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Türkiye İhracatının GEPU Endeksi, Reel Döviz Kuru ve Sanayi Üretim Endeksine Tepkisi: Asimetrik Bir Analiz

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 , 349 - 377 , 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1868400
https://izlik.org/JA28XA63KN

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin reel toplam ihracatı ile Küresel Ekonomi Politika Belirsizlik (GEPU) Endeksi, reel efektif döviz kuru ve yurtdışı gelirin göstergesi olarak alınan Sanayi Üretim Endeksi arasındaki ilişkiler 2013-2023 yılları arasındaki aylık veriler ile incelenmektedir. Değişkenler arasındaki kısa ve uzun dönem ilişkiler ARDL ve NARDL yöntemleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. ARDL yönteminden elde edilen tahmin sonuçlarına göre hem GEPU Endeksindeki artışların hem de reel efektif döviz kurundaki artışların, reel toplam ihracat üzerinde azaltıcı etkileri söz konusu iken; Sanayi Üretim Endeksindeki artışların arttırıcı etkisi bulunmaktadır. NARDL yönteminden elde edilen tahmin sonuçlarına göre, GEPU Endeksindeki ve reel efektif döviz kurundaki pozitif ve negatif şoklar, reel toplam ihracatı arttırmaktadır. Sanayi Üretim Endeksindeki pozitif şoklar reel toplam ihracatı arttırırken; negatif şoklar reel toplam ihracatı azaltmaktadır. Bu bağlamda elde edilen bulgular, küresel ölçekte artan ekonomik ve politik belirsizlikler karşısında ekonomik otoritelerin ve politika yapıcıların karar alma süreçlerinde belirsizlik göstergelerini dikkate almalarının yanı sıra, değişkenler arasındaki simetrik ilişkilerin yanında asimetrik ilişkileri de göz önünde bulundurmalarının önemine işaret etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abaidoo, R. (2019). Policy uncertainty and dynamics of international trade. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 11(1), 101-120. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFEP-02-2018-0034
  • Akçağlayan, A. (2022). Döviz kuru değişikliklerinin ihracat ve ithalat üzerindeki asimetrik etkileri. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 51(1), 1-20. Erişim adresi: https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/journal/ibr/home
  • Akpiliç, F. ve Yurdakul, F. (2022). Reel döviz kurunun Türkiye imalat sanayi ihracatı üzerindeki etkisi: Doğrusal olmayan panel ARDL yaklaşımı. Maliye Dergisi, 182, 1-29. Erişim adresi: https://www.hmb.gov.tr/dergi-hakkinda
  • Akpiliç, F., Aslan, Ç. and Bulut, E. (2024). The effects of global economic policy uncertainties on manufacturing industry exports: The case of Türkiye. Industrial Policy, 4(2), 50-58. Erişim adresi: https://www.indpol.org/index.php/indpol
  • Alsanusi, M., Altıntaş, H. and Alnour, M. (2022). The role of real exchange rate in the trade balance between Turkey and Libya: Evidence from nonlinear and wavelet-based approaches. Journal of Ekonomi, 4(2), 46-56. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ekonomi
  • Aslan, Ç. and Acıkgöz, S. (2023). Analysis of global economic policy uncertainty and export flows for emerging markets with panel VAR modeling. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 18(9), 2790-2815. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-12-2020-1570
  • Bahmani‐Oskooee, M. and Aftab, M. (2017). Asymmetric effects of exchange rate changes and the J‐curve: New evidence from 61 Malaysia–Thailand industries. Review of Development Economics, 21(4), e30-e46. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12298
  • Baker, S.R., Bloom, N. and Davis, S.J. (2013). Measuring economic policy uncertainty (SSRN Paper No. 2198490). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2198490
