relationships were detected between the concentrations of insecticides and mortality rates of various stages. However, there were considerable variations in toxicity of insecticides. Thiodicarb had no effect on eggs, whereas thiametoxam with an LC50 value of 1.90 μg ai. L-1 showed the highest ovicidal activity. On larvae, thiametoxam was the most toxic (LC50= 0.55 μg ai. L-1) and lufenuron proved to be the least toxic (LC50 = 44.02 μg ai. L-1). The use of thiametoxam should be carefully evaluated if employed in combination with C. carnea in IPM programs

Keywords

• Chrysoperla carnea, imidacloprid, lufenuron, thiametoxam, thiodicarb

Laboratuvar şartlarında Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) (Stephens)'nın ergin öncesi dönemleri uzerine dört insektisitin öldürücü etkileri

Öz

Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) seralarda birkaç zararlıyı kontrol altinda tutan genel bir biyolojik savaş ajanıdır. Imidacloprid, lufenuron, thiametoxam ve thiodicarb olmak uzere dört bilesigin oldurucu etkileri C. carnea’nın yumurta ve birinci dönem larvaları üzerinde, laboratuvar koşullarında denenmiştir. Bioassay testlerde yumurta için daldırma yöntemi, larvalar için rezidüel kontakt metodu kullanılmıştır. İnsektisitlerin konsantrasyonları ile degisik donemlerin ölüm oranları arasinda pozitif bir ilişki belirlenmiştir. Ancak, insektisitlerin toksisitesinde önemli farklılıklar görülmüştür. Thiodicarb yumurta üzerinde etkili olmamis, thiametoxam ise 1.90 μg ai. L-1 LC50 değeriyle en yüksek ovisidal etkiyi göstermiştir. Larvalar üzerinde, thiametoxam en zehirli (LC50 = 0.55 ug ai. L-1) ve lufenuronun en az zehirli olduğu kanıtlanmıştır (LC50 = 44.02 mg ai. L-1). Thiametoxamin IPM programlarında C. carnea ile kombinasyon halinde kullanılma durumu dikkatli bir şekilde değerlendirilmelidir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Chrysoperla carnea, imidacloprid, lufenuron, thiametoxam, thiodicarb

Kaynakça

1. Abbot, W. S. 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology,18: 265- 267.
2. Ayubi, A., Darsuye, R., Moravvej, Gh. & Karimi, J. 2010. Molecular characterization of an Iranian population of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neu.: Chrysopidae) using COI sequence. Proceedings of the 1st Iranian Pest Management Conference(IPMC), 29 June-1 July, Kerman, Iran. 402 pp.
3. Bartlett, B. R. 1964. Toxicity of some pesticides to eggs, larvae, and adults of the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea. Journal of Economic Entomology, 57: 366-369.
4. Biddinger, D. J. & Hull, L. A. 1995. Effects of several types of insecticides on the mite predator, Stethorus punctum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), including insect growth regulators and abamectin. Journal of Economic Entomology, 88: 358-366.
5. Buchholz, A. & Nauen, R. 2002. Translocation and translaminar bioavailability of two neonicotinoids insecticides after foliar application to cabbage and cotton. Journal of Pest Science, 58: 10–16.
6. Bueno, A. F. & Freitas, S. 2004. A review for effect of the insecticides abemactin and lufenuron on eggs and larvae of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) under laboratory conditions. BioControl, 49: 227- 283.
7. Carvalho, G.A., Carvatho, C.F. & Olveira, C.M. 1998. Efeito de reguladores de crescimento de insetos e do fungicida Captan sobre ovos de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Journal of Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 22: 476-482.
8. Corrales, N. & Campos, M. 2004. Populations, longevity, mortality and fecundity of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from olive-orchards with different agricultural management systems. Chemosphere, 57: 1613– 1619.

