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Side-effects of some botanical insecticides and extracts on the parasitoid, Venturia canescens (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 2, 205 - 214, 01.04.2012

Hilal Tunca Neşet Kılınçer Cem Özkan 205-214

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Kaynakça

  • Adarkwah, C., O. O. Daniel, A. Cornel, B. Carmen, R. Christoph & S. Matthias, 2011. Integration of Calneem® oil and parasitoids to control Cadra cautella and Corcyra cephalonica in stored grain cereals. Phytoparasitica, 39: 223-233.
  • Ahmad, A. 1936. The influence of ecological factors on the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kühniella and its parasite Nemeritis canescens. Journal of Animal Ecology, 5: 67–93.
  • Akol, A. M., P. G. N. Njagi, S. Sithanantham & J. M. Mueke, 2003. Effects of two neem insecticide formulations on the attractiveness acceptability and suitability of diamondback moth larvae on the parasitoid, Diadegma mollipla (Holmgren) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Journal Applied Entomology, 127: 325-331.
  • Anjaneyulu, G. V., N. Varsha, R. U. Pulla, T. V. Satesh & D. Mishra, 1999. Acute toxicity of neem oil to aquatic hemipteran predatory insect Notonecta sp. Environmental Ecology, 17: 57-61.
  • Arnason, J. T., B. J. R. Philogene & P. Morand, 1989. Insecticides of plant origin. ACS Symposium Series 387. American Chemical Society. Washington, DC.
  • Beukeboom, L. W. & L. P. Pijnacker, 2000. Automictic parthenogenesis in the parasitoid Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) revisited. Genome, 43: 939–944.
  • Boeke, S.J., A. A. C. Sinzogan, R. P. de Almeida, P .W. M. de Boer, G. Jeong, D .K. Kossou & J. J. A. van Loon, 2003. Side-effects of cowpea treatment with botanical insecticides on two parasitoids of Callosobruchus maculatus. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 108: 43-51.
  • Bulut, H & N. Kılınçer, 1987. Yumurta parazitoiti Trichogramma spp. (Hym: Trichogrammatidae) un güvesi (Ephestia kuehniella Zell.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) yumurta üretimi ve konukçu parazitoid ilişkileri. Türkiye 1. Entomoloji Kongresi Bildirileri, İzmir, 13-16.
  • Buss, E. A. & S. G. Park-Brown, 2002. Natural Products for Insect Pest Management is ENY-350 (IN197), one of a series of the Department of Entomology and Nematology, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
  • Charleston, D. S., R. Kfir, M. Dicke & L .E. M. Vet, 2005. Impact of botanical pesticides derived from Melia azederach and Azadirachta indica on the biology of two parasitoid species of the diamondback moth. Biological Control, 33: 131-142.
  • Condor Golec, A. F., 2007. Effect of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) insecticides on parasitoids. Revista Peruana de Biologia, 14: 69-74.
  • Corbet, S. A. 1968. The influence of Ephestia kuehniella on the development of its parasite Nemeritis canescens. Journal of Experimental Biology, 48: 291-304.
  • Crespo, D. C., R. E.Lecuona, & J. A. Hogsette, 1998. Biological control: an important integrated management of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) in caged-layer poultry houses in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Biological Control, 13: 16-24.
  • Dimetry, N. & G. H. Schmidt, 1992. Efficacy of Neem-Azal-S and Margozan-O against the bean aphid, Aphis fabae. Anz Schädlingskd Pflanzjahres Umweltschutz, 65: 75-79.
  • Eliopoulos, P. A. 2006. Life tables of Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitizing the Mediterranean flour moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 99: 237-243.
  • Elliott, M., N. F. Janes, J. H. Stevenson & J. H. H. Walters, 1983. Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XIV: Selectivity of pyrethroid insecticides between Ephestia kuhniella and its parasite Venturia canescens. Pesticide Science, 14: 423-426.
  • Fagoonee, I. 1981. ‘Behavioral response of Crocidolomia binotalis to neem:109-120.’ Natural pesticides from the neem tree. In Proc. 1st Int. Neem Conf. Rottach-Egern, 1980. (Eds. H. Schmutterer, K.R.S. Ascher & H. Rembold) Eschborn: GTZ, 297 p.
