A Functional Perspective on Gender Associated Patterns in Kurdish EFL University Students' Conversational Performance
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 11 , 100 - 110, 01.12.2018
Barham Sattar Abdulrahman
Öz
The current study focuses on gender associated communication
styles that male and female Kurdish EFL senior university students have while
using English face-to-face in academic contexts. It hypothesizes that both male
and female EFL students have their own style of language with some similarities
and differences. The differences might be due to male/female misunderstanding
of each other while having face-to-face interaction. Moreover, the differences
could not be noticed in academic communication of all Kurdish EFL university
students unless the situational influences of each style are evaluated. The
study concludes that social and cultural variations affect the language style
used by Kurdish EFL university students. This study could be helpful for the
university lecturers to have a better understanding of how the process of
learning should be enhanced and made more effective and successful.
Kaynakça
- Aries, E. (1996). Men and women in interaction: reconsidering the differences. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bakir, M. (1986). Sex differences in the approximation to standard Arabic: a case study. Anthropological Linguistics, 28(1), 3-9.
Becker, A., & Bieswanger, M. (2006). Introduction to English linguistics. Germany: Narr Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH + Co.
Berryman-Fink, C., & Wilcox, J. (1983). A multivariate investigation of perceptual attributions concerning gender appropriateness in language. Sex Roles, 9(6), 663-679.
Butler, D., & Geis, F. (1990). Nonverbal affect responses to male and female leaders: implications for leadership evaluations. Personality and Social Psychology, 58(1), 48–59.
Butler, J. (2007). Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.
Cameron, D., & Kulick, D. (2003). Language and sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Carroll, D. (2008). Psychology of language. (5th ed.). US: Thomson Wadsworth.
Coates, J. (2004). Women, men and language: a sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language. (3rd ed.). Oxon: Routledge.
Cook-Gumperz, J., & Kyratzis, A. (2003). Child discourse. In D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen, & H. Heidi, The handbook of discourse analysis, (pp. 590-611). USA: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.
Crawford, M. (1995). Talking difference on gender and language. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Curzan, A. (2003). Gender shifts in the history of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Eckert, P., & McConnell-Ginet, S. (2003). Language and gender. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality. New York: Basic Books.
Freeman, R., & McElhinny, B. (1996). Language and gender. In S. L. McKay, N. H. Hornberger, S. L. McKay, & N. H. Hornberger (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and language teaching, (pp. 218-280). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hall, K. (2003). Exceptional speakers: contested and problematized gender identities. In J. Holmes, & M. Meyerhoff, The handbook of language and gender, (pp. 353-380). USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Halpern, D. (2012). Sex differences in cognitive abilities (4th ed.). New York: Psychology Press.
Hazen, K. (2014). A historical assessment of research questions in sociolinguistics. In J. Holmes, & K. Hazen, Research methods in sociolinguistics: a practical guide, (pp. 7-22). UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Heritage, J. (1984). Garfinkel and ethnomethodology. UK: Polity Press .
Holmes, J. (2006). Gendered talk at work: constructing social identity through workplace interaction. USA: Blackwell Publishing.
Holmes, J. (2008). An introduction to sociolinguistics. (3rd ed.). England: Pearson Education Limited.
Itakura, H. (2001). Conversational dominance and gender: a study of Japanese speakers in first and second language contexts. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Jesperson, O. (1922). Language: its nature, development and origins. New York: Henry Holt & Company.
Johnstone, B. (2008). Discourse analysis. (2nd ed.). UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Kim, M., & Aune, K. (1997). The effects of psychological gender orientations on the perceived salience of conversational constraints. Sex Roles, 37(11), 935–953.
Kurdish Families - Kurdish Marriage Patterns. (2016). In Marriage and Family Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://family.jrank.org/pages/1026/Kurdish-Families-Kurdish-Marriage-Patterns.html#ixzz4Aesw9Ocn
Kurds - Marriage and Family. (2016). In Countries and Their Cultures. Retrieved from http://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Kurds-Marriage-and-Family.html#ixzz4Aexe2kIh
Lakoff, R. (1973). Language and woman's place. Language in Society, 2(1), 45-79.
Lips, H. (2014). Gender: the basics . London: Routledge.
