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Fungal pathogens of Amphimallon solstitiale Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 44 Sayı: 3, 375 - 384, 01.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.663690

Öz

European June beetle, Amphimallon solstitiale Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is one of the most important soilborne pests in many parts of Turkey and the world. Entomopathogenic fungi are important microbial control agents that can be used to control soilborne pests, and it is desirable to obtain them from local insect populations. The study was conducted at Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Microbiology Laboratory in 2017. In this study, fungal pathogens of A. solstitiale were investigated to find an effective microbial control agent. Fungi were isolated from infected larvae and morphological-molecular characterization of the isolates showed that all isolates were Metarhizium flavoviride Gams & Roszypal (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes). Using phylogenetic analysis and pathogenicity tests, the isolates were found to be different genotypes of M. flavoviride. All isolates gave more than 80% mortality at a concentration of 106 conidia/ml, with one isolate (As2) causing 96% mortality. Therefore, dose-mortality experiments were conducted with As2, and the median lethal concentration was determined to be 3.87 x 103 conidia/ml. This study demonstrated that M. flavoviride As2 is an effective microbial control agent that can be used for biological control of A. solstitiale.

Teşekkür

We thank Dr. Richard Humber for help with the morphological characterization of fungi. Dr. I. T. Riley is thanked for advice during preparation of this manuscript.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, W. S., 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18 (2): 265-267.
  • Alkhaibari, A. M., A. T. Carolino, S. I. Yavasoglu, T. Maffeis, T. C. Mattoso, J. C. Bull, R. I. Samuels & T. M. Butt, 2016. Metarhizium brunneum blastospore pathogenesis in Aedes aegypti larvae: Attack on several fronts accelerates mortality. PLOS Pathogens, 12 (7): e1005715.
  • Allen, A. A., 1995. Examples of antennal and fore-limb teratology in Coleoptera. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 131: 1568-1571.
  • Anand, R., B. Prasad & B. N. Tiwary, 2009. Relative susceptibility of Spodoptera litura pupae to selected entomopathogenic fungi. BioControl, 54 (1): 85-92.
  • Bidochka, M. J., F. V. Menzies & A. M. Kamp, 2002. Genetic groups of the insect-pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana are associated with habitat and thermal growth preferences. Archieves of Microbiology, 178 (6): 531-537.
  • Bischoff, J. F., S. A. Rehner & R. A. Humber, 2009. A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage. Mycologia, 101 (4): 512-530.
  • Cito, A., G. Mazza, A. Strangi, C. Benvenuti, G. P. Barzanti, E. Dreassi, T. Turchetti, V. Francardi & P. F. Roversi, 2014. Characterization and comparison of Metarhizium strains isolated from Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 355 (2): 108-115.
  • Danismazoglu, M., I. Demir, A. Sevim, Z. Demirbag & R. Nalcacioglu, 2012. An investigation on the bacterial flora of Agriotes lineatus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and pathogenicity of the flora members. Crop Protection, 40: 1-7.
  • de Goffau, L. J. W., 1996. Population development and dispersal of Melolontha and other Scarabaeidae in the Netherlands during the past ten years. Bulletin OILB SROP (France), 19 (2): 9-14.
  • Eski, A., İ. Demir, K. Sezen & Z. Demirbağ, 2017. A new biopesticide from a local Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (Xd3) against alder leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 33 (95): 1-9.
  • Ffrench-Constant, R. H., P. J. Daborn & G. Le Goff, 2004. The genetics and genomics of insecticide resistance. Trends in Genetics, 20 (3): 163-170.
  • Finney, D. J., 1971. Probit Analysis. Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company, London, UK, 272 pp.
  • Gokce, C., H. Yilmaz, Z. Erbas, Z. Demirbag & I. Demir, 2013. First record of Steinernema kraussei (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Turkey and its virulence against Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Nematology, 45 (4): 253-259.
  • Humber, R. A., 2008. Evolution of entomopathogenicity in fungi. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 98 (3): 262-266.
  • Humber, R. A., 2012. “Identification of Entomopathogenic Fungi, 151-186”. In: Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology (Ed. L. A. Lacey). Academic Press, London, UK, 484 pp.
  • Keller, S., P. Kessler & C. Schweizer, 2003. Distribution of insect pathogenic soil fungi in Switzerland with special reference to Beauveria brongniartii and Metharhizium anisopliae. BioControl, 48 (3): 307-319.
  • Keller, S. & G. Zimmermann, 2005. Scarabs and other soil pests in Europe: Situation, perspectives and control strategies. Insect Pathogens and Insect Parasitic Nematodes: Melolontha, 28 (2): 9-12.
  • Kepler, R. M. & S. A. Rehner, 2013. Genome-assisted development of nuclear intergenic sequence markers for entomopathogenic fungi of the Metarhizium anisopliae species complex. Molecular Ecology Resources, 13 (2): 210-217.
  • Kepler, R. M., R. A. Humber, J. F. Bischoff & S. A. Rehner, 2014. Clarification of generic and species boundaries for Metarhizium and related fungi through multigene phylogenetics. Mycologia, 106 (4): 811-829.
