Şanlıurfa ili Şeker pancarı üretim alanlarında yeni bir zararlı; Şeker pancarı kist nematodu, Heterodera schachtii Schmidt (Nemata: Heteroderidae)

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 3, 303 - 314, 27.09.2016

Abdelfattah A. Dababat Halil Elekcıoglu Mustafa Imren Gul Ergınbas Orakcı Jiangkuan Cuı Deliang Peng Huan Peng Wenkun Huang Shiming Lıu Fen Qıao

Öz

Şeker pancarı kist nematodu, Heterodera schachtii Schmidt (Nemata: Heteroderidae), şeker pancarı üretim alanlarında önemli bir zararlı olup, epidemi yaptığında %10-70 arasında bir ürün kaybına neden olabilmektedir. Günümüzde H. schachtii 50’den fazla ülkede yaygın olarak bulunmakla birlikte, Türkiye’de H. schachtii araştırmaları oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmada, 2014 ve 2015 üretim sezonunda Şanlıurfa ili şekerpancarı üretim alanlarında H. schachtii’nin surveyi ve teşhisi yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, Şanlıurfa ilinde üç farklı lokasyonda; Bozova, Karaköprü ve Siverek ilçelerinden alınan on iki örnek, morfolojik ve moleküler yöntemlerle H. schachtii olarak tanımlanmıştır. Koch postülat testinde, beyaz H. schachtii dişileri inokülasyondan sonra 25. günde kist oluşturmuş, çimlenmede gecikme ve azalma olup, filizlenmede nekroz ve bodurlaşma görülmüştür. Ayrıca, çalışmada, filogenetik analiz yapılmış, Şanlıurfa ilinden toplanan H. schachtii popülasyonlarının Avrupa ve Fas popülasyonları ile %99 oranında benzerlik gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Şekerpancarı, yıllık 16 milyon tondan fazla üretimi ile Türkiye’de ikinci en fazla üretilen ürün olma özelliğinde olup, bu çalışma, Türkiye’de Şanlıurfa ili şekerpancarı üretim alanlarında şekerpancarı kist nematodu, H. schachtii için ilk kayıt niteliğindedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kist nematodu, teşhis, filogenetik analiz, şekerpancarı

First report of sugar beet nematode, Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, 1871 (Nemata: Heteroderidae) in sugar beet growing areas of Şanlıurfa, Turkey

Öz

The sugar beet nematode, Heterodera schachtii, is the major pest of sugar beet and causes serious yield losses of about 10-70%. Heterodera schachtii occurs in more than 50 countries and regions, however, there has be limited investigation of H. schachtii in Turkey. Therefore, a survey of H. schachtii in the sugar beet producing regions of Şanlıurfa was conducted in 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Using morphological and molecular methods, 12 samples collected from three districts, Bozova, Karaköprü and Siverek, in Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey, were identified as H. schachtii. In pathogenicity test, the seedling emergence was delayed and reduced, the seedlings were stunted and necrotic, and the white females of H. schachtii were evident 25 days after inoculation. Phylogenetic analyses were also conducted. The 12 H. schachtii populations from Şanlıurfa Province clustered together with populations from Europe and Morocco at the value of 99%. Sugar beet is the second largest crop in Turkey with the annual production of more 16 Mt. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of H. schachtii in Şanlıurfa Province of Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cyst nematode, identification, phylogenetic analyses, sugar beet

