Comparison of virulence of hybridized entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) strains and their parents

Abstract

Efficacy of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) species can be changed on targeted insect pests in different climatic zone. In this study, six different H. bacteriophora strains, which isolated in different cities [Antalya (H.b. 6), Çanakkale (H.b. 876), Kırklareli (H.b. 17), İzmir (H.b. HIZ) and Adana (H.b.10)] from Turkey, were hybridized and their virulence were determined on the last instar of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) at six different dosages. Male and female individuals of having lowest virulence were crossbred with other strain females and males in vitro conditions. Ten different strains were obtained by hybridization and their virulence was compared with their parent and each other on the last instar larvae of G. melonella. The results showed that 70% of hybridized strains were more effective than their parents. The results indicated that male and female individuals have different effect on the virulence of the hybridized strains. The hybridized strains, which were more effective than their parents, were influenced from female with 42.9% and from male with 57.1%

Keywords

• Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, entomopathogenic nematodes, virulence, hybridization, in vitro

Hibrit entomopatojen nematod Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ırklarının ebeveynlerine göre etkinliklerinin karşılaştırılması

Öz

Yüksek biyolojik mücadele potansiyeline sahip olan Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) türünün hedef alınan zararlı böcek üzerindeki etkinliği farklı iklim özelliklerine sahip olan bölgelerde değişiklik göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada; Antalya (H.b. 6), Çanakkale (H.b. 876), Kırklareli (H.b. 17), İzmir (H.b. HIZ), Şanlıurfa (H.b. HSU) ve Adana (H.b. 10) illerinden izole edilmiş olan 6 farklı H. bacteriophora izolatı kullanılmıştır. Bu izolatların etkinlikleri Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)’ nın son dönem larvaları üzerinde 6 farklı uygulama dozunda belirlenmiştir. En düşük etkinlik değerine sahip olan izolatın erkek ve dişi bireyleri ile denemelerde kullanılan diğer tüm ırkların erkek ve dişi bireyleri in vitro ortam koşullarında hibritlenerek 10 farklı ırk elde edilmiştir. Hibridizasyon sonucunda elde edilen ırkların G. mellonella larvaları üzerindeki etkinlikleri ebeveyn ırklar ile aynı şekilde belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonunda ebeveyn ve hibrit ırklara ait olan etkinlik verileri karşılaştırılmış ve elde edilen 10 yeni hibrit ırkın %70’ inin ebeveynlerine göre yüksek, %30’ unun ise ebeveynlerine göre daha düşük değerde etkinlik gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca hibrit ırkların böcek üzerindeki etkinlik değeri üzerine erkek ve dişi bireylerin farklı etkiler gösterdiği de tespit edilmiştir. Ebeveynlerine göre yüksek etkinlik değerine sahip olan hibrit ırkların etkinlik değerlerinin %57.1’ inin erkek, %42.9’unun ise dişi bireylerin etkisi altında kaldığı bulunmuştur

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, entomopatojen nematod, etkinlik, hibridizasyon, in vitro

Kaynakça

1. Akhurst, R.J., 1980. Morphological and functional dimorphism in Xenorhabdus spp., bacteria symbiotically associated with insect pathogenic nematodes Neoaplectana and Heterorhabditis. Journal of General Microbiology, 121: 303-309.
2. Akhurst, R.J., 1983. Neoaplectana species: Specificity of association with bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus. Experimental Parasitology, 55: 258-263.
3. Bedding, R.A. & A.S., Molyneux, 1982. Penetration of insect cuticle by infective juveniles of Heterorhabditis spp. (Heterorhabditidae, Nematoda). Nematologica, 28 (3): 354-359.
4. Benjamin M. Fitzpatrick & H., Bradley Shaffer, 2007. Introduction history and habitat variation explain the landscape genetics of hybrid tiger slamanders. Ecological Applications, 17: 598–608.
5. Bird, A.F. & R.J., Akhurst, 1983. The nature of the intestinal vesicle in nematodes of the family Steinernematidae. International Journal of Parasitology, 13: 599-606.
6. Edmands, S. 1999. Heterosis and outbreeding depression in interpopulation crosses spanning a wide range of divergence. Evolution, 53:1757–1768.
7. Ehlers, R.-U., 1996. Current and future use of nematodes in biocontrol: Practise and commercial aspects in regard to regulatory policies. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 6 (3): 303-316.
8. Ehlers, R.-U., S., Lunau, K., Krasomil-Osterfeld & K.H., Osterfeld, 1998. Liquid culture of the entomopathogenic nematode-bacterium complex Heterorhabditis megidis/Photorhabdus luminescens. BioControl, 43(1): 77-86.