  • Kim, J. C., M. R. Lee, S. Kim, S. J. Lee, S. E. Park, Y. S. Nai, G. S. Lee, T. Y. Shin & J. S. Kim, 2018. Tenebrio molitor-mediated entomopathogenic fungal library construction for pest management. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 21 (1): 196-204.
  • Kocacevik, S., A. Sevim, M. Eroglu, Z. Demirbag & I. Demir, 2016. Virulence and horizontal transmission of Beauveria pseudobassiana S.A. Rehner & Humber on Ips sexdentatus and Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 40 (2): 241-248.
  • Kumar, S., G. Stecher, M. Li, C. Knyaz & K. Tamura, 2018. MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms. Molecular Biology & Evoluation, 35 (6): 1547-1549.
  • Leal, S. C. M., D. J. Bertioli, T. M. Butt, J. H. Carder, P. R. Burrows & J. F. Peberdy, 1997. Amplification and restriction endonuclease digestion of the Pr1 gene for the detection and characterization of Metarhizium strains. Mycological Research, 101 (3): 257-265.
  • Li, M. Y., H. F. Lin, S. G. Li & L. Jin, 2012. Virulence of Metarhizium flavoviride 82 to different developmental stages of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 55 (3): 316-323.
  • Magalhaes, B. P., M. R. Faria & M. S. Tigano, 1997. Characterization and virulence of a Brazilian isolate of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal (Hyphomycetes). The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 129 (s171): 313-321.
  • Mohammadyani, M., J. Karimi, P. Taheri, H. Sadeghi & R. Zare, 2016. Entomopathogenic fungi as promising biocontrol agents for the rosaceous longhorn beetle, Osphranteria coerulescens. BioControl, 61 (5): 579-590.
  • Moore, D., M. Reed, G. Le Patourel, Y. J. Abraham & C. Prior, 1992. Reduction of feeding by the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, after infection with Metarhizium flavoviride. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 60 (3): 304-307.
  • O’Donnell, K. & E. Cigelnik, 1997. Two divergent intra genomic rDNA ITS2 types within a monophyletic lineage of the fungus Fusar- ium are non-orthologous. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evoluation, 7 (1): 103-116.
  • Ortiz-Urquiza, A. & N. O. Keyhani, 2013. Action on the surface: Entomopathogenic fungi versus the insect cuticle. Insects, 4 (3): 357-374.
  • Sevim, A., I. Demir & Z. Demirbağ, 2010. Molecular characterization and virulence of Beauveria spp. from the Pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae). Mycopathologia, 170 (4): 269-277.
  • Sevim, A., I. Demir, E. Sonmez, S. Kocacevik & Z. Demirbag, 2013. Evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi against the Sycamore lace bug, Corythucha ciliate (Say) (Hemiptera: Tingidae). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 37 (5): 595-603.
  • Sevim, A., E. Eryuzlu, Z. Demirbag & I. Demir, 2012. A Novel cry2Ab gene from the indigenous isolate Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 22 (1): 137-144.
  • Seyoum, E., D. Moore & A. K. Charnley, 1994. Reduction in flight activity and food consumption by the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forskål (Orth., Cyrtacanthacrinae), after infection with Metarhizium flavoviride. Journal of Applied Entomology, 118 (3): 310-315.
  • Sezen, K., I. Demir, H. Kati & Z. Demirbag, 2005. Investigations on bacteria as a potential biological control agent of summer chafer, Amphimallon solstitiale L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Microbiology, 43 (5): 463-468.
  • Shah, P. & J. Pell, 2003. Entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents. Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology, 61 (5-6): 413-423.
  • Small, C. L. N. & M. J. Bidochka, 2005. Up-regulation of Prl, a subtilisin-like protease, during conidiation in the insect pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae. Mycological Research, 109 (3): 307-313.
  • Sönmez, E., A. Sevim, Z. Demirbağ & I. Demir, 2016. Isolation, characterization and virulence of entomopathogenic fungi from Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). Applied Entomology & Zoology, 51 (2): 213-223.
  • Stiller, J. W. B. & D. Hall, 1997. The origin of red algae: implications for plastid evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94 (9): 4520-4525.
  • Tanyeli, E., A. Sevim, Z. Demirbag, M. Eroglu & I. Demir, 2010. Isolation and virulence of entomopathogenic fungi against the great spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Biocontrol. Science & Technology, 20 (7): 695-701.
  • Thomas, M. B. & N. E. Jenkins, 1997. Effects of temperature on growth of Metarhizium flavoviride and virulence to the variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus. Mycological Research, 101 (12): 1469-1474.
  • White, T. J., T. Bruns, S. Lee & J. Taylor, 1990. “Amplification and Direct Sequencing of Fungal Ribosomal RNA Genes for Phylogenetics, 315-322”. In: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (Eds. M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. J. Sninsky & T. J. White). Academic Press, San Diego, 482 pp.
  • Wilson, C. & C. Tisdell, 2001. Why farmers continue to use pesticides despite environmental, health and sustainability costs. Ecological. Economics, 39 (3): 449-462.
  • Zimmermann, G., 2007. Review on safety of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Beauveria brongniartii. Biocontrol. Science & Technology, 17 (6): 553-596.