  • Finney, D. J. 1971. Probit analysis. Cambridge University Press.
  • Franz, J. M., H. Bogenshutz, S. A. Hassan, P. Huang, E. Naton, H. Suter & G. Viggiani, 1980. Results of joint pesticide program by the working group pesticides and beneficial Arthropods. Entomophaga, 25: 231-236.
  • Frilli, F., 1965. Studi sugli imenotteri ichneumonidi. I. Devorgilla canescens (Grav.). Entomologica, 1: 119-209.
  • Glynne-Jones A., 2001. Pyrethrum, Pesticide Outlook-Biopesticides,195-198.
  • Hardy, I. C. W., N. T. Griffiths & H. C. J Godfray, 1992. Clutch size in a parasitoid wasp: a manipulation experiment. Journal of Animal Ecology, 61: 121-129.
  • Harvey, J. A., 1996. Venturia canescens parasitizing Galleria mellonella and Anagasta kuehniella: is the parasitoid a conformer or regulator? Journal of Insect Physiology, 42: 1017-1025.
  • Harvey, J. A. & L. E. M. Vet, 1997. Venturia canescens parasitizing Galleria mellonella and Anagasta kuehniella differing suitability of two hosts with highly variable growth potential. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 84: 93-100.
  • Hassan, S. A., F. Bigles, H. Bagens, J. V. Brown, S. I. Firth, P. Huang, M. S. Lediu & N. E. Ooman, 1983. Results of the second joint Pesticides testing program by the IOBC/WPRS working group ‘‘Pesticides and beneficial Arthropods’’. Zeitschrift Angewandte Entomology, 95: 151-158.
  • Hogsette, J. A., 1999. Management of ectoparasites with biological control organisms. International Journal for Parasitology, 29: 147-151.
  • Hough-Goldstein, J. & C. B. Keil, 1991. Prospects for integrated control of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) using Perillus bioculatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and various pesticides. Journal of Economic Entomology, 84: 1645-1651.
  • Isman, M. B. 1994. Botanical insecticides. Pesticide Outlook, 5: 26-31.
  • Leach, I. M. 2009. Genetics of arrhenotokous and thelytokous reproduction in Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera). PhD Thesis, University of Groningen, The Netherlands, 159 p.
  • Lyons, D. B., B. V. Helson, R.S. Bourchier, G.C. Jones & J.W. McFarlane, 2003. Effects of azadirachtin-based insecticides on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 135: 685-695.
  • Maiteki, G. A. & B. J. Lamb, 1985. Spray timing and economic threshold for pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum on field peas in Manitoba. Journal of Economic Entomology, 78: 1449-1454.
  • Mitchell, P. L., R. Gupta, A. Singh & P. Kumar, 2004. Behavioral and developmental effects of neem extracts on Clavigralla scutellaris (Hemiptera:Coreidae) and its eggs parasitoid, Gryon fulviventre (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 97: 916-23.
  • Naqui, S. N., S. M. Nuralain, M.A., Azmi, & T. Asdaque, 1989. Effect of Neem fraction and Malathion against whiteflies, Aleurobus barodensis on Brinijal crop (Solanum melanogena). Sarbad Journal of Agriculture, 5: 25-28.
  • Natarajian, K., 1990. Natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci and the effect of insecticides on their activity. Journal of Biological Control, 4: 86-88.
  • Ofuya, T. I., 1997. Effect of some plant extracts on two coccinellid predators of the cowpea aphid, Aphis crassivora (Homoptera: Aphididae). Entomophaga: 42: 277-282.
  • Özkan, C., 1999. Venturia canescens (Grav) (Hymenoptera: Ichnenumonidae) ile Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) arasındaki bazı biyolojik ilişkiler üzerine arastırmalar. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bitki Koruma Bölümü Doktora Tezi, 97 s.
  • Potter, C., 1952. An improved laboratory apparatus for applying direct sprays and surface films with data on the electrostatic charge on atomised spray fluids. Annals of Applied Biology, 39: 1-28.
  • Price, J. E. & D. J. Schuster, 1991. Effects of natural and synthetic insecticides on sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and its Hymenopterous parasitoids. Florida Entomologist, 74: 60-68.
