Akdeniz'de Yeşil Dönüşümün Finansmanı: Yeşil Finansman Araçlarının Etki ve Çeşitliliğinin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Bu çalışma, çevresel nitelikli vergilerin ve yenilenebilir enerji alım garantilerinin (Feed-in Tariff, FiT) Akdeniz ülkelerinde sera gazı (GHG) emisyonları üzerindeki etkilerini incelemekte ve aynı zamanda bölgedeki daha geniş kapsamlı yeşil finansman araçlarının rolünü değerlendirmektedir. Çalışma, birkaç temel bulgu ortaya koymaktadır. İlk olarak, çevresel nitelikli vergiler ve iklim vergileri tek başlarına uygulandıklarında kişi başına düşen sera gazı emisyonlarını anlamlı ölçüde azaltmasa da sıkı çevre politikaları ile birlikte uygulandıklarında daha etkili hale gelmektedir. Nitekim bu vergilerdeki 1 yüzde puanlık artışın, kişi başına düşen sera gazı emisyonlarında %0,01–0,02 oranında bir azalma ile ilişkili olduğu ve daha sıkı düzenlemelerin bu etkiyi güçlendirdiği tespit edilmektedir. Benzer şekilde, alım garantilerinin (FiT’lerin) varlığı, hidroelektrik, atık ya da deniz enerjisi gibi belirli enerji kaynaklarına yönelik FiT fiyatları artırılmadıkça emisyonları tutarlı biçimde azaltmamaktadır; ancak bu kaynaklara yönelik tarife artışları emisyonlarda daha belirgin bir düşüş sağlamaktadır. Bulgular, yeşil finansman mekanizmalarının gerekli olmakla birlikte tek başına yeterli olmadığını göstermektedir; bu araçların başarısı, tamamlayıcı mali ve düzenleyici politikalarla uyum içinde uygulanmasına bağlıdır. Sonuç olarak, fosil yakıt sübvansiyonlarının kademeli olarak kaldırılmasını, karbon fiyatlandırma mekanizmalarının uygulanmasını ve çevre mevzuatının güçlendirilmesini içeren kapsamlı bir politika bileşimi, Akdeniz bölgesinde düşük karbonlu bir ekonomiye geçişin güvenilir bir şekilde sağlanması için kritik öneme sahiptir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Iklim Değişikliği
• Iklim Finansı
• Çevre Vergileri
• Alım Garantileri
• GHG Salımları
• Yeşil Finans

Financing the Green Transition in the Mediterranean: Assessing the Impact and Diversity of Green Finance Tools

Öz

This study examines the effects of environmentally related taxes and feed-in tariffs (FiTs) on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Mediterranean countries, while also exploring the role of broader green finance instruments in the region. The study highlights several key findings. First, environmentally related taxes and climate taxes, while not significantly reducing per capita GHG emissions when applied alone, appear to become more effective when combined with stringent environmental policies. Specifically, a 1 percentage point increase in these taxes leads to a 0.01-0.02% decrease in GHG emissions per capita, with more stringent policies amplifying their impact. Similarly, the presence of FiTs does not consistently reduce emissions unless tariffs are increased for specific energy sources such as hydro, waste, or marine energy, leading to a more pronounced decline in emissions. Green finance mechanisms are necessary but not sufficient on their own; their success depends on alignment with complementary fiscal and regulatory policies. A comprehensive policy mix—phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, implementing carbon pricing, and reinforcing environmental regulation—is crucial for enabling a credible transition to a low-carbon economy in the Mediterranean.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Climate Change
• Climate Finance
• Environmental Taxes
• Feed-In Tariffs
• GHG Emissions
• Green Finance

Kaynakça

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