Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Main Determinants of Turkey’s Foreign Oil and Natural Gas Strategy

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 114 - 132, 11.09.2018
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.426472

Öz

This
paper has the goal of contributing to the academic literature on Turkey’s
energy strategy in two ways. Firstly, through explaining the role of and
interaction between the most important determinants of Turkey’s foreign oil and
natural gas strategy, the paper aims at contributing to further understanding
of the strategy. Secondly, while a number of academic studies have analyzed
Ankara’s energy policy, they have remained mostly policy-based. Thus, by
describing the key determinative elements of Ankara’s external oil and natural
gas strategy in the framework of Realism and Liberalism, the paper also aims to
fill in this important gap in the academic literature. As shown in this
article, both theories are rather helpful in explaining the principal determinants
of Turkey’s foreign oil and natural gas strategy. The paper argues that the
most crucial determinative elements of the strategy, in terms of the order of
their importance, are the concerns of the country over its energy security, its
goal of becoming an energy hub, several regional developments, the economic and
business partnerships between Turkey and its energy allies, and foreign
ambitions of Turkish energy firms. 

Kaynakça

  • Abbasov, K. (2015). Role of energy in Azerbaijan’s foreign policy during İlham Aliyev era. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12619535/index.pdf
  • Akhundzada, E. (2014). Turkey as an energy hub: Opportunities and challenges. Hazar Report Journal.
  • Alcenat, W., & Özkececi-Taner, B. (2010). Potential roles for Turkey as a rising regional actor in Eurasia. Insight Turkey, 12(3), 237-253.
  • Alsaad, M. (2014). Energy security in international relations Indian’s energy security. (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/25150
  • Alsancak, H. (2010). The role of Turkey in global energy: Bolstering energy infrastructure security. Journal of Energy Security, May 2010, Retrieved from http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=247:the-role-of-turkey-in-the-global-energy-bolstering-energy-infrastructure-security&catid=106:energysecuritycontent 0510&Itemid=361
  • Güney, N. A., & Korkmaz, V. (2014). The energy interdependence model between Russia and Europe: An evaluation of expectations for change. Perceptions, 19(3), 35-59.
  • Austvik, O. G., & Rzayeva, G. (2016). Turkey in the geopolitics of natural gas. (M-RCBG Associate Working Paper No. 66.) Retrieved from https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/ centers/mrcbg/files/66_final.pdf
  • Babalı, T. (2010). Regional energy equations and Turkish foreign policy: The Middle East and The Cis. Insight Turkey, 12(3), 147-168.
  • Babalı, T. (2012). The role of energy in Turkey’s relations with Russia and Iran. Paper presented at The Turkey, Russia, Iran Nexus: Economic and Energy Dimensions Workshop. Retrieved from public/legacy_files/files/attachments/120529_Babali_TurkeyEnergy.pdf
  • Balcer, A. (2012). Between energy and soft pan-Turkism: Turkey and the Turkic Republics. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 11(2), 151-162. Retrieved from http://turkishpolicy.com
  • Bilgin, M. (2015). Turkey’s energy strategy: Synchronizing geopolitics and foreign policy with energy security. Insight Turkey, 17(2), 67-81.
  • BOTAŞ. (2013). BOTAŞ Sektör Raporu. Retrieved from https://www.botas.gov.tr/ docs/raporlar/tur/sektorap_2013.pdf
  • Çalıkoğlu, E. (2012). Overview of the Turkish energy sector. Retrieved from https://www.deik.org.tr/uploads/e2e421b3664c417bb22c1c068202cff0.pdf
  • Česnakas, G. (2010). Energy resources in foreign policy: A theoretical approach. Baltic Journal of Law & Politics, 3(1), 30-52. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10076-010-0003-y
  • Chow, E. C., & Hendrix, L. E. (2010). Central Asia’s pipelines: Field of dreams and reality (Special Report No. 23). Retrieved from https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/1009_EChow_LHendrix_CentralAsia.pdf
  • Dannreuther, R. (2010). International relations theories: Energy, minerals and conflict. (Polinares Working Paper No. 8).
  • Dimitrov, I. (2015). The dream of south stream: A geopolitical analysis of the pipeline’s development and failure. Retrieved from http://www.geo-europa.nl/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/The-dream-of-South-Stream.pdf
  • Doyle, M. W. (2016). Liberalism and foreign policy. In S. Smith, A. Hadfield, & T. Dunne (Eds.), Foreign policy: Theories, actors, cases (Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Eissler, E. R. (2012). Regional energy security: Turkey’s ambition to become a regional energy hub. (7th edition Volume 1). Centre for Policy Analysis and Research on Turkey.
  • EMRA. (2017a). Turkish Natural Gas Market Report 2016. Retrieved from https://www.epdk.org.tr/Detay/Icerik/1-1275/natural-gaspublishments-reports
  • EMRA. (2017b). Turkish Petroleum Market Report 2016. Retrieved from https://www.epdk.org.tr/Detay/Icerik/1-2316/petroleumpublishments-reports
  • Erşen, E. (2003). The impact of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline on Turkey-U.S. relations. Turkish Review of Eurasian Studies, 73-116. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/1048359/ The_Impact_of_Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan_Pipeline_on_Turkey-U.S._Relations