Amphimallon solstitiale Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)’nin fungal patojenleri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 44 Sayı: 3, 375 - 384, 01.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.663690

Öz

Avrupa Haziran böceği, Amphimallon solstitiale Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Türkiye’de ve dünyanın birçok bölgesinde önemli toprakaltı zararlılarından biridir. Entomopatojen funguslar bu zararlıların mücadelesinde kullanılabilecek önemli mikrobiyal mücadele ajanlarıdır ve bunların lokal böcek popülasyonlarından elde edilmesi tercih edilir. Çalışma 2017 yılında Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Mikrobiyoloji Laboratuvarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, zararlıya karşı etkili bir mikrobiyal mücadele ajanı bulmak için zararlının fungal patojenleri araştırılmıştır. Bulaşık larvalardan fungus izolasyonu yapılmış ve morfolojik-moleküler karakterizasyonu sonucu izolatlar Metarhizium flavoviride Gams & Roszypal, (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) olarak tanımlanmıştır. Filogenetik analizler ve patojenite çalışmaları sonucunda izolatların M. flavoviride’nin farklı genotipleri olduğu belirlendi. En yüksek ölüm ise %96 ile As2 izolatında görülmüş olup, tüm izolatlar 106 konidya/ml konsantrasyonda %80’in üzerinde ölüme neden olmuştur. As2 izolatı ile doz denemeleri sonucunda, izolatın ortalama öldürücü konsantrasyonu 3.87 x 103 konidya/ml olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmalar, M. flavoviride As2 izolatının A. solstitiale’nin biyolojik mücadelesinde kullanılabilecek etkili bir mikrobiyal mücadele etmeni olduğunu göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, W. S., 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18 (2): 265-267.
  • Alkhaibari, A. M., A. T. Carolino, S. I. Yavasoglu, T. Maffeis, T. C. Mattoso, J. C. Bull, R. I. Samuels & T. M. Butt, 2016. Metarhizium brunneum blastospore pathogenesis in Aedes aegypti larvae: Attack on several fronts accelerates mortality. PLOS Pathogens, 12 (7): e1005715.
  • Allen, A. A., 1995. Examples of antennal and fore-limb teratology in Coleoptera. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 131: 1568-1571.
  • Anand, R., B. Prasad & B. N. Tiwary, 2009. Relative susceptibility of Spodoptera litura pupae to selected entomopathogenic fungi. BioControl, 54 (1): 85-92.
  • Bidochka, M. J., F. V. Menzies & A. M. Kamp, 2002. Genetic groups of the insect-pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana are associated with habitat and thermal growth preferences. Archieves of Microbiology, 178 (6): 531-537.
  • Bischoff, J. F., S. A. Rehner & R. A. Humber, 2009. A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage. Mycologia, 101 (4): 512-530.
  • Cito, A., G. Mazza, A. Strangi, C. Benvenuti, G. P. Barzanti, E. Dreassi, T. Turchetti, V. Francardi & P. F. Roversi, 2014. Characterization and comparison of Metarhizium strains isolated from Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 355 (2): 108-115.
  • Danismazoglu, M., I. Demir, A. Sevim, Z. Demirbag & R. Nalcacioglu, 2012. An investigation on the bacterial flora of Agriotes lineatus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and pathogenicity of the flora members. Crop Protection, 40: 1-7.
  • de Goffau, L. J. W., 1996. Population development and dispersal of Melolontha and other Scarabaeidae in the Netherlands during the past ten years. Bulletin OILB SROP (France), 19 (2): 9-14.
  • Eski, A., İ. Demir, K. Sezen & Z. Demirbağ, 2017. A new biopesticide from a local Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (Xd3) against alder leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 33 (95): 1-9.
