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Cold storage possibilities of a larval parasitoid, Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1, 19 - 30, 01.02.2014
https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.99886

Öz

The effects of cold storage on the biology of the larval parasitoid Venturia canescens were tested. Storage studies were conducted in two stages, pre-adult and adult stage of the larval parasitoid, Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Pre-adult stage of parasitoid was stored in last larval stage of the hosts, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) at 5, 10, 15°C for 1, 3, 5, 7, and 15 days. Similarly adult parasitoids were stored the same temperatures for honey feeding and non-feeding condition. Storage temperatures, Storage period and host effects on V. canescens development were evaluated. The parasitoid did not develop at 5°C for 5, 7 and 15 day storage period on both hosts. Similarly parasitoid did not develop at 10°C for 15 day storage period on the host P. interpunctella. Decreasing of temperature and increasing of storage time resulted in increasing in the parasitoid development time, but reducing emergence rate. This reduction of emergence rate was higher in P. interpunctella. Longevity and adult dry mass were less affected by low temperature in both hosts., the most suitable temperature for feeding and non-feeding condition on both hosts was found to be at 10°C for the adult. The results suggest that E. kuehniella could be more suitable host for V. canescens

Kaynakça

  • Abd El-Gawad, H.A.A., A.M.M. Sayed & S.A. Ahmed, 2010. Impact of cold storage temperature and period on performance of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4, 2188–2195.
  • Anguilletta Jr., M.J., 2009. Thermal Adaptation: A Theoretical and Empirical Synthesis. Oxford University Press, Oxford, London, 289 pp.
  • Atkinson, D., 1994. Temperature and organism size: a biological law for ectotherms? Advances in Ecological Research, 25: 1–58.
  • Ayvaz, A., E. Karasu, S. Karabörklü & A.S. Tunçbilek, 2008. Effects of cold storage, rearing temperature, parasitoid age and irradiation on the performance of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 44: 232–240.
  • Ballal, C., S. Singh, S. Jalali & P. Kumar, 1989. Cold tolerance of coccoons of Allorhogas pyralophagus [Hymenoptera: Braconidae]. BioControl, 34: 463–468.
  • Barke, J., I. MateoLeach & L.W. Beukeboom, 2005. Fitness of arrhenotokous and thelytokous Venturia canescens. Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society NEV Amsterdam,16:27–35.
  • Bazzocchi, G.G., A. Lanzoni, G. Burgio & M.R. Fiacconi, 2003. Effects of temperature and host on the pre-imaginal development of the parasitoid Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Biological Control, 26: 74–82.
  • BelingI, 1932. Zur Biologie von Nemeritis canescens Grav (HymenOphion). Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie, 19:223–249.
  • Bernardo, U., L. Iodice, R. Sasso & P.A. Pedata, 2008. Effects of cold storage on Thripobius javae (=T. semiluteus) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 18: 921–933.
  • Beukeboom, L. W. & L.P. Pijnacker, 2000. Automicticparthenogenesis in the parasitoid Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) revisited. Genome, 43:939–944.
  • Beukeboom, L.W., G. Driessen, L. Luckerhoff, C. Berstein, L. Lapchin, & J.J.M. vanAlphen, 1999. Distribution and Relatedness of sexual and asexual Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera). Proc. VIIIth Meeting Exp. Appl. Entomol. Neth. 10:23–28.
  • Bigler, F. 1994. Quality control in Trichogramma production in Biological Control with Eggs Parasitoids CAB International, (Eds Wajnberg, E. & S.A. Hassan), Wallingford, UK, pp, 93-111.
  • Bonsall, M.B. & M.P. Hassell, 1998. Population dynamics of apparent competition in a host-parasitoid assemblage. Journal of Animal Ecology, 67: 918–929.
  • Boz, A. & A. Gülel, 2012. Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvalarının hemolenfindeki toplam protein, lipit ve karbonhidrat miktarlarına parazitlenme sonrası geçen süre ve sıcaklığın etkisi. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 36: 239-247.
  • Boz, A. 2006. Parazitoit Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)’ le Parazitlenen, Konukçu Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvalarının Hemolenfindeki Toplam Protein Lipit ve Karbohidrat Miktarı Üzerine Parazitlenme Sonrası Geçen Süre ve Sıcaklığın Etkileri, On Dokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Samsun, 48 s.
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  • Colinet, H., D. Renault, T. Hance & P. Vernon, 2006. The impact of fluctuating thermal regimes on the survival of a cold-exposed parasitic wasp, Aphidius colemani. Physiological Entomology, 31: 234–240.
  • Colinet, H., G. Boivin & T. Hance, 2007a. Manipulation of parasitoid size using the temperature-size rule: fitness consequences. Oecologia, 152: 425–433.
  • Colinet, H., P. Vernon & T. Hance, 2007b. Does thermal-related plasticity in size and fat reserves influence supercooling abilities and cold-tolerance in Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae) mummies? Journal of Thermal Biology, 32: 374–382.
  • Colinet, H. & T. Hance, 2010. Interspecific variation in the response to low temperature storage in different aphid parasitoids. Annals of Applied Biology, 156: 147–156.
  • Colinet, H. &G. Boivin, 2011. Insect parasitoids cold storage: A comprehensive review of factors of variability and consequences. Biological Control, 58: 83–95.
  • Driessen, G., Bernstein, C., van Alphen, J.J.M. & Kacelnik, A. 1995. A count down mechanism for host search in the parasitoid Venturia canescens. Journal of Animal Ecology, 64: 117–125.
  • Foerster, L.A. & A.K Doetzer, 2006. Cold storage of the egg parasitoids Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) and Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Biological Control, 36: 232–237.
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Larva parazitoiti Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)'in soğuk koşullarda depolanmasi