  • Baker, S.R., Bloom, N. and Davis, S.J. (2016). Measuring economic policy uncertainty. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(4), 1593-1636. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/qje
  • Bernanke, B.S. (1983). Irreversibility, uncertainty and cyclical investment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 98(1), 85-106. https://doi.org/10.2307/1885568
  • Berument, M.H., Dinçer, N.N. and Mustafaoğlu, Z. (2014). External income shocks and Turkish exports: A sectoral analysis. Economic Modelling, 37, 476-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.11.011
  • Bloom, N. (2009). The impact of uncertainty shocks. Econometrica, 77(3), 623-685. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA6248
  • Constantinescu, C., Mattoo, A. and Ruta, M. (2020). Policy uncertainty, trade and global value chains: Some facts, many questions. Review of Industrial Organization, 57(2), 285-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-020-09747-0
  • Çelgin, A., Gökcü, M. ve Özel, Ö. (2019). İhracat ve ithalatta gelir ve göreli fiyat etkilerinin ayrıştırılması. Erişim adresi: https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/c020b2c0-61f4-4156-bbe3-10ec17bfd423/en1905eng.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-c020b2c0-61f4-4156-bbe3-10ec17bfd423-mGmgSOw
  • Çeştepe, H. ve Güdenoğlu, E. (2020). Türkiye'de döviz rezervleri ve döviz kuru arasındaki asimetrik ilişki: NARDL yaklaşımı bulguları. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, 7(1), 231–251. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/makuiibf
  • Davis, S.J. (2016). An index of global economic policy uncertainty (NBER Working Paper Series No. 22740). Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w22740/w22740.pdf
  • Demian, V. and di Mauro, F. (2015). The exchange rate, asymmetric shocks and asymmetric distributions (ECB Working Paper No. 1801). Retrieved from https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1801.en.pdf
  • Di Nino, V., Barry E. and Massimo S. (2011). Real exchange rates, trade, and growth: Italy 1861-2011. Quaderni di Storia Economica (Economic History Working Papers No. 10). Retrieved from https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/quaderni-storia/2011-0010/QSEn_10.pdf
  • Dickey, D.A. and Fuller, W.A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Du, J., Satoglu, E.B. and Shepotylo, O. (2022). Post-Brexit UK trade: An update. Retrieved from https://www.lbpresearch.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Post-Brexit-UK-Trade-UpdatedFeb-2023.pdf
  • Engle, R.F. and Granger, C.W.J. (1987). Cointegration and error-correction: Representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
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  • Görüş, M. and Akyüz, M. (2023). The impact of the world trade uncertainty on international trade: The case of the Turkish economy. Sayıştay Dergisi, 34, 291-313. Retrieved from https://www.sayistay.gov.tr/tr/dergi
  • Granger, C.W.J. and Newbold, P. (1974). Spurious regressions in econometrics. Journal of Econometrics, 14, 114-120. Retrieved from https://cir.nii.ac.jp/
  • Greenland, A., Ion, M. and Lopresti, J. (2019). Exports, investment and policy uncertainty. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne D'économique, 52(4), 1248-1288. https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12400
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The Response of Turkey's Exports to The GEPU Index, Real Exchange Rate, and Industrial Production Index: An Asymmetric Analysis