  • Fettweis, C. J. (2009). No blood for oil: Why resource wars are obsolete?. In G. Luft & A. Korin (Eds.), Energy security challenges for the 21st century a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger Security International.
  • Garibov, A. (2017). Are the littoral states close to signing an agreement on the legal status of the Caspian Sea?. Eurasia Daily Monitor, 14(61). Retrieved from https://jamestown.org/program/littoral-states-close-signing-agreement-legal-status-caspian-sea/
  • Grieco, J. M. (1993). The relative-gains problem for international cooperation. The American Political Science Review, 87(3), 727-743. doi: 10.2307/2938747
  • Heinrich, A., & Pleines, H. (2015). Mixing geopolitics and business: How ruling elites in the Caspian states justify their choice of export pipelines. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 6(2), 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2015.03.003
  • Holsti, O. R. (2004). Theories of international relations. In M. J. Hogan & T. G. Paterson (Eds.), Explaining the history of American foreign relations (pp. 51-90). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • IEA. (2016). Energy policies of IEA countries Turkey 2016 Review. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/EnergyPoliciesofIEACountriesTurkey.pdf
  • Iozzi, D. (2014). Eni external action: An international relations theories interpretation? (Master's Thesis). Retrieved from https://tesi.luiss.it/12630/1/iozzi-debora-tesi-2014.pdf
  • İpek, P. (2008). Azerbaijan: Oil boom and challenges. In M. Kibaroglu (Ed.), Turkey's neighborhood (pp. 111-141). Ankara: Foreign Policy Institute.
  • İpek, P. (2017). The role of energy security in Turkish foreign policy (2004–2016). In P. Gozen Ercan (Ed.), Turkish foreign policy: International relations, legality and global reach (pp.173-194). US: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • İşeri, E., & Dilek, O. (2011). The limitations of Turkey's new foreign policy activism in the Caucasian regional security complexity. Turkish Studies, 12(1), 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2011.563502
  • Kardaş, Ş. (2013). Energy in Turkey’s international affairs and the race for southern corridor. Retrieved from http://www.gmfus.org/publications/energy-turkey%E2%80%99s-international-affairs-and-race-southern-corridor
  • Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (1989). Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition. New York: HarperCollins.
  • Klare, M. T. (2009). There will be blood: Political violence, regional warfare, and the risk of great-power conflict over contested energy sources. In G. Luft & A. Korin (Eds.), Energy security challenges for the 21st century: A reference handbook (pp. 44-65). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Security International.
  • Korab-Karpowicz, W. J. (2010). Political realism in international relations. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism-intl-relations/
  • Krauer-Pacheco, K. (2011). Turkey as a transit country and energy hub: The link to its foreign policy aims (Report No. 118). Bremen, Germany: Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universität Bremen.
  • Luft, G., & Korin, A. (2009). Energy security: In the eyes of the beholder. In G. Luft & A. Korin (Eds.), Energy security challenges for the 21st century a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger Security International.
  • MENR. (2014). Strategic report 2015-2019. Retrieved from http://www.enerji.gov.tr/File/?path= ROOT%2f1%2fDocuments%2fStrategic%20Plan%2fStrategicPlan2015-2019.pdf
  • Moravcsik, A. (1992). Liberalism and international relations theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
  • Moravcsik, A. (1997). Taking preferences seriously: A liberal theory of international politics. International Organization, 51(4), 513-553. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081897550447
  • Moravcsik, A. (2010). Liberal theories of international relations: A primer. Retrieved from https://www.princeton.edu/~amoravcs/publications.html
  • Ripsman, N. M. (2017). Neoclassical realism. Retrieved from http://internationalstudies.oxfordre.com /view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-36
  • Shaffer, B. (2006). Turkey’s energy policies in a tight global energy market. Insight Turkey, 8(2), 97-104. Retrieved from https://www.belfercenter.org/
  • Sulejmanovic, A. (2014). The Role of Energy in EU-Russian Relations (Master's Thesis). Retrieved from http://www.openaccess.hacettepe.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11655/2554/aeb65fd8-5d54-449c-93ba-bfe0d3ed6c82.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • Tokuş, H. I. (2010). Turkey as an emerging energy hub (Master's Thesis). Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a524682.pdf
  • Walt, S. M. (1998). International relations: One world, many theories. Foreign Policy, 110, 29-46. doi: 10.2307/1149275
  • Yardımcı, O. (2015, July 8). Energy cooperation in the history of Turkish-Russian relations [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://enerjiuzmani.blogspot.be/2015/07/july-08-2015-energy-cooperation-in_8.html
  • Yuldasheva, G. (2008). Geopolitics of Central Asia in the context of the Iranian factor. Caucasian Review of International Affairs, 2(3), 133-145. Retrieved from http://www.cria-online.org/