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1, 19 - 30, 01.02.2014
https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.99886

Öz

Bu çalışmada parazitoit Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)’in biyolojisi üzerine soğuk depolamanın etkileri çalışılmıştır. Depolama çalışmaları larva parazitoiti V. canescens’in ergin öncesi ve ergin döneminde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Parazitoitin ergin öncesi dönemi 5, 10, 15°C sıcaklıklarda ve 1, 3, 5, 7, 15 gün konukçuları Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ve Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)’nın son larva dönemi içinde depolanmıştır. Benzer olarak ergin parazitoitler aynı sıcaklık derecelerinde besinli ve besinsiz koşullarda depolanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda depolama sıcaklığı, depolama süresi ve konukçu farklılığının V. canescens’in gelişimini etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Parazitoitin iki konukçuda da 5°C’de 5, 7 ve 15 gün depolama sürelerinde gelişim göstermediği belirlenmiştir. Benzer olarak parazitoitin konukçu P. interpunctella üzerinde 10°C’ de 15 gün depolanmasıyla da gelişim gösteremediği bulunmuştur. Depolama sıcaklığının düşmesi ve depolama süresinin artması parazitoitin gelişme süresini arttırırken, çıkış oranını azaltmıştır. Çıkış oranındaki azalma konukçu P. interpunctella üzerinde daha fazladır. Yaşam süresi ve ergin ağırlığı iki konukçuda da düşük sıcaklıkdan daha az etkilenmiştir. Ergin parazitoiter için hem besinli hem de besinsiz ortamda ve heriki konukçuda en uygun sıcaklık derecesinin 10°C olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, depolama çalışmalarında V. canescens için E. kuehniella’nın daha uygun bir konukçu olduğunu göstermektedir

