Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid&White) Chitwood (Nematoda: Heteroderidae)'nın antagonist kök bakterileri ile mücadelesine yönelik ön çalışmalar

Yıl 2006, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 3, 173 - 182, 01.06.2006

Galip Kaşkavalci Hatice Özaktan Ahmet Ha Uslu

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kök-ur nematodları, hıyar, Meloidogyne spp., antagonist kök bakterileri, Pseudomonas fluorescens

Preliminary investigations on suppression of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) by antagonistic rhizobacteria

Öz

Fluorescent Pseudomonad strains have been obtained from diseased second juveniles from Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949(Nematoda: Heteroderidae) infected tomato roots. After the screening in vivo made by 5 different isolated strains, Strain Pat1 has been selected to test the antagonistic effects on the root-knot nematodes. Strain Pat1 has been identified as non plant pathogenic Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula, 1895 (Proteobacteria: Pseudomonadaceae) according to the test result. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cv Sardes has been used as test plant. Bacterial suspension (109 cfu/ml) was applied by three different ways: 1) Seed bacterization; 2) Seed bacterization plus seedling drenching; and 3) Seedling drenching. The eggs of rootknot nematodes have been obtained from diseased tomato roots by blender-sieve method for infection cucumber seedlings with root-knot nematodes. 20 000 eggs/plant have been given to cucumber seedlings during transplanting. The plants have been observed for symptom development for 10-11 weeks in climatized room under controlled conditions. Symptom development has been evaluated by using 0-4 scale for upper parts of plants, and 0-10 Zeck’s root-knot scale for the roots. When seed bacterization and seed bacterization plus seedling drenching applications compared with positive control; plants infected with root-knot nematodes alone, it was determined that disease symptoms on upper parts of the plants were reduced 35 % and 21 %; gal formation on the roots were reduced 44 % and 39 %, respectively. The experiment has been repeated twice to observe the colonization and population dynamic of antagonistic bacteria on the roots