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 , 349 - 377 , 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1868400
https://izlik.org/JA28XA63KN

Öz

This study examines the relationships between Turkey's real total exports and the Global Economic Policy Uncertainty (GEPU) index, real exchange rate, and Industrial Production Index using monthly data from 2013 to 2023. Short- and long-term relationships between the variables were analyzed using the ARDL and NARDL methods. According to the estimation results obtained from the ARDL method, both increases in the GEPU index and increases in the real exchange rate have a decreasing effect on real total exports, while increases in the Industrial Production Index have an increasing effect. According to the estimation results obtained from the NARDL method, positive and negative shocks in the GEPU index and exchange rate increase real total exports. Positive shocks in the Industrial Production Index increase real total exports, while negative shocks decrease real total exports. The findings obtained in this context highlight the importance of economic authorities and policymakers not only taking uncertainty indicators into account in their decision-making processes in the face of growing economic and political uncertainties on a global scale, but also considering asymmetric relationships between variables alongside symmetric ones.

Kaynakça

  • Abaidoo, R. (2019). Policy uncertainty and dynamics of international trade. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 11(1), 101-120. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFEP-02-2018-0034
  • Akçağlayan, A. (2022). Döviz kuru değişikliklerinin ihracat ve ithalat üzerindeki asimetrik etkileri. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 51(1), 1-20. Erişim adresi: https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/journal/ibr/home
  • Akpiliç, F. ve Yurdakul, F. (2022). Reel döviz kurunun Türkiye imalat sanayi ihracatı üzerindeki etkisi: Doğrusal olmayan panel ARDL yaklaşımı. Maliye Dergisi, 182, 1-29. Erişim adresi: https://www.hmb.gov.tr/dergi-hakkinda
  • Akpiliç, F., Aslan, Ç. and Bulut, E. (2024). The effects of global economic policy uncertainties on manufacturing industry exports: The case of Türkiye. Industrial Policy, 4(2), 50-58. Erişim adresi: https://www.indpol.org/index.php/indpol
  • Alsanusi, M., Altıntaş, H. and Alnour, M. (2022). The role of real exchange rate in the trade balance between Turkey and Libya: Evidence from nonlinear and wavelet-based approaches. Journal of Ekonomi, 4(2), 46-56. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ekonomi
  • Aslan, Ç. and Acıkgöz, S. (2023). Analysis of global economic policy uncertainty and export flows for emerging markets with panel VAR modeling. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 18(9), 2790-2815. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-12-2020-1570
  • Bahmani‐Oskooee, M. and Aftab, M. (2017). Asymmetric effects of exchange rate changes and the J‐curve: New evidence from 61 Malaysia–Thailand industries. Review of Development Economics, 21(4), e30-e46. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12298
  • Baker, S.R., Bloom, N. and Davis, S.J. (2013). Measuring economic policy uncertainty (SSRN Paper No. 2198490). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2198490
  • Baker, S.R., Bloom, N. and Davis, S.J. (2016). Measuring economic policy uncertainty. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(4), 1593-1636. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/qje
  • Bernanke, B.S. (1983). Irreversibility, uncertainty and cyclical investment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 98(1), 85-106. https://doi.org/10.2307/1885568
  • Berument, M.H., Dinçer, N.N. and Mustafaoğlu, Z. (2014). External income shocks and Turkish exports: A sectoral analysis. Economic Modelling, 37, 476-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.11.011
  • Bloom, N. (2009). The impact of uncertainty shocks. Econometrica, 77(3), 623-685. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA6248
  • Constantinescu, C., Mattoo, A. and Ruta, M. (2020). Policy uncertainty, trade and global value chains: Some facts, many questions. Review of Industrial Organization, 57(2), 285-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-020-09747-0
  • Çelgin, A., Gökcü, M. ve Özel, Ö. (2019). İhracat ve ithalatta gelir ve göreli fiyat etkilerinin ayrıştırılması. Erişim adresi: https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/c020b2c0-61f4-4156-bbe3-10ec17bfd423/en1905eng.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-c020b2c0-61f4-4156-bbe3-10ec17bfd423-mGmgSOw
  • Çeştepe, H. ve Güdenoğlu, E. (2020). Türkiye'de döviz rezervleri ve döviz kuru arasındaki asimetrik ilişki: NARDL yaklaşımı bulguları. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, 7(1), 231–251. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/makuiibf
