Dijital Finansal Kapsayıcılık ve Belirleyicileri: Türkiye Örneği

Öz

Dijital teknolojiler aracılığı ile finansal sisteme katılımın kolaylaşması, Dijital Finansal Kapsayıcılığın (DFK) belirleyicilerinin tespit edilmesi açısından önemli hale gelmiştir. Bu kapsamda çalışmada, DFK’nın kullanımı ve erişebilirliği incelenerek, Türkiye özelinde ölçülmesi amaçlanmıştır. Veriler, demografik değişkenler (cinsiyet, yaş, gelir ve eğitim düzeyi) ve DFK ilgili değişkenler (hesap sahipliği, mobil para hesap sahipliği, tasarruf ve borçlanma) olmak üzere iki kategoriye ayrılmış olup Global Findex Database 2021 veri tabanından derlenmiştir. Bağımlı değişkenin binary yapısı göz önüne alındığında çalışmada probit model kullanılmıştır. Model bulgularımız cinsiyet, eğitim ve gelir gibi demografik özelliklerin, hesap sahipliği ve tasarruf üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğunu işaret etse de marjinal etkiler dikkate alındığında DFK’nın en güçlü belirleyicisinin eğitim olduğunu göstermektedir. Gelir düzeyine ilişkin olarak dört gelir dilimine ilişkin katsayı tahminleri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte, daha düşük gelir dilimleri için, özellikle en yoksul %20’lik kesim ile ikinci %20'lik kesimin finansal açıdan dahil olma olasılıkları önemli ölçüde düşük bulunmuştur. Tüm değişkenler göz önüne alındığında, kadınların finansal olarak erkeklere göre daha fazla dışlandığı, özellikle hesap sahipliği açısından önemli bir cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin var olduğu görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dijital Finansal Kapsayıcılık
• Dijital Teknolojiler
• Dijital Finans
• Bankacılık sektörü

Digital Financial Inclusion and its Determinants: Evidence from Türkiye

Öz

Facilitating participation in the financial system through digital technologies became important to identify the determinants of Digital Financial Inclusion (DFI). In this context, the study aims to examine the use and accessibility of DFI and measure it specifically for Türkiye. The data is divided into two categories: demographic variables (gender, age, income, and education level) and variables related to DFI (account ownership, ownership of mobile money account, saving, and borrowing) and was compiled from the Global Findex Database 2021. Considering the binary structure of the dependent variable, the probit model was used in the study. Although our model findings indicate that demographic characteristics such as gender, education, and income have a significant effect on account ownership and savings, when marginal effects are taken into account, education is the strongest determinant of DFI. Regarding the income level, the coefficient estimates for the four income quintiles were found statistically significant. However, for lower-income quintiles, particularly the poorest 20 percent and the second 20 percent, the probability of being financially included was found to be significantly lower. When all variables are taken into consideration, women are more financially excluded than men, and there is significant gender inequality, especially in terms of account ownership.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Digital Financial Inclusion
• Digital Technologies
• Digital Finance
• Banking sector

Kaynakça

1. Aldrich, J.H. and Nelson, F.D. (1984). Linear probability, logit, and probit models. California: Sage Publication, Inc.
2. Allen, F., Demirgüc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L. and Peria, M.S.M. (2016). The foundations of financial inclusion: Understanding ownership and use of formal accounts. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 27, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2015.12.003
3. Anane, I. and Nie, F. (2022). Determinants factors of digital financial services adoption and usage level: Empirical evidence from Ghana. International Journal of Management Technology, 9(1), 26-47. Retrieved from https://tudr.org/id/eprint/421/
4. Aterido, R., Beck, T. and Iacovone, L. (2013). Access to finance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Is there a gender gap? World Development, 47, 102-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.02.013
5. Babarinde, G.F., Abdulmajeed, I.T. and Kazeem, A.B. (2020). Understanding digital finance: A conceptual analysis. Lapai International Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 12(1), 92-102. Retrieved from https://ojs.ibbujournals.com.ng/
6. BCG. (2011). The socio-economic impact of mobile financial services analysis of Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Serbia and Malaysia (The Boston Consulting Group). Retrieved from https://www.findevgateway.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/mfg-en-paper-the-socio-economic-impact-of-mobile-financial-services-analysis-of-pakistan-bangladesh-india- serbia-and-malaysia-apr-2011.pdf
7. Bozkurt, I. and Karakus, R. (2020). Provincial financial inclusion in Turkey: Measurement and its spatial determinants. Ege Academic Review, 20(2), 101-124. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.729532
8. CBRT. (2014). Financial Access, financial education, financial consumer protection strategy and action plans (Action Plans, June 2014). Retrieved from https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/EN/TCMB+EN/Main+Menu/About+the+Bank/Education+Academic/Financial+Literacy+and+Economics+Education/Action+Plans/