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Kaynakça

• Ahl, P., C Voisard & G. Defago, 1986. Iron bound siderophores, cyanic acid and antibiotics involved in suppression of Thielaviopsis basicola by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain. Journal of Phytopathology, 116: 121-134.
• Bakker, P. A. H. M., R. Van Peer & B. Schippers, 1991. Suppression of soil-borne plant pathogens by fluorescent pseudomonads: mechanisms and prospects. In: Beemster, A. B. R., G. J. Bollen, M. Gerlagh, M. A. Ruissen & B. Schippers (eds), Biotic Interactions and Soil-borne Diseases, pp. 217—230, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
• De Meyer, G. & M. Hofte, 1997. Salicylic acid produced by the rhizo-bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 induces resistance to leaf infection by Botrytis cinerea on bean. Phytopathology, 87: 588-593.
• Elekçioğlu, İ. H., B. Ohnesorge, G. Lung & N. Uygun, 1994. Plant parasitic nematodes in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Nematol. Medit., 22: 59-63.
• Fahy, P. C. & G. J. Persley, 1983. Plant Bacteria Diseases, A Diagnostic Guide. Academic Pres, New York, 393 pp.
• Garima, G., A. Singh & P. C. Trivedi, 2005. Bacteria: A Potential bioagent against Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. National Symposium on Recent Advances and Research Priorities in Indian Nematology, 9-10th December 2005, IARI, New Delhi, 14 pp.
• Hamid, M., I. A. Siddiqui & S. S. Shaukat, 2003. Improvement of Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 biocontrol activity against root-knot nematode by the addition of ammonium molybdate. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 36: 239-244.
• Hasky-Günther, K., S. Hoffmann-Hergarten & R. A. Sikora, 1998. Resistance against the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida systemically induced by the rhizobacteria Agrobacterium radiobacter (G12) and Bacillus sphaericus (B43). Fund. Appl. Nematol., 21: 511-517.
• Johnsson, L., M. Hökeberg & B. Gerhardson, 1998. Performance of the Pseudomonas chlororaphis biocontrol agent MA 342 against seed-borne diseases in field experiments. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 104: 701-711.
• Jothi, G & M. Sivakumar, 2003. Induced systemic resistance by Pseudomonas fluorescens against root-knot nematode in tomato. 6th International PGPR Workshop, 5-10 October 2003, Calicut, India, 480pp.
• Kaşkavalcı, G. & C. Öncüer, 1999. Aydın İli’nin yazlık sebze yetiştirilen önemli bölgelerinde bulunan Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) türlerinin yayılışları ve ekonomik önemleri üzerinde araştırmalar. Türk. entomol. derg., 23(2): 149-160. (In Turkish with English abstract).
• King, E. O., M. K. Ward & D. E. Raney, 1954. Two simple media for the demonstration of pyocyanin and fluorescin. J. Lab. Clin.Med., 44: 301-307.
• Klement, Z., K. Rudolph & D. C. Sands, 1990. Methods in phytopathology. Akademiai Kiado, 153-180, Budapest.
• Lelliot, R. A. & D. E., Stead, 1987. Methods for The Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases of Plants. Black Well Scientific Puplication, 157 pp, Oxford, UK.
• Leong, J., 1986. Siderophores: their biochemistry and possible role in the biocontrol of plant pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 24: 187-209.
• Mercado-Blanco, J., D. Rodrigez-Jurado, A. Hervas & R. M. Jimenez-Diaz, 2004. Suppression of Verticillium wilt in olive plantings stocks by root-associated fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. Biological Control, 30: 474-486.
• Oostendorp, M. & R. A. Sikora, 1990. In-vitro interrelationships between rhizosphere bacteria and Heterodera schachtii. Review de Nematologie, 13:269-274.
• Racke, J. & R. A. Sikora, 1992. Isolation, formulation and antagonistic activity of rhizobacteria toward the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 24: 521-526.
• Ramakrishnan, S., C. V. Sivakumar & K. Poornima, 1998. Management of rice root nematode, Hirschmanniella gracilis (de Man) with Pseudomonas fluorescens. J. Biol. Control., 9:135-141.
• Reitz, M., K. Rudolph, I. Schroder, S. Hoffmann-Hergarten, J. Hallmann & R. A. Sikora, 2000. Lipopolysaccharides of Rhizobium etli strain G12 act in potato roots as an inducing agent of systemic resistance to infection by the cyst nematode Globodera pallida. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66: 3515-3518.
• Schroth, M. N., J. G. Hancock, 1981. Selected topics in biological control. Annual Review of Microbiology, 35: 453-476.
• Shanthi, A. & C. V. Sivakumar, 1995. Biocontrol potential of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Migula) against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato. J. Biol. Control., 9: 113-115.
• Siddiqui, I.A. & S. Ehteshamul-Haque, 2000. Use of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the control of root rot-root knot disease complex in tomato. Nematologia Mediterranea, 28: 189-192.
• Siddiqui, I. A. & S. S. Shaukat, 2002 a. Resistance against the damping-off fungus Rhizoctonia solani systemically induced by the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (IE-6S+) and P. fluorescens (CHA0). J. Phytopathol., 150: 500-506.
• Siddiqui, I. A. & S. S. Shaukat, 2002 b. Rhizobacteria-mediated induction of systemic resistance (ISR) in tomato against Meloidogyne javanica. J. Phytopathol., 150: 469-473.
• Siddiqui, I. A., S. A. Qureshi, V. Sultana, S. Ehteshamul-Haque & A. Ghaffar, 2000. Biological control of root rot-root knot disease complex of tomato. Plant Soil, 227: 163-169.
• Stockwell, V. O., K. B. Johnson & J. E. Loper, 1998. Establishment of bacterial antagonists of E. amylovora on pear and apple blossoms as influenced by inoculum preparation. Phytopathology, 88: 506-513.
• Verma, K. K., 2005. Management of Meloidogyne javanica by bacterial antagonist, Pseudomonas fluorescens as seedling root dip in tomato. National Symposium on Recent Advances and Research Priorities in Indian Nematology, 9-10th December 2005, IARI, New Delhi, 22 pp.
• Wei, G., J. W. Kloepper & S. Tuzun, 1996. Induced systemic resistance to cucumber diseases and increased plant growth by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under field conditions. Phytopathology, 86: 221-24.
• Weller, D. M., 1988. Biocontrol of soilborne plant pathogens in the rhizosphere with bacteria. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 26: 379-407.
• Yüksel, H., 1974. Kök-ur nematodlarının (Meloidogyne spp.) Türkiye’deki durumu ve bunların populasyon problemleri üzerinde düşünceler. Atatürk Üni. Zir. Fak. Zir. Derg., 5 (1): 83-105 (Ayrı Baskı).
• Zeck, W. M., 1971. A rating scheme for field evaluation of Root-knot nematode infestation. Pflanzenschutz Nachrichten Bayer, 10: 141–144.