  • Ffrench-Constant, R. H., P. J. Daborn & G. Le Goff, 2004. The genetics and genomics of insecticide resistance. Trends in Genetics, 20 (3): 163-170.
  • Finney, D. J., 1971. Probit Analysis. Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company, London, UK, 272 pp.
  • Gokce, C., H. Yilmaz, Z. Erbas, Z. Demirbag & I. Demir, 2013. First record of Steinernema kraussei (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Turkey and its virulence against Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Nematology, 45 (4): 253-259.
  • Humber, R. A., 2008. Evolution of entomopathogenicity in fungi. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 98 (3): 262-266.
  • Humber, R. A., 2012. “Identification of Entomopathogenic Fungi, 151-186”. In: Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology (Ed. L. A. Lacey). Academic Press, London, UK, 484 pp.
  • Keller, S., P. Kessler & C. Schweizer, 2003. Distribution of insect pathogenic soil fungi in Switzerland with special reference to Beauveria brongniartii and Metharhizium anisopliae. BioControl, 48 (3): 307-319.
  • Keller, S. & G. Zimmermann, 2005. Scarabs and other soil pests in Europe: Situation, perspectives and control strategies. Insect Pathogens and Insect Parasitic Nematodes: Melolontha, 28 (2): 9-12.
  • Kepler, R. M. & S. A. Rehner, 2013. Genome-assisted development of nuclear intergenic sequence markers for entomopathogenic fungi of the Metarhizium anisopliae species complex. Molecular Ecology Resources, 13 (2): 210-217.
  • Kepler, R. M., R. A. Humber, J. F. Bischoff & S. A. Rehner, 2014. Clarification of generic and species boundaries for Metarhizium and related fungi through multigene phylogenetics. Mycologia, 106 (4): 811-829.
  • Kim, J. C., M. R. Lee, S. Kim, S. J. Lee, S. E. Park, Y. S. Nai, G. S. Lee, T. Y. Shin & J. S. Kim, 2018. Tenebrio molitor-mediated entomopathogenic fungal library construction for pest management. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 21 (1): 196-204.
  • Kocacevik, S., A. Sevim, M. Eroglu, Z. Demirbag & I. Demir, 2016. Virulence and horizontal transmission of Beauveria pseudobassiana S.A. Rehner & Humber on Ips sexdentatus and Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 40 (2): 241-248.
  • Kumar, S., G. Stecher, M. Li, C. Knyaz & K. Tamura, 2018. MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms. Molecular Biology & Evoluation, 35 (6): 1547-1549.
  • Leal, S. C. M., D. J. Bertioli, T. M. Butt, J. H. Carder, P. R. Burrows & J. F. Peberdy, 1997. Amplification and restriction endonuclease digestion of the Pr1 gene for the detection and characterization of Metarhizium strains. Mycological Research, 101 (3): 257-265.
  • Li, M. Y., H. F. Lin, S. G. Li & L. Jin, 2012. Virulence of Metarhizium flavoviride 82 to different developmental stages of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 55 (3): 316-323.
  • Magalhaes, B. P., M. R. Faria & M. S. Tigano, 1997. Characterization and virulence of a Brazilian isolate of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal (Hyphomycetes). The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 129 (s171): 313-321.
  • Mohammadyani, M., J. Karimi, P. Taheri, H. Sadeghi & R. Zare, 2016. Entomopathogenic fungi as promising biocontrol agents for the rosaceous longhorn beetle, Osphranteria coerulescens. BioControl, 61 (5): 579-590.
  • Moore, D., M. Reed, G. Le Patourel, Y. J. Abraham & C. Prior, 1992. Reduction of feeding by the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, after infection with Metarhizium flavoviride. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 60 (3): 304-307.