Kaynakça

• Abawi, G. S. & W. F. Mai, 1980. Effects of initial population densities of Heterodera schachtii on yield of cabbage and table beets in New York State. Phytopathology, 70: 481-485.
• Albayrak, M., E. Gunes & B. Gulcubuk, 2010. The effects of irrigation methods on input use and productivities of sugarbeet in Central Anatolia Turkey. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5: 188-195.
• Amiri, S., S. A. Subbotin & M. Moens, 2002. Identification of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii by PCR. European Journal Plant Pathology, 108: 497-506.
• Bagdatli, M.C. & B. Acar, 2009. Evaluation of trickle irrigation systems for some vegetable crops in Konya-Turkey. Journal of International Environmental Application & Science, 4: 79-85.
• Cooke, D A., 1987. Beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt) and its control on sugar beet[J]. Agricultural Zoology Reviews 2, 132-183.
• Diker, T., 1959. Nebat Parazit Nematodları. Türkiye Şeker Fabrikaları Anonim Şirketi Neşriyatı, Yayın No. 70. Ankara, 100 s.
• Duan, Y. X. & L. J. Chen, 2006. Processing methods of plant nematode slides. China Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 24(S1):65-68.
• Evans, K. & J. A. Rowe, 1998. Distribution and economic importance. In: Sharma SB, editors. The Cyst Nematodes. London, UK: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 1-30.
• FAO, 2016. (Web page: http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/area/223/E), (Date accessed: May 2016).
• Griffin, G. D., 1981. The relationship of plant age, soil temperature, and population density of Heterodera schachtii on the growth of sugarbeet. Journal Nematology, 13: 184-190.
• Hafez, S. L., 1997. Sugar Beet nematodes in Idaho and Eastern Oregon. University of Idaho, College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension System, Agricultural Experiment Station.
• Hall, B. G., 2005. Comparison of the accuracies of several phylogenetic methods using protein and DNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 22(3), 792-802.
• Joyce, S. A., A. Reid, F. Driver & J. Curran, 1994. “Application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods to identification of entomopathogenic nematodes, 178-187”. In: COST 812 Biotechnology: Genetics of Entomopathogenic Nematode–Bacterium Complexes (Eds. A. M. Burnell, R. U. Ehlers & J. P. Masson). Proceedings of Symposium & Workshop, St. Patrick’s College, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland, Luxembourg, European Commission, DG XII.
• Kleine, M., H. Voss, D. & C. C. Jung, 1998. Evaluation of nematode-resistant sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) lines by molecular analysis. Theoretical Applied Genetics, 97: 896-904.
• Lin, M. S., 1991. Processing of plant nematode glass slides. Plant Quarantine, 02:90-91.
• Maafi, Z. T., S. A. Subbotin & M. Moens, 2003. Molecular identification of cyst-forming nematodes (Heteroderidae) from Iran and a phylogeny based on ITS-rDNA sequences. Nematology, 5: 99-111.
• Madani, M., S. A. Subbotin & M. Moens, 2005. Quantitative detection of the potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida, and the beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, using real-time PCR with SYBR green I dye. Molecular Cellular Probes,19: 81-86.
• Madani, M., T. Kyndt, N. Colpaert, S. A. Subbotin, G. Gheysen & M. Moens, 2007. Polymorphism among sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii populations as inferred from AFLP and ITS-rDNA gene analyses. Russian Journal of Nematology, 15:117-128.
• Muller, J., 1999. The economic importance of Heterodera schachtii in Europe. Helminthologia, 36: 205-213.
• Ogden, T. H. & M. S. Rosenberg, 2006. Multiple sequence alignment accuracy and phylogenetic inference. Systematic Biology, 55(2), 314-328.
• Osmanoğlu, A., 1999. Adapazarı ili ve Çevresi Şeker Pancarı Ekim Alanlarında Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, 1871‟ in Yayılışı Üzerine Araştırmalar, Yüksek Lisans Tezi A. Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 76s.
• Peng, D. L., H. Peng & H. Liu, 2015. Research progress in occurrence, biology and management of the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera Schachtii Schmidt. Plant Protection, 41:1-7.
• Polychronopoulos, A. G. & B. F. Lownsbery, 1968. Effect of Heterodera schachtii on sugar beet seedlings under monoxenic conditions. Nematologica, 14: 526-534.
• Qi, X. L., D. L. Peng, H. Peng, H. B. Long, W. K. Huang & W. T. He, 2012. Rapid molecular diagnosis based on SCAR marker system for cereal cyst nematode. Scientia agricultura Sinica, 45:4388-4395.
• Rahmani, N., M. Mesbah & P. Norouzi, 2013. Identification of molecular markers linked to sugar beet cyst nematode resistance gene(s). Journal of Sugar Beet Research, 28: 81-85.
• Riggs, R. D., J. A. Wrather, A. Mauromoustakos & L. Rakes, 2000. Planting date and soybean cultivar maturity group affect population dynamics of Heterodera glycines, and all affect yield of soybean. Journal of Nematolology, 32: 334-342.
• Steele, A. E., 1965. The host range of the sugar beet nematode, Heterodera schachtii Schmidt. Sugar Beet Technology, 13: 573-603.
• Subbotin, S. A., L. Waeyenberge, I. A. Molokanova & M. Moens, 1999. Identification of species from the Heterodera avenae group by morphomometrics and ribosomal DNA RFLPs. Nematology, 1: 195-207.
• Subbotin, S. A., L. Waeyenberge & M. Moens, 2000. Identification of cyst forming nematodes of the genus Heterodera (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) based on the ribosomal DNA-RFLP. Nematology, 2: 153-164.
• Susurluk, A. & M. E. Ökten, 1999. Eskişehir ili ve çevresi şekerpancarı ekim alanlarında Heterodera schachtii, Schmidt, 1871 (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae)‟nın yayılışı üzerine araştırmalar, Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 23 (2), 143-147.
• Tamura, K. & M. Nei, 1993. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10:512-526.
• Tamura, K., D. Peterson, N. Peterson, G. Stecher, M. Nei & S. Kumar, 2011. MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28: 2731-2739.
• Tokmakoğlu, O., 1974. Şekerpancarı Hastalık ve Zararlıları Atlası, Türkiye Şeker Fabrikalrı Anonim Şirketi Yayını. No: 190, Ankara.
• Waeyenberge, L., N. Viaene, S. A. Subbotin & M. Moens, 2009. Molecular identification of Heterodera spp., an overview of fifteen years of research. In: Cereal cyst nematodes: status, research and Outlook (Eds. I. T. Riley, J. M. Nicol & A. A. Dababat). Ankara: CIMMYT, pp. 109-114.
• Yan, G. P., R. W. Smiley, P. A. Okubara & A. M. Skantar, 2013. Species-specific PCR assays for differentiating Heterodera filipjevi and H. avenae. Plant Disease, 97: 1611-1619.
• Zhang, S. L., 1988. Technology of cyst nematode vulval cone slides. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 23: 33.