Evaluating the role of insect pollinators in the viability of true seeds of shallot in tropical agroecosystems

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 48 Sayı: 3, 305 - 317, 16.10.2024

Otto Endarto Dwi Adi Sunarto Nurindah Nurindah , Bambang Tri Raharjo Hagus Tarno Aminudin Afandhi Sujak Sujak Susi Wuryantini Rosichon Ubaidillah

https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1490619

Öz

Pollen transfer in tropical agroecosystems to increase seed production has received limited research, notably on shallot pollination and insect pollinators. This study evaluated how insect pollinators optimize shallot seed production in tropical agroecosystems, i.e. Batu and Malang Districts in Indonesia. This study was conducted from June to October in 2023. We examined pollinator diversity, foraging behavior, and the effectiveness of dominating insect pollinators during umbel flower anthesis, as well as visiting insect foraging and visiting patterns. We assessed pollinator effectiveness by comparing visitation rates under four treatments. A total of 21 insect species belonging to three orders visited the shallot flowers, of which 14 species have the potential to act as pollinators. Apis cerana Fabricius, 1793 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) emerged as potentially effective pollinators. Air temperature significantly influenced pollinator activity in visiting anthesis umbels. Evaluations of pollinator efficiency showed that A. cerana was more efficient than L. sericata in promoting the production of true shallot seed and has a significant role in ensuring high-quality pollination. This highlights the necessity of comprehending the specialized contributions of pollinators for shallot seed production.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Allium cepa var. aggregatum, cross pollination, insect pollinator, tropical agroecosystem, true shallot seed

Destekleyen Kurum

Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education Agency (LPDP)

Proje Numarası

Contract Number: B-846/II.7.5/FR.06/5/2023 and B-861/111.11/FR.06/5/2023Otto

Teşekkür

We express our sincere gratitude to the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) for their generous financial support through the 2023-2024 grant, which made this research possible. Our heartfelt appreciation extends to all individuals and organizations who contributed significantly to this study's success, including field assistants, laboratory staff, and colleagues who provided invaluable support during data collection and analysis. We also thank the local farmers for granting access to their shallot fields.

Tropikal tarım ekosistemlerinde arpacık soğanı gerçek tohumlarının canlılığında böcek tozlayıcılarının rolünün değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Polen transferi, tropik tarımsal ekosistemlerde tohum üretimini artırmak için özellikle arpacık soğanı tozlaşması ve böcek tozlaştırıcılar üzerine sınırlı araştırmalara konu olmuştur. Bu çalışma, böcek tozlaştırıcıların Endonezya'nın Batu ve Malang Bölgelerinde tropik tarımsal ekosistemlerde arpacık soğanı tohum üretimini nasıl optimize ettiğini değerlendirmiştir. Bu çalışma Haziran-Ekim 2023 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tozlaştırıcı çeşitliliğini, beslenme davranışlarını ve çiçeklenme dönemi boyunca baskın böcek tozlaştırıcıların etkinliğini, ayrıca ziyaret eden böceklerin beslenme ve ziyaret desenlerini incelenmiştir. Ziyaret oranlarını dört farklı uygulamada karşılaştırarak tozlaştırıcı etkinliğini değerlendirilmiştir. Arpacık soğanı çiçeklerini ziyaret eden, üç gruba ait toplamda 21 böcek türü tespit edildi ve bu türlerin 14'ünün potansiyel tozlaştırıcı olabileceği belirlenmiştir. Apis cerana Fabricius, 1793 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) ve Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) potansiyel olarak etkili tozlaştırıcılar olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Hava sıcaklığı, çiçeklenme döneminde tozlaştırıcı aktivitesini önemli ölçüde etkiledi. Tozlaştırıcı verimliliğinin değerlendirilmesi, A. cerana'nın gerçek arpacık soğanı tohumu üretimini teşvik etmede L. sericata'dan daha verimli olduğunu ve yüksek kaliteli tozlaşmayı sağlamakta önemli bir rol oynadığını göstermiştir. Bu durum, arpacık soğanı tohum üretimi için tozlaştırıcıların özel sorumluluklarını anlamanın gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Allium cepa var. agregatum, çapraz tozlaşma, böcek tozlaştırıcı, tropikal tarımsal ekosistem, arpacık tohumu