  • O’Donnell, K. & E. Cigelnik, 1997. Two divergent intra genomic rDNA ITS2 types within a monophyletic lineage of the fungus Fusar- ium are non-orthologous. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evoluation, 7 (1): 103-116.
  • Ortiz-Urquiza, A. & N. O. Keyhani, 2013. Action on the surface: Entomopathogenic fungi versus the insect cuticle. Insects, 4 (3): 357-374.
  • Sevim, A., I. Demir & Z. Demirbağ, 2010. Molecular characterization and virulence of Beauveria spp. from the Pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae). Mycopathologia, 170 (4): 269-277.
  • Sevim, A., I. Demir, E. Sonmez, S. Kocacevik & Z. Demirbag, 2013. Evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi against the Sycamore lace bug, Corythucha ciliate (Say) (Hemiptera: Tingidae). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 37 (5): 595-603.
  • Sevim, A., E. Eryuzlu, Z. Demirbag & I. Demir, 2012. A Novel cry2Ab gene from the indigenous isolate Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 22 (1): 137-144.
  • Seyoum, E., D. Moore & A. K. Charnley, 1994. Reduction in flight activity and food consumption by the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forskål (Orth., Cyrtacanthacrinae), after infection with Metarhizium flavoviride. Journal of Applied Entomology, 118 (3): 310-315.
  • Sezen, K., I. Demir, H. Kati & Z. Demirbag, 2005. Investigations on bacteria as a potential biological control agent of summer chafer, Amphimallon solstitiale L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Microbiology, 43 (5): 463-468.
  • Shah, P. & J. Pell, 2003. Entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents. Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology, 61 (5-6): 413-423.
  • Small, C. L. N. & M. J. Bidochka, 2005. Up-regulation of Prl, a subtilisin-like protease, during conidiation in the insect pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae. Mycological Research, 109 (3): 307-313.
  • Sönmez, E., A. Sevim, Z. Demirbağ & I. Demir, 2016. Isolation, characterization and virulence of entomopathogenic fungi from Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). Applied Entomology & Zoology, 51 (2): 213-223.
  • Stiller, J. W. B. & D. Hall, 1997. The origin of red algae: implications for plastid evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94 (9): 4520-4525.
  • Tanyeli, E., A. Sevim, Z. Demirbag, M. Eroglu & I. Demir, 2010. Isolation and virulence of entomopathogenic fungi against the great spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Biocontrol. Science & Technology, 20 (7): 695-701.
  • Thomas, M. B. & N. E. Jenkins, 1997. Effects of temperature on growth of Metarhizium flavoviride and virulence to the variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus. Mycological Research, 101 (12): 1469-1474.
  • White, T. J., T. Bruns, S. Lee & J. Taylor, 1990. “Amplification and Direct Sequencing of Fungal Ribosomal RNA Genes for Phylogenetics, 315-322”. In: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (Eds. M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. J. Sninsky & T. J. White). Academic Press, San Diego, 482 pp.
  • Wilson, C. & C. Tisdell, 2001. Why farmers continue to use pesticides despite environmental, health and sustainability costs. Ecological. Economics, 39 (3): 449-462.
  • Zimmermann, G., 2007. Review on safety of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Beauveria brongniartii. Biocontrol. Science & Technology, 17 (6): 553-596.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Seda Biryol 0000-0003-0881-5004