  • Raguraman, S. & R. P. Singh, 1998. Behavioral and physiological effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel extracts on larval parasitoid, Bracon hebetor. Journal of Chemical Ecology 24: 1241-1250.
  • Raguraman, S. & R. P. Singh, 1999. Biological effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil on eggs parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis. Journal Economic Entomology, 92: 1274-1280.
  • Roberts, H. L S, O. Trüe & O. Schmidt, 2004. The development of the endoparasitoid wasp Venturia canescens in superparasitised Ephestia kuehniella. Journal of Insect Physiology, 50: 839-846.
  • Rogers, D., 1972. The ichneumon wasp Venturia canescens: Oviposition and avoidance of superparasitsm. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 15: 190-194.
  • Sahin, A. K. & C. Ozkan, 2007. Effect of Light on the Longevity and Fecundity of Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 39: 315-319.
  • Salt, G., 1975. The fate of an internal parasitoid, Nemeritis canescens, in a variety of insects. Transactions of theRoyal Entomological Society of London, 127: 141-161.
  • Salt, G., 1976. The host of Nemeritis canescens, a problem in the host specificity of insect parasitoids. Ecological Entomology, 1: 63-67.
  • Saxena, A. R. C., G. P. Waldbauer, N. J. Lıquıdo & B. C. Puma, 1981. Effects of neem seed oil on the rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, 189-204, in Natural Pesticides from the Neem Tree (Eds. H. Schmutterer, K. R. S. Ascher & H. Rembold) , Eschborn, Germany.
  • Saxena, K. N. & H. Rembold, 1984. “Orientation and ovipositional response of Heliothis armigera to certain neem constituent: 199-210“. In Natural pesticides from neem tree and other tropical plants, (Eds. H. Schmutterer & K. R. S. Ascher) Proc 2nd . Int. Neem Conf. Rauischholzhausen, Eschborn: GTZ. 587 pp.
  • Schmutterer, H., 1990. Properties and potential of natural pesticides from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Annual Review Entomology, 35: 271-297.
  • Schmutterer, H., 1992. Einflu B von azadirachtin. einer azadiractinfreien fraktion eines alkoholishen niemsamenextraktes und von formulierten exrakten auf verpuppung, schlupf und imaginesder kohlweiglingsbrackwespe Apanteles glomeratus (L.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 113: 79-87.
  • Schmutterer, H., 1997. Side effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) products on insect pathogens and natural ennemies of spider mites and insects. Journal of Applied Entomology, 121: 121-128.
  • Schneider, M. V., L. W. Beukeboom, G. Driessen, L. Lapchin, C. Bernstein & J. J. M. van Alphen, 2002. Geographical distribution and genetic relatedness of sympatrical thelytokous and arrhenotokous populations of the parasitoid Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera). Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 15: 191–200.
  • Simmonds, F. J. 1943. The occurrence of superparasitism in Nemeritis canescens Grav. Reviews Canadian Biology, 2: 15-58.
  • Simmonds, M. S. J., J. D. Manlove, W. M. Blaney & B. P. S. Khambay, 2002. Effects of selected botanical insecticides on the behaviour and mortality of glasshouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum and the parasitoid Encarsia formosa. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 102: 39-47.
  • Singh, D. S., V.S. Sirear, S. Srivastava & S. Dhringa, 1985. Biological efficacy of botanical products against some important Insect pests. Indian Journal of Entomology, 47: 444-451.
  • Stark, J. D. & J. F. Walter, 1995. Persistence of azadirachtin A and B in soil: effects of temperature and microbial activity. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 30: 685-698.
  • Tewksbury, J. J. & G. P. Nabhan, 2001. Seed dispersal: Directed deterrence by capsaicin in chillies. Nature, 412: 403-404.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs, 2009. A review of the Relationship between Pyrethrins, Pyrethroid Exposure and Asthma and Allergies (Web page: http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/ reevaluation/pyrethrins-pyrethroidsasthma-allergy-9-18-09.pdf.), (Date accessed, September 2009)
  • Van Straten & Maarse, 1983. Volatile Compounds in Feed. TNO, The Netherlands, Division for Nutrition and Food Research.