Proje Numarası

Contract Number: B-846/II.7.5/FR.06/5/2023 and B-861/111.11/FR.06/5/2023Otto

Kaynakça

• Anoosha, V., S. Saini & H. D. Kaushik, 2020. Efficient pollinators of threatened taxa, Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina) under North Indian conditions, Indian Journal of Animal Research, 54 (4): 482-487.
• Askari-Khorasgani, O. & M. Pessarakli, 2019. Agricultural management and environmental requirements for production of true shallot seeds - a review. Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research, 9 (2): 318-322.
• Blaauw, B. R. & R. Isaacs, 2014. Flower plantings increase wild bee abundance and the pollination services provided to a pollination-dependent crop. Journal of Applied Ecology, 51 (4): 890-898.
• Bloom, E. H., T. J. Wood, K. L. J. Hung, J. J. Ternest, L. L. Ingwell, K. Goodell & Z. Szendrei, 2021. Synergism between local- and landscape-level pesticides reduces wild bee floral visitation in pollinator-dependent crops. Journal of Applied Ecology, 58 (6): 1187-1198.
• Borror, D. J., C.A. Triplehorn & N. F. Johnson, 1954. An Introduction to the Study of Insects. Ohio: Saunders College Publishing, USA, 645 pp.
• Bukhari, S. F., M. Ali, F. Zafar, A. Khan & T. H. Awan, 2024. From petals to seeds: Understanding the role of hymenopteran and dipteran pollinators in the reproductive success of onion (Allium cepa L.). Plant Bulletin, 3 (1): 19-25.
• Buszewski, B., M. Bukowska, M. Ligor & I. Staneczko-Baranowska, 2019. A holistic study of neonicotinoids neuroactive insecticides-properties, applications, occurrence, and analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26 (34): 34723-34740.
• Davidar, P. & S. A. Carr. 2015. Pollinator dependency, pollen limitation and pollinator visitation rates to six vegetable crops in southern India. Journal of Pollination Ecology, 16 (8): 51–57.
• Devi, S., R. Gulati, K. Tehri & A. Poonia, 2015. The pollination biology of onion (Allium cepa L.)-A Review . Agricultural Reviews, 36 (1): 1-13.
• Divija, S. D. & P. D. Kamala Jayanthi, 2022. Pollination efficiency and foraging behavior of honey bees and flies to onion Allium cepa L. Journal of Apicultural Research, 61 (5): 688-694.
• Garibaldi, L. A., N. Pérez-Méndez, P. D.Garratt, B. Gemmill-Herren, F. E. Miguez & L. V. Dicks. 2019. Policies for Ecological Intensification of Crop Production. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 35 (4): 282-286.
• Goulet, H. & J. Huber, 1993. Hymenoptera of the World: An Identification Guide to Families. Ottawa: Canada Communication Group-Publishing, 668 pp.
• Hafez, E. M., S. M. Gowayed, Y. Nehela, R. M. Sakran, A. M. S. Rady, A. Awadalla & B. F. Alowaiesh, 2021. Incorporated biochar-based soil amendment and exogenous glycine betaine foliar application ameliorate rice (Oryza sativa L.) tolerance and resilience to osmotic stress. Plants, 10 (9): 1930 (1-25).
• Hasanah, Y., J. Ginting & A. M. Kusriarmin, 2022. An analysis of morphological characters of two shallot varieties (Allium ascalonicum L.) using true shallot seed in the highlands with different cultivation methods to support sustainable agriculture. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 977 (1): 012005 (1-8).
• Klein, A. M., S. A. Cunningham, M. Bos & I. Steffan-Dewenter, 2008. Advances in pollination ecology from tropical plantation crops. Ecology, 89 (4): 935-943.
• Kline, O. & N. K. Joshi, 2020. Mitigating the effects of habitat loss on solitary bees in agricultural ecosystems. Agriculture (Switzerland),10 (4): 115.
• Kumari, S. & K. Rana, 2018. Efficacy of bee attractants in attracting insect pollinators in onion seed crop. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7 (5): 2239-2243.