Kaynakça

  • Abd El-Gawad, H.A.A., A.M.M. Sayed & S.A. Ahmed, 2010. Impact of cold storage temperature and period on performance of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4, 2188–2195.
  • Anguilletta Jr., M.J., 2009. Thermal Adaptation: A Theoretical and Empirical Synthesis. Oxford University Press, Oxford, London, 289 pp.
  • Atkinson, D., 1994. Temperature and organism size: a biological law for ectotherms? Advances in Ecological Research, 25: 1–58.
  • Ayvaz, A., E. Karasu, S. Karabörklü & A.S. Tunçbilek, 2008. Effects of cold storage, rearing temperature, parasitoid age and irradiation on the performance of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 44: 232–240.
  • Ballal, C., S. Singh, S. Jalali & P. Kumar, 1989. Cold tolerance of coccoons of Allorhogas pyralophagus [Hymenoptera: Braconidae]. BioControl, 34: 463–468.
  • Barke, J., I. MateoLeach & L.W. Beukeboom, 2005. Fitness of arrhenotokous and thelytokous Venturia canescens. Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society NEV Amsterdam,16:27–35.
  • Bazzocchi, G.G., A. Lanzoni, G. Burgio & M.R. Fiacconi, 2003. Effects of temperature and host on the pre-imaginal development of the parasitoid Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Biological Control, 26: 74–82.
  • BelingI, 1932. Zur Biologie von Nemeritis canescens Grav (HymenOphion). Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie, 19:223–249.
  • Bernardo, U., L. Iodice, R. Sasso & P.A. Pedata, 2008. Effects of cold storage on Thripobius javae (=T. semiluteus) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 18: 921–933.
  • Beukeboom, L. W. & L.P. Pijnacker, 2000. Automicticparthenogenesis in the parasitoid Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) revisited. Genome, 43:939–944.
  • Beukeboom, L.W., G. Driessen, L. Luckerhoff, C. Berstein, L. Lapchin, & J.J.M. vanAlphen, 1999. Distribution and Relatedness of sexual and asexual Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera). Proc. VIIIth Meeting Exp. Appl. Entomol. Neth. 10:23–28.
  • Bigler, F. 1994. Quality control in Trichogramma production in Biological Control with Eggs Parasitoids CAB International, (Eds Wajnberg, E. & S.A. Hassan), Wallingford, UK, pp, 93-111.
  • Bonsall, M.B. & M.P. Hassell, 1998. Population dynamics of apparent competition in a host-parasitoid assemblage. Journal of Animal Ecology, 67: 918–929.
  • Boz, A. & A. Gülel, 2012. Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvalarının hemolenfindeki toplam protein, lipit ve karbonhidrat miktarlarına parazitlenme sonrası geçen süre ve sıcaklığın etkisi. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 36: 239-247.
  • Boz, A. 2006. Parazitoit Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)’ le Parazitlenen, Konukçu Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvalarının Hemolenfindeki Toplam Protein Lipit ve Karbohidrat Miktarı Üzerine Parazitlenme Sonrası Geçen Süre ve Sıcaklığın Etkileri, On Dokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Samsun, 48 s.
  • Bulut, H & N. Kılınçer, 1987. Yumurta parazitoiti Trichogramma spp. (Hym: Trichogrammatidae) un güvesi (Ephestia kuehniella Zell.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) yumurta üretimi ve konukçu parazitoid ilişkileri. Türkiye 1. Entomoloji Kongresi Bildirileri, İzmir, s.13-16.
  • Cline, L.D., , B.R. Flaherty & J.W. Press, 1983. Response of parasitoids and predators of stored-product insects to whitelight or blacklight traps. Journal of Economic Entomology, 76: 298–301.
  • Colinet, H., D. Renault, T. Hance & P. Vernon, 2006. The impact of fluctuating thermal regimes on the survival of a cold-exposed parasitic wasp, Aphidius colemani. Physiological Entomology, 31: 234–240.
  • Colinet, H., G. Boivin & T. Hance, 2007a. Manipulation of parasitoid size using the temperature-size rule: fitness consequences. Oecologia, 152: 425–433.
  • Colinet, H., P. Vernon & T. Hance, 2007b. Does thermal-related plasticity in size and fat reserves influence supercooling abilities and cold-tolerance in Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae) mummies? Journal of Thermal Biology, 32: 374–382.
  • Colinet, H. & T. Hance, 2010. Interspecific variation in the response to low temperature storage in different aphid parasitoids. Annals of Applied Biology, 156: 147–156.
  • Colinet, H. &G. Boivin, 2011. Insect parasitoids cold storage: A comprehensive review of factors of variability and consequences. Biological Control, 58: 83–95.
  • Driessen, G., Bernstein, C., van Alphen, J.J.M. & Kacelnik, A. 1995. A count down mechanism for host search in the parasitoid Venturia canescens. Journal of Animal Ecology, 64: 117–125.
  • Foerster, L.A. & A.K Doetzer, 2006. Cold storage of the egg parasitoids Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) and Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Biological Control, 36: 232–237.
  • Freeman, P. 1980. Common Insect Pests of Stored Food Products. 6nd edn. Economic Series London. British Museum (Natural History), London.