LoCastro, V. (2012). Pragmatics for language educators: a sociolinguistic perspective. US: Routledge.
Lund, N. (2003). Language and thoughts. US: Routledge.
Maltz, D., & Borker, R. (1982). A cultural approach to male—female miscommunication. In J. J. Gumperz, Language and social identity, (pp. 196-216). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Meyerhoff, M. (2011). Introducing Sociolinguistics. (2nd ed.). UK: Routledge.
Nunan, D. (2013). What is this thing called language?. (2nd ed.). UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
O’Loughlin, K. (2000). The impact of gender in the IELTS oral interview. IELTS Annual Report, 1-28.
Owens, R. (2012). Language development: an introduction. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
Paltridge, B. (2008). Discourse analysis: an introduction. UK: Continuum.
Penhallurick, R. (2010). Studying the English language. (2nd ed.). UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Richardson, J. (1997). Introduction to the study of gender differences in cognition. In P. Caplan, M. Crawford, J. Hyde, & J. Richardson, Gender differences in human cognition, (pp. 3-29). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rowe, B., & Levine, D. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics. (4th ed.). US: Taylor & Francis.
Shields, S. (2002). Speaking from the heart: gender and the social meaning of emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Speer, S. (2005). Gender talk: feminism, discourse and conversation analysis. UK: Routledge.
Sunderland, J. (2006). Language and gender: an advanced resource book. Oxon: Routledge.
Tannen, D. (1990). You just don’t understand: women and men in conversation. New York: William Morrow.
Tannen, D. (1995). The power of talk: who gets heard and why. Harvard Business Review, 73(5), 138-148.
Tannen, D. (2005). Conversational style: analyzing talk among friends. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Trudgill, P. (2000). Sociolinguistics: an introduction to language and society. (4th ed.). London: Penguin Books.
Van Herk , G. (2012). What is sociolinguistics? UK: Wiley-Blackwel.
Weatherall, A., & Gallois, C. (2003). Gender and identity: representation and social action. In J. Holmes, & M. Meyerhoff , The handbook of language and gender, (pp. 487-508). USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Wood, J. (2009). Gendered lives: communication, gender, and culture. (8th ed.). Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Wood, J., & Dindia, K. (1998). What’s the difference? a dialogue about differences and similarities between men and women. In D. J. Canary, & K. Dindia, Sex differences and similarities in communication, (pp. 19–39). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Yule, G. (2006). The study of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 11 , 100 - 110, 01.12.2018
Barham Sattar Abdulrahman
Kaynakça
- Aries, E. (1996). Men and women in interaction: reconsidering the differences. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bakir, M. (1986). Sex differences in the approximation to standard Arabic: a case study. Anthropological Linguistics, 28(1), 3-9.
Becker, A., & Bieswanger, M. (2006). Introduction to English linguistics. Germany: Narr Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH + Co.
Berryman-Fink, C., & Wilcox, J. (1983). A multivariate investigation of perceptual attributions concerning gender appropriateness in language. Sex Roles, 9(6), 663-679.
Butler, D., & Geis, F. (1990). Nonverbal affect responses to male and female leaders: implications for leadership evaluations. Personality and Social Psychology, 58(1), 48–59.
Butler, J. (2007). Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.
Cameron, D., & Kulick, D. (2003). Language and sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Carroll, D. (2008). Psychology of language. (5th ed.). US: Thomson Wadsworth.
Coates, J. (2004). Women, men and language: a sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language. (3rd ed.). Oxon: Routledge.
Cook-Gumperz, J., & Kyratzis, A. (2003). Child discourse. In D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen, & H. Heidi, The handbook of discourse analysis, (pp. 590-611). USA: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.
Crawford, M. (1995). Talking difference on gender and language. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Curzan, A. (2003). Gender shifts in the history of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Eckert, P., & McConnell-Ginet, S. (2003). Language and gender. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality. New York: Basic Books.
Freeman, R., & McElhinny, B. (1996). Language and gender. In S. L. McKay, N. H. Hornberger, S. L. McKay, & N. H. Hornberger (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and language teaching, (pp. 218-280). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hall, K. (2003). Exceptional speakers: contested and problematized gender identities. In J. Holmes, & M. Meyerhoff, The handbook of language and gender, (pp. 353-380). USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Halpern, D. (2012). Sex differences in cognitive abilities (4th ed.). New York: Psychology Press.