• Mallinger, R., J. Ternest, S. Weaver, J. Weaver & S. Pryer, 2021. Importance of insect pollinators for Forida agriculture: a systematic review of the literature. Florida Entomologist, 104 (3): 222-229.
• Marpaung, A. E., B. Karo, S. Barus, R. C. Hutabarat, R. Tarigan, D. Napitupulu & P. Sembiring, 2023. Increased yield of three shallot varieties from seed with addition of liquid organic fertilizer in the highlands. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1230 (1): 012190 (1-8).
• Minitab, LLC, 2020. Minitab 19.2 Statistical Software [Computer software]. State College, PA: Minitab, LLC. (Web page: https://www.minitab.com) (Date accessed: April 2024).
• Monasterio, R., C. E. Caselles, E. Trentacoste, L. Olmo-García, A. Carrasco-Pancorbo, C. Galmarini & V. Soto, 2023. Use of olive pomace extract as a pollinator attractant to increase onion (Allium cepa L.) seed crop production. European Journal of Agronomy, 149 (September 2023): 126921 (1-9).
• Nurjati, E., I. Fahmi & S. Jahroh, 2018. Analisis efisiensi produksi bawang merah di Kabupaten Pati dengan fungsi produksi frontier stokastik Cobb-Douglas. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi, 36 (1): 55-69 (in Indonesian).
• Odum, E. P., 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 574 pp.
• Ollerton, J., 2017. Pollinator diversity: Distribution, ecological function, and conservation. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 48 (1): 353-376.
• Palupi, E.R., R. Rosliani & Y. Hilman, 2015. Increasing of True Shallot Seed Production and Quality by Pollinator Introduction. Jurnal Hortikultura, 25 (1): 26-36.
• Pangestuti, R., E. Sulistyaningsih, B. Kurniasih, R. H. Murti, S. Harper & S. Subandiyah, 2023. Phenological growth stage of tropical shallot (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) planted from seed in lowland area based on the BBCH scale. Annals of Applied Biology, 182 (2): 257-266.
• Rahayu, H. S., M. Muchtar & S. Saidah, 2019. The feasibility and farmer perception of true shallot seed technology in Sigi District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Agriculture, 3 (1): 16-21.
• Reilly, J. R., D. R. Artz, D. Biddinger, K. Bobiwash, N. K. Boyle, C. Brittain, J. Brokaw, J. W. Campbell, J. Daniels, E. Elle, J. D. Ellis, S. J. Fleischer, J. Gibbs, R. L. Gillespie, K. B. Gundersen, L. Gut, G. Hoffman, N. Joshi, O. Lundin, K. Mason, C. M. McGrady, S. S. Peterson, T. L. Pitts-Singer, S. Rao, N. Rothwell, L. Rowe, K. L. Ward, N. M. Williams, J. K. Wilson, R. Isaacs & R. Winfree, 2020. Crop production in the USA is frequently limited by a lack of pollinators. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences, 287 (1931): 20200922 (1-8).
• Siswadi, E., R. R. D. Pertami & S. A. Nugroho, 2022. Optimization of production botanily seeds (TSS) shallot (Alliun cepa var. ascalonicum) Biru Lancor variety through improvement of hand pollination in the lowland. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 980 (1): 12002 (1-8).
• Soto, V. C., R. E. González, C. A. Caselles & C. R. Galmarini, 2023. Is the nectar sugar content the key to improving onion and bunching onion seed yield? Horticulturae, 9 (6): 657 (1-9).
• Sun, Q., X. Zhao, L. Wu, J. Zhao, Y. Yang & Y. Zhang, 2021. Differences in pollination efficiency among three bee species in a greenhouse and their effects on yield and fruit quality of Northern highbush “Bluecrop” Blueberry. HortScience, 56 (5): 1-5.
• Tarakini, G., A. Chemura, T. Tarakini, N. Mashavakure & R. Musundire, 2021. Foraging behaviour of Apis mellifera scutellata and Hypotrigona gribodoi bees in monoculture and polyculture vegetable gardens. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 74 (3): 294-304.
• Vanbergen, A. J. & the Insect Pollinators Initiative, 2013. Threats to an ecosystem service: Pressures on pollinators. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 11 (5): 251-259.