Türkiye’nin Dış Petrol ve Doğal Gaz Stratejisinin Temel Belirleyici Faktörleri

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 114 - 132, 11.09.2018
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.426472

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin
enerji stratejisi konusunda yapılan akademik literatüre
iki şekilde katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. İlk olarak, bahsi gecen çalışma,
Türkiye’nin dış petrol ve doğal gaz stratejisinin en temel belirleyici
faktörlerini ve bu faktörler arasındaki etkileşimi anlatarak, söz konusu
stratejinin daha çok anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunmayı hedeflemektedir. İkinci
olarak, Ankara’nın enerji politikasını analiz eden birçok akademik çalışma
olmakla beraber, bahsi geçen çalışmalar çoğunlukla politika bazlı kalmıştır. Bu
nedenle, bu çalışma Ankara’nın dış petrol ve doğal gaz stratejisini Realizm ve
Liberalizm çerçevesinde tarif ederek, akademik literatüre katkı sunmayı
hedeflemektedir. Bu çalışmada da gösterildiği gibi, söz konusu iki teori
Türkiye’nin dış petrol ve gaz stratejisinin en önemli belirleyici faktörlerini
anlatmakta oldukça faydalıdır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma, bahsi geçen
stratejinin en önemli belirleyici faktörlerinin, önem sırasına göre,
Türkiye’nin enerji güvenliği konusundaki kaygıları, ülkenin enerji merkezi olma
hedefi, bölgedeki bazı gelişmeler, Türkiye ile enerji ortakları arasındaki
ekonomik ortaklık ve Türk enerji firmalarının diğer ülkelerdeki hedefleri
olduğunu ileri sürmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abbasov, K. (2015). Role of energy in Azerbaijan’s foreign policy during İlham Aliyev era. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12619535/index.pdf
  • Akhundzada, E. (2014). Turkey as an energy hub: Opportunities and challenges. Hazar Report Journal.
  • Alcenat, W., & Özkececi-Taner, B. (2010). Potential roles for Turkey as a rising regional actor in Eurasia. Insight Turkey, 12(3), 237-253.
  • Alsaad, M. (2014). Energy security in international relations Indian’s energy security. (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/25150
  • Alsancak, H. (2010). The role of Turkey in global energy: Bolstering energy infrastructure security. Journal of Energy Security, May 2010, Retrieved from http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=247:the-role-of-turkey-in-the-global-energy-bolstering-energy-infrastructure-security&catid=106:energysecuritycontent 0510&Itemid=361
  • Güney, N. A., & Korkmaz, V. (2014). The energy interdependence model between Russia and Europe: An evaluation of expectations for change. Perceptions, 19(3), 35-59.
  • Austvik, O. G., & Rzayeva, G. (2016). Turkey in the geopolitics of natural gas. (M-RCBG Associate Working Paper No. 66.) Retrieved from https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/ centers/mrcbg/files/66_final.pdf
  • Babalı, T. (2010). Regional energy equations and Turkish foreign policy: The Middle East and The Cis. Insight Turkey, 12(3), 147-168.
  • Babalı, T. (2012). The role of energy in Turkey’s relations with Russia and Iran. Paper presented at The Turkey, Russia, Iran Nexus: Economic and Energy Dimensions Workshop. Retrieved from public/legacy_files/files/attachments/120529_Babali_TurkeyEnergy.pdf
  • Balcer, A. (2012). Between energy and soft pan-Turkism: Turkey and the Turkic Republics. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 11(2), 151-162. Retrieved from http://turkishpolicy.com
  • Bilgin, M. (2015). Turkey’s energy strategy: Synchronizing geopolitics and foreign policy with energy security. Insight Turkey, 17(2), 67-81.
  • BOTAŞ. (2013). BOTAŞ Sektör Raporu. Retrieved from https://www.botas.gov.tr/ docs/raporlar/tur/sektorap_2013.pdf