Davut Efe 0000-0002-5300-1678

Ardahan Eski 0000-0002-9621-2854

Zihni Demirbağ 0000-0001-5487-1977

İsmail Demir 0000-0001-6227-0039

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Aralık 2019
Kabul Tarihi 10 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 44 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Biryol, S., Efe, D., Eski, A., Demirbağ, Z., vd. (2020). Fungal pathogens of Amphimallon solstitiale Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 44(3), 375-384. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.663690
AMA Biryol S, Efe D, Eski A, Demirbağ Z, Demir İ. Fungal pathogens of Amphimallon solstitiale Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). TED. Eylül 2020;44(3):375-384. doi:10.16970/entoted.663690
Chicago Biryol, Seda, Davut Efe, Ardahan Eski, Zihni Demirbağ, ve İsmail Demir. “Fungal Pathogens of Amphimallon Solstitiale Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 44, sy. 3 (Eylül 2020): 375-84. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.663690.
EndNote Biryol S, Efe D, Eski A, Demirbağ Z, Demir İ (01 Eylül 2020) Fungal pathogens of Amphimallon solstitiale Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Turkish Journal of Entomology 44 3 375–384.
IEEE S. Biryol, D. Efe, A. Eski, Z. Demirbağ, ve İ. Demir, “Fungal pathogens of Amphimallon solstitiale Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)”, TED, c. 44, sy. 3, ss. 375–384, 2020, doi: 10.16970/entoted.663690.
ISNAD Biryol, Seda vd. “Fungal Pathogens of Amphimallon Solstitiale Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 44/3 (Eylül 2020), 375-384. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.663690.
JAMA Biryol S, Efe D, Eski A, Demirbağ Z, Demir İ. Fungal pathogens of Amphimallon solstitiale Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). TED. 2020;44:375–384.
MLA Biryol, Seda vd. “Fungal Pathogens of Amphimallon Solstitiale Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)”. Turkish Journal of Entomology, c. 44, sy. 3, 2020, ss. 375-84, doi:10.16970/entoted.663690.
Vancouver Biryol S, Efe D, Eski A, Demirbağ Z, Demir İ. Fungal pathogens of Amphimallon solstitiale Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). TED. 2020;44(3):375-84.

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