  • Frilli, F. 1965. Studi sugli imenotteri ichneumonidi. I. Devorgilla canescens (Grav.). Entomologica, 1: 119-209.
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  • Gautam, R. D., 1986. Effect of cold storage on the adult parasitoid Telenomus remus Nixon (Scelionidae: Hymenoptera) and the parasitized eggs of Spodoptera litura (Fabr.) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). J. Entomol. Res. 10: 125-131.
  • Glenister, C. S. & M. P. Hoffmann, 1998. Mass-reared natural enemies: Scientific, technological, and informational needs and considerations,. In Mass-reared natural enemies: application, regulation, and needs. (Eds R. Ridgway, M. P. Hoffmann, M. N. Inscoe & C. S. Glenister ), Proceedings: Thomas Say Publications in Entomology. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD. pp. 242-247
  • Goater, B. 1986. British Pyralid Moths – a Guide to Their Identification. Harley Books, Colchester, UK.
  • Gökçek, N., 2005. Farklı Besin Ortamlarında Yetiştirilen Değişik Konukçularda Koinobiont Parazitoit Venturia canescens (Hym: Icneumonidae)’ nin Gelişimi. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara,s.80.
  • Harvey, J.A., I.F. Harvey & D.J. Thomson, 1993. The effect of superparasitism on development of the solitary parasitoid wasp, Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Ecological Entomology, 18: 203-208.
  • Harvey, J.A. & D.J. Thompson, 1995. Developmental interactions between the solitary endoparasitoid Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and two of its hosts, Plodia interpuctella and Corcyra cephalonica (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). European Journal of Entomology, 92: 427–435.
  • Harvey, J.A. & L.E.M. Vet, 1997. Venturia canescens parasitizing Galleria mellonella and Anagasta kuehniella: differing suitability of two hosts with highly variable growth potential. Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata, 84: 93–96.
  • Jokela, J., C.M. Lively, M.F. Dybdahl & J.A. Fox, 1997. Evidence for a cost of sex in the fresh watersnail Potamopygus antipodarum. Ecology, 78: 452–460.
  • Kansu, İ. A. & A. Uğur, 1985. Venturia canescens (Grav.) (Hym.; Ichnenumonidae)’in yetiştirilmesinde uygun asalak :konukçu oranı ile birlikte tutulma süresinin belirlenmesi üzerinde bir araştırma. Doğa Bilim Dergisi, 10: 80-83.
  • Kostal, V., J. Vambera & J. Bastl, 2004. On the nature of pre-freeze mortality in insects: water balance, ion homeostasis and energy charge in the adults of Pyrrhocoris apterus. Journal of Experimental Biology 207: 1509–1521.
  • Kostal, V., M. Yanagimoto & J. Bastl, 2006. Chilling-injury and disturbance of ion homeostasis in the coxal muscle of the tropical cockroach (Nauphoeta cinerea). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A: Molecular and IntegrativePhysiology, 143, 171–179.
  • Langer, A., & T. Hance, 2000. Overwintering strategies and cold hardiness of two aphid parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 46: 671–676.
  • Leopold, R .A., 1998. Cold storage of insects for integrated pest management. In:, Temperature Sensitivity in Insects and Application in Integrated Pest Management. (Eds Hallman, G.J. & D.L.Denlinger), Westview Press, Boulder, pp. 235–267.
  • Leopold, R.A., R.R. Rojas & P.W. Atkinson, 1998. Post pupariation cold storage of three species of flies: increasing chilling tolerance by acclimation and recurrent recovery periods. Cryobiology 36: 213–224.
  • Liu, J. J. & Y. Tian, 1987. Cold storage of Encarsia formosa Gahen. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 3: 4-6.
  • Liu, Z., P. Gong, K. Wu, W. Wei, J. Sun & D. Li, 2007. Effects of larval host plants on over-wintering preparedness and survival of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 53: 1016–1026.
  • Lopez, S.N. & E. Botto, 2005. Effect of cold storage on some biological parameters of Eretmocerus corni and Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Biological Control, 33: 123–130.
  • McKenzie, J.D. & R. Goldman, 2005. The student guide to MINITAB Release 14 Manual. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
  • McDonald, R.C. & L. T. Kok, 1990. Post refrigeration viability of Pteromalus puparum (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) prepupae within host chrysalids. Journal of Entomological Science, 25: 409–413.
  • Okine, J.S., E.R. Mitchell, & G.Y. Hu, 1996. Low temperature effect on viability of Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) pupae and effect of this parasitoid on feeding rate of Diamondback Moth Larvae (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Florida Entomologist, 79: 503–509.
  • Ozkan, C., 2007. Effect of food, light and host instar on the egg load of the synovigenic endoparasitoid Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Journal of Pest Science, 80:79-83.
  • Özkan, C. & M.O. Gürkan, 2002. Konukçu yaşının soliter koinobiont endoparazitoid olan Venturia canescens (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)’in bazı biyolojik özellikleri üzerine etkileri. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 26:83-91.