  • Çalıkoğlu, E. (2012). Overview of the Turkish energy sector. Retrieved from https://www.deik.org.tr/uploads/e2e421b3664c417bb22c1c068202cff0.pdf
  • Česnakas, G. (2010). Energy resources in foreign policy: A theoretical approach. Baltic Journal of Law & Politics, 3(1), 30-52. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10076-010-0003-y
  • Chow, E. C., & Hendrix, L. E. (2010). Central Asia’s pipelines: Field of dreams and reality (Special Report No. 23). Retrieved from https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/1009_EChow_LHendrix_CentralAsia.pdf
  • Dannreuther, R. (2010). International relations theories: Energy, minerals and conflict. (Polinares Working Paper No. 8).
  • Dimitrov, I. (2015). The dream of south stream: A geopolitical analysis of the pipeline’s development and failure. Retrieved from http://www.geo-europa.nl/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/The-dream-of-South-Stream.pdf
  • Doyle, M. W. (2016). Liberalism and foreign policy. In S. Smith, A. Hadfield, & T. Dunne (Eds.), Foreign policy: Theories, actors, cases (Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Eissler, E. R. (2012). Regional energy security: Turkey’s ambition to become a regional energy hub. (7th edition Volume 1). Centre for Policy Analysis and Research on Turkey.
  • EMRA. (2017a). Turkish Natural Gas Market Report 2016. Retrieved from https://www.epdk.org.tr/Detay/Icerik/1-1275/natural-gaspublishments-reports
  • EMRA. (2017b). Turkish Petroleum Market Report 2016. Retrieved from https://www.epdk.org.tr/Detay/Icerik/1-2316/petroleumpublishments-reports
  • Erşen, E. (2003). The impact of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline on Turkey-U.S. relations. Turkish Review of Eurasian Studies, 73-116. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/1048359/ The_Impact_of_Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan_Pipeline_on_Turkey-U.S._Relations
  • Fettweis, C. J. (2009). No blood for oil: Why resource wars are obsolete?. In G. Luft & A. Korin (Eds.), Energy security challenges for the 21st century a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger Security International.
  • Garibov, A. (2017). Are the littoral states close to signing an agreement on the legal status of the Caspian Sea?. Eurasia Daily Monitor, 14(61). Retrieved from https://jamestown.org/program/littoral-states-close-signing-agreement-legal-status-caspian-sea/
  • Grieco, J. M. (1993). The relative-gains problem for international cooperation. The American Political Science Review, 87(3), 727-743. doi: 10.2307/2938747
  • Heinrich, A., & Pleines, H. (2015). Mixing geopolitics and business: How ruling elites in the Caspian states justify their choice of export pipelines. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 6(2), 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2015.03.003
  • Holsti, O. R. (2004). Theories of international relations. In M. J. Hogan & T. G. Paterson (Eds.), Explaining the history of American foreign relations (pp. 51-90). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • IEA. (2016). Energy policies of IEA countries Turkey 2016 Review. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/EnergyPoliciesofIEACountriesTurkey.pdf
  • Iozzi, D. (2014). Eni external action: An international relations theories interpretation? (Master's Thesis). Retrieved from https://tesi.luiss.it/12630/1/iozzi-debora-tesi-2014.pdf
  • İpek, P. (2008). Azerbaijan: Oil boom and challenges. In M. Kibaroglu (Ed.), Turkey's neighborhood (pp. 111-141). Ankara: Foreign Policy Institute.
  • İpek, P. (2017). The role of energy security in Turkish foreign policy (2004–2016). In P. Gozen Ercan (Ed.), Turkish foreign policy: International relations, legality and global reach (pp.173-194). US: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • İşeri, E., & Dilek, O. (2011). The limitations of Turkey's new foreign policy activism in the Caucasian regional security complexity. Turkish Studies, 12(1), 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2011.563502