  • Davis, S.J. (2016). An index of global economic policy uncertainty (NBER Working Paper Series No. 22740). Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w22740/w22740.pdf
  • Demian, V. and di Mauro, F. (2015). The exchange rate, asymmetric shocks and asymmetric distributions (ECB Working Paper No. 1801). Retrieved from https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1801.en.pdf
  • Di Nino, V., Barry E. and Massimo S. (2011). Real exchange rates, trade, and growth: Italy 1861-2011. Quaderni di Storia Economica (Economic History Working Papers No. 10). Retrieved from https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/quaderni-storia/2011-0010/QSEn_10.pdf
  • Dickey, D.A. and Fuller, W.A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Du, J., Satoglu, E.B. and Shepotylo, O. (2022). Post-Brexit UK trade: An update. Retrieved from https://www.lbpresearch.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Post-Brexit-UK-Trade-UpdatedFeb-2023.pdf
  • Engle, R.F. and Granger, C.W.J. (1987). Cointegration and error-correction: Representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
  • GEPU. (2025). Global economic policy uncertainty index. Retrieved from www.policyuncertainty.com/global_monthly.html
  • Goldstein, M. and Khan, M.S. (1978). The supply and demand for exports: A simultaneous approach. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 60(2), 275-286. Retrieved from https://www.mitpressjournals.org/loi/rest
  • Görüş, M. and Akyüz, M. (2023). The impact of the world trade uncertainty on international trade: The case of the Turkish economy. Sayıştay Dergisi, 34, 291-313. Retrieved from https://www.sayistay.gov.tr/tr/dergi
  • Granger, C.W.J. and Newbold, P. (1974). Spurious regressions in econometrics. Journal of Econometrics, 14, 114-120. Retrieved from https://cir.nii.ac.jp/
  • Greenland, A., Ion, M. and Lopresti, J. (2019). Exports, investment and policy uncertainty. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne D'économique, 52(4), 1248-1288. https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12400
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  • Keynes, J.M. (1936). İstihdam, faiz ve paranın genel kuramı (Çev. A. Öztürk, 2023). İstanbul: Özgür Yayınları.
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  • Knight, F. (1921). Risk, uncertainty and profit. Retrieved from https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/books/risk/riskuncertaintyprofit.pdf
  • Krol, R. (2018). Does uncertainty over economic policy harm trade, foreign investment, and prosperity? Retrieved from https://mercatus.org
  • Krugman, P. (1980). Scale Economies, product differentiation and the pattern of trade. American Economic Review, 70(5), 950–959. https://www.aeaweb.org/journals/aer
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  • Magee, S.P. (1973). Currency contracts, pass–through and devaluation. Brooking Papers on Economic Activity, 4(1), 303-325. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/bpea/
  • Narayan, P. and Narayan, S. (2010). Estimating import and export demand elasticities for Mauritius and South Africa. Australian Economic Papers, 49(3), 241-252. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14678454
  • Narayan, P.K. and Smyth, R. (2006). What determines migration flows from low‐income to high‐income countries? An empirical investigation of Fiji–Us migration 1972–2001. Contemporary Economic Policy, 24(2), 332-342. https://doi.org/10.1093/cep/byj019
  • Novy, D. and Taylor, A.M. (2020). Trade and uncertainty. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 102(4), 749–765. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00885
  • Özçelik, O. (2022). Ekonomik ve siyasi belirsizliklerin Türkiye’nin dış ticarette ödeme şekli tercihlerine etkileri: Doğrusal olmayan asimetrik ESTAR koentegrasyon testi ile sınama. BMJI, 10(1), 380-398. Erişim adresi: https://innovations.bmj.com/?utm_source
  • Özmen, E. (2014). Reel döviz kuru ve Türkiye dış ticaret dinamikleri. Economic Research Center Working Papers in Economics, 14(12), 1-138. Erişim adresi: https://erc.metu.edu.tr/
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Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uygulamalı Makro Ekonometri, Zaman Serileri Analizi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Funda Yurdakul 0000-0002-3910-0186

İrem Onat 0009-0003-2340-7022

Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Ocak 2026
Kabul Tarihi 27 Mart 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1868400
IZ https://izlik.org/JA28XA63KN
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yurdakul, F., & Onat, İ. (2026). Türkiye İhracatının GEPU Endeksi, Reel Döviz Kuru ve Sanayi Üretim Endeksine Tepkisi: Asimetrik Bir Analiz. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(1), 349-377. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1868400