  • Özkan, C., 1999. Venturia canescens (Grav) (Hymenoptera: Ichnenumonidae) ile Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) arasındaki bazı biyolojik ilişkiler üzerine arastırmalar. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bitki Koruma Bölümü Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 97 s.
  • Özkan, C., 2004. İki farklı konukçu dönemi üzerinde yetiştirilen endoparazitoid Venturia canescens (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)’in yaşam süresine farklı ışıklanma süresinin ve farklı besinin etkileri. A.Ü.Z.F. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 3: 313-317.
  • Özkan, C.,2006. Laboratory rearing of the solitary egg-larval parasitoid, Chelonus oculator Panzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on a newly recorded factitious host Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Journal of Pest Science, 79: 27-29.
  • Özkan, C., N. Gökçek & H. Tunca, 2003. Development time, fecundity and longevity of Venturia canescens (Gravenhost) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) with Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as host. Integrated Protection of Stored Products. IOBC Bulletion/ WPRS, 27 :173-175.
  • Pitcher, S.A., M.P. Hoffmann, J. Gardner, M.G. Wright & T.P. Kuhar, 2002. Cold storage of Trichogramma ostriniae reared on Sitotroga cerealella eggs. BioControl, 47: 525–535.
  • Press, J. W. & R. T. Arbogast, 1991. Effect of low temperature on survival of ımmatures of the parasite Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 64: 345-348.
  • Press, J.M., L.D. Cline & B.R. Flaherty, 1982. Acomparison of two parasitoids, Bracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and a predator Xylocoris flavipes (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in suppressing residual populations of the almond moth, Ephestia cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society,90: 725–728.
  • Riddick, E.W., 2001. Effect of cold storage on emergence, longevity, fertility, andsurvival of Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Journal of Entomological Science, 36: 366–379.
  • Rogers, D., 1972. The ichneumon wasp Venturia canescens: Oviposition and avoidance of superparasitsm. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 15: 190–194.
  • Rundle, B.J., L. J. Thomson, & A.A. Hoffmann, 2004. Effects of cold storage on field and laboratory performance of Trichogramma carverae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and the response of three Trichogramma spp. (T. carverae, T. nr. brassicae, and T. funiculatum) to cold. Journal of Economic Entomology, 97: 213–221.
  • Sahin, A. K. & C., Ozkan, 2007. Effect of light on the longevity and fecundity of Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera:Ichneumonidae). Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 39: 315-319.
  • Salt, G. 1975. The fate of an internal parasitoid, Nemeritis canescens, in a variety of insects. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 127: 141-161.
  • Salt, G., 1976. The host of Nemeritis canescens a problem in the host specificity on Insect parasitoids. Ecological Entomology, 1: 63-67.
  • Schneider, M.V., L.W. Beukeboom, G. Driessen, L. Lapchin, C. Bernstein & J.J.M. van Alphen, 2002. Geographical distribution and genetic relatedness of sympatrical thelytokous and arrhenotokous populations of the parasitoid Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera). Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 15: 191–200.
  • Shalaby, F.F. & J.M. Rabasse, 1979. Effect of conservation of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius matricariae Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) on adult longevity, mortality and emergence. Annals of Agricultural Science, 11: 58–71.
  • Uçkan, F. & E. Ergin, 2003. Temperature and food source effects on adult longevity of Apanteles galleriae Wilkinson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Environmental Entomology, 32: 441–446.
  • van Lenteren, J. & M. Tommasini, 2002. Mass production, storage, shipment and quality control of natural enemies. In: Mass Production, Storage, Shipment and Quality Control of Natural Enemies, Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Greenhouse Crops. (Eds R. Albajes, M.L. Gullino, J.C. van Lenteren & Y. Elad), Springer, Netherlands, pp. 276–294.
  • Venkatesan, T., S.P. Singh & S.K. Jalali, 2000. Effect of cold storage on cocoons of Goniozus nephantidis Muesebeck (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) stored for varying periods at different temperature regimes. Journal of Entomological Research, 24: 43–47.
  • Vigil, B. O. 1971. Laboratory multiplication and release of Trichogramma sp. with a view to controlling Heliothis zea (Boddie) and Alabama argillacea (Hb.) in ElSalvador (Central America). Coton Fibres Tropicales, 26: 211-216.
  • Vrijenhoek.1999. Parthenogens and natura lclones. Encyclopedia Reproduction, 3: 695–702.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hilal Tunca Bu kişi benim