9. Ehlers, R.-U., 2001. Mass production of entomopathogenic nematodes for plant protection. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 56: 623-633.
10. Ehlers, R.-U., J., Oestergaard, S., Hollmer, M., Wingen & O., Strauch, 2005. Genetic selection for low tolerance and low temperature activity of the entomopathogenic nematode-bacterium complex Heterorhabditis bacteriophora-Photorhabdus luminescens. BioControl, 50: 699-716.
11. Flanders, K.L., J.M., Miller & E.J., Shields, 1996. In vivo production of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora 'Oswego' (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidaw), a potential biological control agent for soil-inhabiting insects in temperature regions. Journal of Economic Entomology, 89: 373-380.
12. Forst, S. & K., Nealson, 1996. Molecular biology of the symbiotic pathogenic bacteria Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. Microbial Reviews, 60 (1): 21-43.
13. Friedman, M.J., 1990. Commercial production and development, pp: 153-172. In: Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control, Ed.: Gaugler, K., Kaya, H.K., CRC, Boca Raton, Florida.
14. Gaugler, R. 1986. Entomogenous nematodes and their prospects for genetic improvement: Biotechnology in Invertebrate Pathology and Cell Culture, Ed.: Maramorosch, K., Academic Press, San Diego, pp: 457-484.
15. Gaugler, R., J.F., Campbell & T.R., McGuire, 1989. Selection for host-finding in Steinernema feltiae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 54: 363-372.
16. Gaugler, R. & R., Han, 2002. Preface, pp: 9-10. In: Entomopathogenic Nematology, Ed: Gaugler, R., CABI, UK.
17. Grewal, P.S., S., Selvan & R., Gaugler, 1994. Thermal adaption of entomopathogenic nematodes: Niche breadth for infection, establishment, and reproduction. Journal of Thermal Biology, 19: 245-253.
18. Glazer, I., R., Gaugler & D., Segal, 1991. Genetics of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (strain HP88): the diversity of beneficial traits. Journal of Nematology, 23: 324-333.
19. Han, R. & R.U. Ehlers, 2000. Pathogenicity, development and reproduction of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae under axenic in vivo conditions. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 75: 55-58.
20. Hazır, S., N. Keskin, S.P., Stock, H.K. Kaya & S. Özcan, 2003. Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Turkey. Biodiversity and Conservation, 12: 375-386.
21. Iraki, N., N., Salah, N., Sansour, D., Segal, I., Glazer, S.A., Johnigk, M., Hussein & R.-U., Ehlers, 2000. Isolation and characterization of two entomopathogenic nematode strains, Heterorhabditis indica (Nematoda, Rhabditia), from the West Bank, Palestinian Territories. The Journal of Applied Entomology, 124: 375-380.
22. Johnigk, S.-A. & R.-U., Ehlers, 1999a. Juvenile development and life cycle of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and H. indica (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae). Nematology, 1: 251-260.
23. Johnigk, S.-A. & R.-U., Ehlers, 1999b. Endotokia matricida in hermaphrodites of Heterorhabditis spp. and the effect of the food supply. Nematology, 1: 717-726.
24. Kaya, H.K. & R., Gaugler, 1993. Entomopathogenic Nematodes. Annual Review of Entomology, 38: 181-206.
25. Kaya, H.K. & S.P., Stock, 1997. Techniques in insect nematology, pp: 281-324. In: Manual of techniques in insect pathology, Ed: Lacey, L.A., CA: Academic Press, San Diego.
26. Kepenekçi, I. 2002. Entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida) in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Nematologia Mediterranea, 21: 13-16.
27. Kepenekçi, I. & I.A., Susurluk, 2003. Three entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida) from Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 21: 19-23.
28. Kepenekçi, İ., A., Gökçe & R., Gaugler, 2004. Virulence of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes to the chestnut weevil, Curculio elephas (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Nematropica,34 (2): 199-204.
29. Lunau, S., S., Stoessel, A.J., Schmidt-Peisker & R.-U., Ehlers, 1993. Establishment of monoxenic inocula for scalling up in vitro cultures of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. Nematologica, 39: 385-399.
30. Mukuka, J., O., Strauch, L., Waeyenberge, N., Viaene, M., Moens & R.-U. Ehlers, 2010a. Heat tolerance among different strains of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. BioControl, 55:423-434.
31. Mukuka, J., O., Strauch, C., Hoppe & R.-U., Ehlers, 2010b. Fitness of heat and desiccation tolerant hybrid strains of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditidomorpha: Heterorhabditidae). Journal of Pest Science, 83:281-287.
32. Mukuka, J., O., Strauch, C., Hoppe & R.-U., Ehlers, 2010c. Improvement of heat and desiccation tolerance in Heterorhabditis bacteriophora through cross-breeding of tolerant strains and successive genetic selection. BioControl, 55:511-521.