Bazı bitkisel insektisitlerin ve ekstraktların Venturia canescens (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) üzerindeki yan etkileri

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 2, 205 - 214, 01.04.2012

Hilal Tunca Neşet Kılınçer Cem Özkan 205-214

Öz

Bitkisel insektisitlerden azadirachtin ve pyrethrum’un Venturia canescens’in gelişimine ve davranışına etkileri, bitkisel ekstraktlardan capsaisin ve d-Limonene’nin ise parazitoitin davranışına etkileri belirlenmiştir. Davranış çalışmalarında parazitoit Y tüp olfaktometre ile ikili seçim testine tabi tutulmuştur. Denemelerde azadirachtin ve pyretrum için LC50 ve LC25 değerleri Ephestia kuehniella’nın üçüncü ve beşinci dönem larvalarında belirlenmiştir. E. kuehniella’nın üçüncü ve beşinci dönem larvaları parazitletildikten sonra aynı bitkisel insektisitlerin LC50 ve LC25 dozları ile muamele edilmiştir. Sonuçta, azadirachtin’in her iki dozunda da parazitoitin gelişme süresinde artış, buna karşın yaşam süresi ve çıkış oranında azalma belirlenmiştir. Pyrethrum, parazitoit için çok daha toksik bulunmuştur. Pyrethrum’un LC50 dozu, V. canescens’de %100 ölüme neden olmuştur. Pyrethrum’un LC25 dozu ise parazitoit çıkışını önemli ölçüde azaltmış, parazitoitin gelişme süresini uzatmış ve yaşam süresini kısalmıştır. Buna ilaveten bitkisel insektisit ve ekstraktların parazitoit erginleri üzerinde uzaklaştırıcı etkisi bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, azadirachtin, pyrethrum, capsaicin and d-Limonene’nin parasitoid V. canescens ile birlikte kullanımının uygun olmadığını göstermektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Venturia canescens azadirachtin pyrethrum capsaicin d-Limonene

Kaynakça

  • Adarkwah, C., O. O. Daniel, A. Cornel, B. Carmen, R. Christoph & S. Matthias, 2011. Integration of Calneem® oil and parasitoids to control Cadra cautella and Corcyra cephalonica in stored grain cereals. Phytoparasitica, 39: 223-233.
  • Ahmad, A. 1936. The influence of ecological factors on the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kühniella and its parasite Nemeritis canescens. Journal of Animal Ecology, 5: 67–93.
  • Akol, A. M., P. G. N. Njagi, S. Sithanantham & J. M. Mueke, 2003. Effects of two neem insecticide formulations on the attractiveness acceptability and suitability of diamondback moth larvae on the parasitoid, Diadegma mollipla (Holmgren) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Journal Applied Entomology, 127: 325-331.
  • Anjaneyulu, G. V., N. Varsha, R. U. Pulla, T. V. Satesh & D. Mishra, 1999. Acute toxicity of neem oil to aquatic hemipteran predatory insect Notonecta sp. Environmental Ecology, 17: 57-61.
  • Arnason, J. T., B. J. R. Philogene & P. Morand, 1989. Insecticides of plant origin. ACS Symposium Series 387. American Chemical Society. Washington, DC.
  • Beukeboom, L. W. & L. P. Pijnacker, 2000. Automictic parthenogenesis in the parasitoid Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) revisited. Genome, 43: 939–944.
  • Boeke, S.J., A. A. C. Sinzogan, R. P. de Almeida, P .W. M. de Boer, G. Jeong, D .K. Kossou & J. J. A. van Loon, 2003. Side-effects of cowpea treatment with botanical insecticides on two parasitoids of Callosobruchus maculatus. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 108: 43-51.
  • Bulut, H & N. Kılınçer, 1987. Yumurta parazitoiti Trichogramma spp. (Hym: Trichogrammatidae) un güvesi (Ephestia kuehniella Zell.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) yumurta üretimi ve konukçu parazitoid ilişkileri. Türkiye 1. Entomoloji Kongresi Bildirileri, İzmir, 13-16.