  • Kardaş, Ş. (2013). Energy in Turkey’s international affairs and the race for southern corridor. Retrieved from http://www.gmfus.org/publications/energy-turkey%E2%80%99s-international-affairs-and-race-southern-corridor
  • Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (1989). Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition. New York: HarperCollins.
  • Klare, M. T. (2009). There will be blood: Political violence, regional warfare, and the risk of great-power conflict over contested energy sources. In G. Luft & A. Korin (Eds.), Energy security challenges for the 21st century: A reference handbook (pp. 44-65). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Security International.
  • Korab-Karpowicz, W. J. (2010). Political realism in international relations. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism-intl-relations/
  • Krauer-Pacheco, K. (2011). Turkey as a transit country and energy hub: The link to its foreign policy aims (Report No. 118). Bremen, Germany: Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universität Bremen.
  • Luft, G., & Korin, A. (2009). Energy security: In the eyes of the beholder. In G. Luft & A. Korin (Eds.), Energy security challenges for the 21st century a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger Security International.
  • MENR. (2014). Strategic report 2015-2019. Retrieved from http://www.enerji.gov.tr/File/?path= ROOT%2f1%2fDocuments%2fStrategic%20Plan%2fStrategicPlan2015-2019.pdf
  • Moravcsik, A. (1992). Liberalism and international relations theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
  • Moravcsik, A. (1997). Taking preferences seriously: A liberal theory of international politics. International Organization, 51(4), 513-553. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081897550447
  • Moravcsik, A. (2010). Liberal theories of international relations: A primer. Retrieved from https://www.princeton.edu/~amoravcs/publications.html
  • Ripsman, N. M. (2017). Neoclassical realism. Retrieved from http://internationalstudies.oxfordre.com /view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-36
  • Shaffer, B. (2006). Turkey’s energy policies in a tight global energy market. Insight Turkey, 8(2), 97-104. Retrieved from https://www.belfercenter.org/
  • Sulejmanovic, A. (2014). The Role of Energy in EU-Russian Relations (Master's Thesis). Retrieved from http://www.openaccess.hacettepe.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11655/2554/aeb65fd8-5d54-449c-93ba-bfe0d3ed6c82.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • Tokuş, H. I. (2010). Turkey as an emerging energy hub (Master's Thesis). Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a524682.pdf
  • Walt, S. M. (1998). International relations: One world, many theories. Foreign Policy, 110, 29-46. doi: 10.2307/1149275
  • Yardımcı, O. (2015, July 8). Energy cooperation in the history of Turkish-Russian relations [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://enerjiuzmani.blogspot.be/2015/07/july-08-2015-energy-cooperation-in_8.html
  • Yuldasheva, G. (2008). Geopolitics of Central Asia in the context of the Iranian factor. Caucasian Review of International Affairs, 2(3), 133-145. Retrieved from http://www.cria-online.org/
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Remziye Yilmaz-bozkus

Yayımlanma Tarihi 11 Eylül 2018
Kabul Tarihi 14 Temmuz 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yilmaz-bozkus, R. (2018). Main Determinants of Turkey’s Foreign Oil and Natural Gas Strategy. Ekonomi Politika Ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 114-132. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.426472