33. Mukuka, J., O., Strauch & R.-U., Ehlers, 2010d. Variability in desiccation tolerance among different strains of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Nematology, 12(5):711-720.
34. Poinar, G.O. JR., 1975. Description and biology of a new parasitic rhabditoid Heterorhabditis bacteriophora new gen, new species. Nematologica, 21: 463-470.
35. Poinar, G.O. JR., G.M., Thomas & R., Hess, 1977. Characteristics of the specific bacterium associated with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Heterorhabditidae: Rhabditida). Nematologica, 23: 97-102.
36. Poinar, G.O. JR., 1990. Biology and Taxonomy of Steinernematidae and Heterorhanditidae, pp: 23-62. In: Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control, Ed: Gaugler, R., Kaya, H.K., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
37. Özer, N., N., Keskin & Z. Kırbaş, 1995. Occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae: Heterorhabditidae) in Turkey. Nematologica, 41: 639-640.
38. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. & R., Gaugler, 2002. Production technology for entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial symbionts. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 28: 137-146.
39. Strauch, O., S., Stoessel & R.-U., Ehlers, 1994. Culture conditions define automictic or amphimictic reproduction in entomopathogenic rhabditid nematodes of the genus Heterorhabditis. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 17: 575-582.
40. Strauch, O., J., Oestergaard, S., Hollmer & R.-U., Ehlers, 2004. Genetic improvement of the desiccation tolerance of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora through selective breeding. Biological Control, 31: 218-226.
41. Susurluk, A., I., Dix, E., Stackebrandt, O., Strauch, U., Wyss & R.-U. Ehlers, 2001. Identification and ecological characterisation of three entomopathogenic nematode-bacterium complex from Turkey. Nematology, 3 (8): 833-841.
42. Susurluk, A. & R.-U., Ehlers, 2008. Field persistence of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in different crops. BioControl, 53: 627-641.
43. Susurluk, I.A., I., Ünlü & I.,Kepenekçi, 2003. Host finding behaviour of two different Turkish isolates of entomopathogenic nematode species, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar 1976 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae). Turkish Journal of Biology, 27 (4): 203-207.
44. Susurluk, I.A., 2006. Comparison of some biological characterizations of the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema weiseri and S. feltiae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), isolated in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Science, 12 (4): 340-344.
45. Susurluk, I.A., N.A., Kumral, A., Peters, U., Bilgili & E., Açıkgöz, 2009. Pathogenicity, reproduction and foraging behaviours of some entomopathogenic nematodes on a new turf pest, Dorcadion pseudopreissi (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 19 (6): 585–594.
46. Susurluk, I.A., N. A., Kumral, U., Bilgili & E., Açıkgöz, 2011. Control of a new turf pest, Dorcadion pseudopreissi (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), by the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Journal of Pest Science, 84: 321–326.
47. Susurluk, I.A., T.C., Ulu & Y., Kongu, 2013 a. Tolerances of hybridized entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) strains to heat and dessication. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 37 (2): 221-228.
48. Susurluk, I.A., Y. Kongu & T.C., Ulu, 2013 b. Quality control of in vitro produced Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) strains isolated from Turkey.Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 37 (3): 283-291.
49. Ulu, T.C. & I.A., Susurluk 2014. Heat and desiccation tolerances of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora strains and relationships between their tolerances and some bioecological characteristics. ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal, 11: 4-10.
50. Wang, Y. & R., Gaugler, 1998. Host and penetration site location by entomopathogenic nematodes against Japanese beetle larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 72 (3): 313-318.
51. White, G.F., 1927. A Method for Obtaining Infective Nematode Larvae from Culture. Science, 66: 302-303.
52. Wiesner, A., 1993. Die Induktion der Immunabwehr eines Insekts (Galleria mellonella, Lepidoptera) durch synthetische Materialien und arteigene Haemolymphfaktoren. PhD Thesis in Berlin, 107 pp.
53. Zioni, S., I., Glazer & D., Segal, 1992. Phenotypic and genetic analysis of a mutant of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora strain HP88. Journal of Nematology, 24: 359-364.