  • Buss, E. A. & S. G. Park-Brown, 2002. Natural Products for Insect Pest Management is ENY-350 (IN197), one of a series of the Department of Entomology and Nematology, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
  • Charleston, D. S., R. Kfir, M. Dicke & L .E. M. Vet, 2005. Impact of botanical pesticides derived from Melia azederach and Azadirachta indica on the biology of two parasitoid species of the diamondback moth. Biological Control, 33: 131-142.
  • Condor Golec, A. F., 2007. Effect of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) insecticides on parasitoids. Revista Peruana de Biologia, 14: 69-74.
  • Corbet, S. A. 1968. The influence of Ephestia kuehniella on the development of its parasite Nemeritis canescens. Journal of Experimental Biology, 48: 291-304.
  • Crespo, D. C., R. E.Lecuona, & J. A. Hogsette, 1998. Biological control: an important integrated management of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) in caged-layer poultry houses in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Biological Control, 13: 16-24.
  • Dimetry, N. & G. H. Schmidt, 1992. Efficacy of Neem-Azal-S and Margozan-O against the bean aphid, Aphis fabae. Anz Schädlingskd Pflanzjahres Umweltschutz, 65: 75-79.
  • Eliopoulos, P. A. 2006. Life tables of Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitizing the Mediterranean flour moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 99: 237-243.
  • Elliott, M., N. F. Janes, J. H. Stevenson & J. H. H. Walters, 1983. Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XIV: Selectivity of pyrethroid insecticides between Ephestia kuhniella and its parasite Venturia canescens. Pesticide Science, 14: 423-426.
  • Fagoonee, I. 1981. ‘Behavioral response of Crocidolomia binotalis to neem:109-120.’ Natural pesticides from the neem tree. In Proc. 1st Int. Neem Conf. Rottach-Egern, 1980. (Eds. H. Schmutterer, K.R.S. Ascher & H. Rembold) Eschborn: GTZ, 297 p.
  • Finney, D. J. 1971. Probit analysis. Cambridge University Press.
  • Franz, J. M., H. Bogenshutz, S. A. Hassan, P. Huang, E. Naton, H. Suter & G. Viggiani, 1980. Results of joint pesticide program by the working group pesticides and beneficial Arthropods. Entomophaga, 25: 231-236.
  • Frilli, F., 1965. Studi sugli imenotteri ichneumonidi. I. Devorgilla canescens (Grav.). Entomologica, 1: 119-209.
  • Glynne-Jones A., 2001. Pyrethrum, Pesticide Outlook-Biopesticides,195-198.
  • Hardy, I. C. W., N. T. Griffiths & H. C. J Godfray, 1992. Clutch size in a parasitoid wasp: a manipulation experiment. Journal of Animal Ecology, 61: 121-129.
  • Harvey, J. A., 1996. Venturia canescens parasitizing Galleria mellonella and Anagasta kuehniella: is the parasitoid a conformer or regulator? Journal of Insect Physiology, 42: 1017-1025.
  • Harvey, J. A. & L. E. M. Vet, 1997. Venturia canescens parasitizing Galleria mellonella and Anagasta kuehniella differing suitability of two hosts with highly variable growth potential. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 84: 93-100.
  • Hassan, S. A., F. Bigles, H. Bagens, J. V. Brown, S. I. Firth, P. Huang, M. S. Lediu & N. E. Ooman, 1983. Results of the second joint Pesticides testing program by the IOBC/WPRS working group ‘‘Pesticides and beneficial Arthropods’’. Zeitschrift Angewandte Entomology, 95: 151-158.
  • Hogsette, J. A., 1999. Management of ectoparasites with biological control organisms. International Journal for Parasitology, 29: 147-151.
  • Hough-Goldstein, J. & C. B. Keil, 1991. Prospects for integrated control of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) using Perillus bioculatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and various pesticides. Journal of Economic Entomology, 84: 1645-1651.
  • Isman, M. B. 1994. Botanical insecticides. Pesticide Outlook, 5: 26-31.
  • Leach, I. M. 2009. Genetics of arrhenotokous and thelytokous reproduction in Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera). PhD Thesis, University of Groningen, The Netherlands, 159 p.
  • Lyons, D. B., B. V. Helson, R.S. Bourchier, G.C. Jones & J.W. McFarlane, 2003. Effects of azadirachtin-based insecticides on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 135: 685-695.