Ayşe Nazanyeşil Bu kişi benim

Türkan Feyza Çalışkan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Şubat 2014
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Ocak 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Tunca, H. ., Nazanyeşil, A. ., & Çalışkan, T. F. . (2014). Larva parazitoiti Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)’in soğuk koşullarda depolanmasi. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 38(1), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.99886
AMA Tunca H, Nazanyeşil A, Çalışkan TF. Larva parazitoiti Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)’in soğuk koşullarda depolanmasi. TED. Şubat 2014;38(1):19-30. doi:10.16970/ted.99886
Chicago Tunca, Hilal, Ayşe Nazanyeşil, ve Türkan Feyza Çalışkan. “Larva Parazitoiti Venturia Canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)’in soğuk koşullarda Depolanmasi”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 38, sy. 1 (Şubat 2014): 19-30. https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.99886.
EndNote Tunca H, Nazanyeşil A, Çalışkan TF (01 Şubat 2014) Larva parazitoiti Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)’in soğuk koşullarda depolanmasi. Turkish Journal of Entomology 38 1 19–30.
IEEE H. . Tunca, A. . Nazanyeşil, ve T. F. . Çalışkan, “Larva parazitoiti Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)’in soğuk koşullarda depolanmasi”, TED, c. 38, sy. 1, ss. 19–30, 2014, doi: 10.16970/ted.99886.
ISNAD Tunca, Hilal vd. “Larva Parazitoiti Venturia Canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)’in soğuk koşullarda Depolanmasi”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 38/1 (Şubat 2014), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.99886.
JAMA Tunca H, Nazanyeşil A, Çalışkan TF. Larva parazitoiti Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)’in soğuk koşullarda depolanmasi. TED. 2014;38:19–30.
MLA Tunca, Hilal vd. “Larva Parazitoiti Venturia Canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)’in soğuk koşullarda Depolanmasi”. Turkish Journal of Entomology, c. 38, sy. 1, 2014, ss. 19-30, doi:10.16970/ted.99886.
Vancouver Tunca H, Nazanyeşil A, Çalışkan TF. Larva parazitoiti Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)’in soğuk koşullarda depolanmasi. TED. 2014;38(1):19-30.