9. Croft, B. A. 1990. Arthropod Biological Control Agents and Pesticides. John Wiley, New York, 723 pp.
10. Elbert, A., Nauen, R. & Leicht, W. 1998. Imidacloprid, a novel chloronicotinyl insecticides: biological activity and agriculture importance. In: I. Ishaya and D. Degheele (eds), Insecticides with Novel Mode of Action, Mechanism and Application. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 50-73.
11. Finney, D. L. 1971. Probit analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
12. Fournet, F., Sannier, C., Moriniere, M., Porcheron, P. & Monteny, N. 1995. Effects of two insect growth regulators on ecdysteroid production in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), Journal of Medical Entomology, 32: 588–593.
13. Graf, J. F. 1993. The role of insect growth regulators in arthropod control, Parasitology Today, 9: 471–474.
14. Hajjar, N. P. 1979. Diflubenzuron inhibits chitin synthesis in Culex pipiens L. larvae, Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 39: 381–384.
15. Hassan, S. A. 1974. Mass-culturing and utilization of Chrysopa spp. (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) in the control of insect pests. Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz-Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 10: 620–635.
16. Hassan, S. A., Klingan, F. & Shalin, F. 1985. Role of Chrysoperla carnea as an aphid predator on sugar beet and the effect of pesticides. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie,100: 163–174.
17. Horowitz, A. R., Mendelson, Z., Weintraub, P. G. & Ishaaya, I. 1998. Comparative toxicity of foliar and systemic application of acetamiprid and imidacloprid against the cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 88: 437–442.
18. Huerta, A., Medina, P., Castanera, P. & Vinula, E. 2003. Residual effects of some modern pesticides on Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) adults under laboratory condition. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, 26, 165-70.
19. Ishaaya, I. & Horowitz, A. R. (Eds.). 1998. Insecticides with Novel Modes of Action: Mechanisms and Applications. Springer-Verlag Press, Berlin.
20. Lawson, D. S., Dunbar, D. M., White, S. M. & Ngo, N. 1999. Control of cotton pests with a new neonicotinoid insecticides, thiamethoxam, v. 2, pp: 1106-1109. In: Proceedings of Beltwide Cotton Conference.
21. Medina, P., Budia, F., Tirry, L., Smagghe, G. & Viñuela, E. 2001. Compatibility of spinosad, tebufenozide and azadirachtin with eggs and pupae of the predator Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) under laboratory conditions. Journal of Biocontrol Science and Technology, 11: 597-61.
22. Medina, P., Budia, G. F., Estal, P., Tirry, L. & Vinula, E. 2002. Significance of penetration, excretion, and transovarial uptake to toxicity of three insect growth regulators in predatory lacewing adults. Environmental Entomology, 51(2): 91–100.
23. Medina, P., Budia, F., Del Estal, P. and Viñuela, E. 2003. Effects of three modern insecticides, pyriproxyfen, spinosad, and tebufenozide on survival and reproduction of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) adults. Annals of Applied Biology; 142 (1): 55-61.
24. Milne, G. W. A. 2004. An International Guide to 1800 Pest Control Chemicals. Ashgate Publishing Company. New York. 802 pp.
25. Mullins, J. W. 1993. Imidacloprid: A new nitroguanidine insecticide. In Duke, Stephen O., Menn, Julius J., and Plimmer, Jack R. (eds.) Pest Control with Enhanced Environmental Safety. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
26. Nasreen, A., Ashfaq, M., Mustafa, G. & Rasoolkhan, R. 2005. Mortality of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) after exposure to some insecticides; laboratory studies. Journal of South Pacific Studies, 26, 1-6.
27. New, T. R. 1975. The biology of Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera), with reference to their use as biocontrol agents: A review. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 127: 115-140.
28. Rezaei, M., Talebi, K., Naveh, V. H. & Kavousi A. 2006. Impacts of the pesticides imidacloprid, propargite, and pymetrozine on Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): IOBC and life table assays. BioControl, 52: 385-398.
29. Rimoldi, F., Scheneider, M. I. & Ronco, A. E. 2008. Susceptibility of Chrysoperla externa eggs (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to conventional and biorational insecticides. Environmental Entomology, 37: 1252–1257.
30. Robertson, J. L. & Preisler, H. K., 1992.- Pesticides Bioassays with Arthropods. CRC Press, Florida, 127 pp.
31. Roger, M. A., Krischik, V. A. & Martin, L. A. 2007. Effect of soil application of imidacloprid on survival of adult green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), used for biological control in greenhouse. Biological Control, 42: 172–177.
32. Russel, R. M., Robertson, J. L. & Savin, N. E. 1977. POLO, a new computer programme for probit analysis. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America, 23: 209-213.
33. Sechser, B.; Reber, B. & Wesiak, H. 1994. Selectivity of diofenolan (CGA 59 205) and its potential for integrated scale control. Proceedings, Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases, 3:1193-1198
34. Sheikhi Gorjan, A., Najafi, H., Abasi, S., Saber, F. & Rashid M. 2009. Gaudiness of Iran Pesticide. Capital Book Press. 237 pp.
35. Van De Veire, M., Sterk, G., Van Der Staaij, M., Ramakers, P. M. J. & Tirry, L. 2002. Sequential testing scheme for the assessment of the side-effects of plant protection products on the predatory bug Orius laevigatus, BioControl, 47: 101-113.
36. Velloso, A. H. P., Rigitano, R. L. O. & Carvalho, G. A. 1997. Efeitos de compostos reguladores de crescimento de insetos sobre ovos e larvas de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 21: 306-312.
37. Vinuela, E., Adan A., Gonzalez, M., Budia, F., Smagghe, G. & Estal, P. D. 1998. Spinosad and azadirachtin: effects of two naturally derived pesticides on the predatory bug Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal - Plagas, 24: 57-66.