  • Maiteki, G. A. & B. J. Lamb, 1985. Spray timing and economic threshold for pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum on field peas in Manitoba. Journal of Economic Entomology, 78: 1449-1454.
  • Mitchell, P. L., R. Gupta, A. Singh & P. Kumar, 2004. Behavioral and developmental effects of neem extracts on Clavigralla scutellaris (Hemiptera:Coreidae) and its eggs parasitoid, Gryon fulviventre (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 97: 916-23.
  • Naqui, S. N., S. M. Nuralain, M.A., Azmi, & T. Asdaque, 1989. Effect of Neem fraction and Malathion against whiteflies, Aleurobus barodensis on Brinijal crop (Solanum melanogena). Sarbad Journal of Agriculture, 5: 25-28.
  • Natarajian, K., 1990. Natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci and the effect of insecticides on their activity. Journal of Biological Control, 4: 86-88.
  • Ofuya, T. I., 1997. Effect of some plant extracts on two coccinellid predators of the cowpea aphid, Aphis crassivora (Homoptera: Aphididae). Entomophaga: 42: 277-282.
  • Özkan, C., 1999. Venturia canescens (Grav) (Hymenoptera: Ichnenumonidae) ile Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) arasındaki bazı biyolojik ilişkiler üzerine arastırmalar. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bitki Koruma Bölümü Doktora Tezi, 97 s.
  • Potter, C., 1952. An improved laboratory apparatus for applying direct sprays and surface films with data on the electrostatic charge on atomised spray fluids. Annals of Applied Biology, 39: 1-28.
  • Price, J. E. & D. J. Schuster, 1991. Effects of natural and synthetic insecticides on sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and its Hymenopterous parasitoids. Florida Entomologist, 74: 60-68.
  • Raguraman, S. & R. P. Singh, 1998. Behavioral and physiological effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel extracts on larval parasitoid, Bracon hebetor. Journal of Chemical Ecology 24: 1241-1250.
  • Raguraman, S. & R. P. Singh, 1999. Biological effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil on eggs parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis. Journal Economic Entomology, 92: 1274-1280.
  • Roberts, H. L S, O. Trüe & O. Schmidt, 2004. The development of the endoparasitoid wasp Venturia canescens in superparasitised Ephestia kuehniella. Journal of Insect Physiology, 50: 839-846.
  • Rogers, D., 1972. The ichneumon wasp Venturia canescens: Oviposition and avoidance of superparasitsm. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 15: 190-194.
  • Sahin, A. K. & C. Ozkan, 2007. Effect of Light on the Longevity and Fecundity of Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 39: 315-319.
  • Salt, G., 1975. The fate of an internal parasitoid, Nemeritis canescens, in a variety of insects. Transactions of theRoyal Entomological Society of London, 127: 141-161.
  • Salt, G., 1976. The host of Nemeritis canescens, a problem in the host specificity of insect parasitoids. Ecological Entomology, 1: 63-67.
  • Saxena, A. R. C., G. P. Waldbauer, N. J. Lıquıdo & B. C. Puma, 1981. Effects of neem seed oil on the rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, 189-204, in Natural Pesticides from the Neem Tree (Eds. H. Schmutterer, K. R. S. Ascher & H. Rembold) , Eschborn, Germany.
  • Saxena, K. N. & H. Rembold, 1984. “Orientation and ovipositional response of Heliothis armigera to certain neem constituent: 199-210“. In Natural pesticides from neem tree and other tropical plants, (Eds. H. Schmutterer & K. R. S. Ascher) Proc 2nd . Int. Neem Conf. Rauischholzhausen, Eschborn: GTZ. 587 pp.
  • Schmutterer, H., 1990. Properties and potential of natural pesticides from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Annual Review Entomology, 35: 271-297.
  • Schmutterer, H., 1992. Einflu B von azadirachtin. einer azadiractinfreien fraktion eines alkoholishen niemsamenextraktes und von formulierten exrakten auf verpuppung, schlupf und imaginesder kohlweiglingsbrackwespe Apanteles glomeratus (L.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 113: 79-87.