9. Dar, A.B. and Ahmed, F. (2020). Financial inclusion determinants and impediments in India: Insights from the global financial inclusion index. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 13(3), 391-408. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFEP-11-2019-0227
10. Demirgüc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L. and Singer, D. (2013). Financial inclusion and legal discrimination against women: Evidence from developing countries (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 6416). Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2254240
11. Demirgüc-Kunt, A., Leora, K., Dorothe, S., Ansar, S. and Hess, J. (2018). The global Findex database 2017: Measuring financial inclusion and the fintech revolution. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1259-0
12. Durai, T. and Stella, G. (2019). Digital finance and its impact on financial inclusion. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, 6(1), 122-127. Retrieved from https://www.jetir.org/
13. Eurostat. (2024). Income quantile group. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Income_quintile_group
14. Fungácová, Z. and Weill, L. (2015). Understanding financial inclusion in China. China Economic Review, 34, 196-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2014.12.004
15. Ghosh, C. and Chaudhury, R.H. (2022). Determinants of digital finance in India. Innovation and Development, 12(3), 343-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2020.1850012
16. GPFI. (2015). Innovative digital payment mechanisms supporting financial inclusion (GPFI Stocktaking Report). Retrieved from https://www.gpfi.org/sites/gpfi/files/documents/12-Stocktaking%20of%20Innovative%20Digital%20Payment%20Mechanisms%20Supporting....pdf
17. Gujarati, D.N. (2004). Basic econometrics. New York: The McGrow-Hill Companies.
18. Gujarati, D.N. and Porter, D.C. (2009). Essentials of econometrics. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
19. Gunduz, M. and Ozyildirim, Y. (2019). Measuring financial inclusion index by provinces in Turkey. Bankacılar Dergisi, 111, 52-70. Retrieved from https://www.tbb.org.tr/tr/bankacilik/arastirma-ve- yayinlar/bankacilar-dergisi/43?year=2024
20. Habesoglu, O. (2021). Financial inclusion case study: Case of Turkey. BILTURK The Journal of Economics and Related Studies, 3(1), 40-50. https://doi.org/10.47103/bilturk.772689
21. Lusardi, A. (2011). Americans' financial capability (National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 17103). Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w17103
22. Nandru, P., Chendragiri, M. and Velayutham, A. (2021). Determinants of digital financial inclusion in India: Evidence from the World Bank’s global Findex database. Research Square, Preprint, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-329541/v1
23. Ozsuca, E.A. (2019). Financial inclusion in Turkey: Evidence from individual level data. Ankara University SBF Dergisi, 74(4), 1377-1400. https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.614032
24. Rahimyar, A.M. and Curuk, S.A. (2021). An empiric research on level and determinants of financial inclusion: The case of Turkey. The Journal of Accounting and Finance, 90, 165-184. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.828513
25. Sahay, R., Čihák, M., N’Diaye, P., Barajas, A., Mitra, S., Kyobe, A., … Yousefi, S.R. (2015). Financial inclusion: Can it meet multiple macroeconomic goals? (IMF Staff Discussion Note No. 15/17). Retrieved from https://policycommons.net/artifacts/444472/financial-inclusion/1417305/
26. Sarıgul, H. (2021). An index of financial inclusion by regions and provinces in Turkey. The Journal of Accounting and Finance, 90, 79-100. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.875965
27. Thathsarani, U.S. and Jianquo, W. (2022). Do digital finance and the technology acceptance model strengthen financial inclusion and SME performance? Information, 13(8), 390. https://doi.org/10.3390/info13080390
28. TBB. (2022). Dijital, internet ve mobil bankacılık istatistikleri (TBB, Rapor Kodu: DT22). Retrieved from https://www.tbb.org.tr/Content/Upload/istatistikiraporlar/ekler/3932/Dijital-Internet-Mobil_Bankacilik_Istatistikleri-Eylul_2022.pdf
29. World Bank Group. (2014). Digital financial inclusion. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/financialinclusion/publication/digital-financial-inclusion
30. World Bank. (2024). What are quintiles? Retrieved from https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/1986160-what-are-quintiles
31. Zins, A. and Weill, L. (2016). The determinants of financial inclusion in Africa. Review of Development Finance, 6(1), 46–57. Retrieved from https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.1016/j.rdf.2016.05.001