Hazen, K. (2014). A historical assessment of research questions in sociolinguistics. In J. Holmes, & K. Hazen, Research methods in sociolinguistics: a practical guide, (pp. 7-22). UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Heritage, J. (1984). Garfinkel and ethnomethodology. UK: Polity Press .
Holmes, J. (2006). Gendered talk at work: constructing social identity through workplace interaction. USA: Blackwell Publishing.
Holmes, J. (2008). An introduction to sociolinguistics. (3rd ed.). England: Pearson Education Limited.
Itakura, H. (2001). Conversational dominance and gender: a study of Japanese speakers in first and second language contexts. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Jesperson, O. (1922). Language: its nature, development and origins. New York: Henry Holt & Company.
Johnstone, B. (2008). Discourse analysis. (2nd ed.). UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Kim, M., & Aune, K. (1997). The effects of psychological gender orientations on the perceived salience of conversational constraints. Sex Roles, 37(11), 935–953.
Kurdish Families - Kurdish Marriage Patterns. (2016). In Marriage and Family Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://family.jrank.org/pages/1026/Kurdish-Families-Kurdish-Marriage-Patterns.html#ixzz4Aesw9Ocn
Kurds - Marriage and Family. (2016). In Countries and Their Cultures. Retrieved from http://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Kurds-Marriage-and-Family.html#ixzz4Aexe2kIh
Lakoff, R. (1973). Language and woman's place. Language in Society, 2(1), 45-79.
Lips, H. (2014). Gender: the basics . London: Routledge.
LoCastro, V. (2012). Pragmatics for language educators: a sociolinguistic perspective. US: Routledge.
Lund, N. (2003). Language and thoughts. US: Routledge.
Maltz, D., & Borker, R. (1982). A cultural approach to male—female miscommunication. In J. J. Gumperz, Language and social identity, (pp. 196-216). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Meyerhoff, M. (2011). Introducing Sociolinguistics. (2nd ed.). UK: Routledge.
Nunan, D. (2013). What is this thing called language?. (2nd ed.). UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
O’Loughlin, K. (2000). The impact of gender in the IELTS oral interview. IELTS Annual Report, 1-28.
Owens, R. (2012). Language development: an introduction. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
Paltridge, B. (2008). Discourse analysis: an introduction. UK: Continuum.
Penhallurick, R. (2010). Studying the English language. (2nd ed.). UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Richardson, J. (1997). Introduction to the study of gender differences in cognition. In P. Caplan, M. Crawford, J. Hyde, & J. Richardson, Gender differences in human cognition, (pp. 3-29). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rowe, B., & Levine, D. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics. (4th ed.). US: Taylor & Francis.
Shields, S. (2002). Speaking from the heart: gender and the social meaning of emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Speer, S. (2005). Gender talk: feminism, discourse and conversation analysis. UK: Routledge.
Sunderland, J. (2006). Language and gender: an advanced resource book. Oxon: Routledge.
Tannen, D. (1990). You just don’t understand: women and men in conversation. New York: William Morrow.
Tannen, D. (1995). The power of talk: who gets heard and why. Harvard Business Review, 73(5), 138-148.
Tannen, D. (2005). Conversational style: analyzing talk among friends. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Trudgill, P. (2000). Sociolinguistics: an introduction to language and society. (4th ed.). London: Penguin Books.
Van Herk , G. (2012). What is sociolinguistics? UK: Wiley-Blackwel.
Weatherall, A., & Gallois, C. (2003). Gender and identity: representation and social action. In J. Holmes, & M. Meyerhoff , The handbook of language and gender, (pp. 487-508). USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Wood, J. (2009). Gendered lives: communication, gender, and culture. (8th ed.). Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Wood, J., & Dindia, K. (1998). What’s the difference? a dialogue about differences and similarities between men and women. In D. J. Canary, & K. Dindia, Sex differences and similarities in communication, (pp. 19–39). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Yule, G. (2006). The study of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.