  • Schmutterer, H., 1997. Side effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) products on insect pathogens and natural ennemies of spider mites and insects. Journal of Applied Entomology, 121: 121-128.
  • Schneider, M. V., L. W. Beukeboom, G. Driessen, L. Lapchin, C. Bernstein & J. J. M. van Alphen, 2002. Geographical distribution and genetic relatedness of sympatrical thelytokous and arrhenotokous populations of the parasitoid Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera). Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 15: 191–200.
  • Simmonds, F. J. 1943. The occurrence of superparasitism in Nemeritis canescens Grav. Reviews Canadian Biology, 2: 15-58.
  • Simmonds, M. S. J., J. D. Manlove, W. M. Blaney & B. P. S. Khambay, 2002. Effects of selected botanical insecticides on the behaviour and mortality of glasshouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum and the parasitoid Encarsia formosa. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 102: 39-47.
  • Singh, D. S., V.S. Sirear, S. Srivastava & S. Dhringa, 1985. Biological efficacy of botanical products against some important Insect pests. Indian Journal of Entomology, 47: 444-451.
  • Stark, J. D. & J. F. Walter, 1995. Persistence of azadirachtin A and B in soil: effects of temperature and microbial activity. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 30: 685-698.
  • Tewksbury, J. J. & G. P. Nabhan, 2001. Seed dispersal: Directed deterrence by capsaicin in chillies. Nature, 412: 403-404.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs, 2009. A review of the Relationship between Pyrethrins, Pyrethroid Exposure and Asthma and Allergies (Web page: http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/ reevaluation/pyrethrins-pyrethroidsasthma-allergy-9-18-09.pdf.), (Date accessed, September 2009)
  • Van Straten & Maarse, 1983. Volatile Compounds in Feed. TNO, The Netherlands, Division for Nutrition and Food Research.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hilal Tunca Bu kişi benim

Neşet Kılınçer Bu kişi benim

Cem Özkan 205-214 Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2012
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Şubat 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 36 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tunca, H. ., Kılınçer, N. ., & 205-214, C. . . Ö. . (2012). Bazı bitkisel insektisitlerin ve ekstraktların Venturia canescens (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) üzerindeki yan etkileri. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 36(2), 205-214.
AMA Tunca H, Kılınçer N, 205-214 CÖ. Bazı bitkisel insektisitlerin ve ekstraktların Venturia canescens (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) üzerindeki yan etkileri. TED. Nisan 2012;36(2):205-214.
Chicago Tunca, Hilal, Neşet Kılınçer, ve Cem Özkan 205-214. “Bazı Bitkisel Insektisitlerin Ve ekstraktların Venturia Canescens (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) üzerindeki Yan Etkileri”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 36, sy. 2 (Nisan 2012): 205-14.
EndNote Tunca H, Kılınçer N, 205-214 CÖ (01 Nisan 2012) Bazı bitkisel insektisitlerin ve ekstraktların Venturia canescens (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) üzerindeki yan etkileri. Turkish Journal of Entomology 36 2 205–214.
IEEE H. . Tunca, N. . Kılınçer, ve C. . . Ö. . 205-214, “Bazı bitkisel insektisitlerin ve ekstraktların Venturia canescens (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) üzerindeki yan etkileri”, TED, c. 36, sy. 2, ss. 205–214, 2012.
ISNAD Tunca, Hilal vd. “Bazı Bitkisel Insektisitlerin Ve ekstraktların Venturia Canescens (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) üzerindeki Yan Etkileri”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 36/2 (Nisan 2012), 205-214.
JAMA Tunca H, Kılınçer N, 205-214 CÖ. Bazı bitkisel insektisitlerin ve ekstraktların Venturia canescens (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) üzerindeki yan etkileri. TED. 2012;36:205–214.
MLA Tunca, Hilal vd. “Bazı Bitkisel Insektisitlerin Ve ekstraktların Venturia Canescens (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) üzerindeki Yan Etkileri”. Turkish Journal of Entomology, c. 36, sy. 2, 2012, ss. 205-14.
Vancouver Tunca H, Kılınçer N, 205-214 CÖ. Bazı bitkisel insektisitlerin ve ekstraktların Venturia canescens (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) üzerindeki yan etkileri. TED. 2012;36(2):205-14.