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Enerji Güvenliği Ekseninde Doğu Akdeniz Gaz Forumu

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 216 - 239, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.852634

Öz

Doğu Akdeniz, kadim medeniyetlerin ve semavi dinlerin ortaya çıktığı bir bölge olarak köklü siyasi, sosyal, kültürel sorunların da yer aldığı bir bölgedir. Jeopolitik açıdan büyük öneme sahip olan bölge, son dönemde keşfedilen hidrokarbon kaynakları ve deniz yetki alanları paylaşım sorunlarıyla gündemde yer almaktadır. Bölge ülkeleri bir taraftan münhasır ekonomik bölge paylaşımı, diğer taraftan doğal gazın uluslararası pazarlara iletim projeleri kapsamında ittifaklar oluşturmaktadırlar. 2018 yılında, Doğu Akdeniz doğal gaz kaynaklarının işletilmesi kapsamında üretici, alıcı ve transit bazı ülkeleri kapsayan bir iş birliği platformu olarak Doğu Akdeniz Gaz Forumu (East Mediterranean Gas Forum - EMGF)’nun kurulması gündeme gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, ilgili resmi makamların açıklamaları ve yayınlanan deklarasyonlardan hareketle, Forum’un kuruluş amacına uygun olarak iş birliğini geliştirme ve enerji güvenliğine hizmet etme potansiyelinin uluslararası ilişkiler açısından analiz edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda; çalışmada öncelikle bölgenin hidrokarbon potansiyeli incelenerek, dünya hidrokarbon kaynakları içindeki önemine değinilmiş, EMGF’nin oluşumunda ana etkenlerden olan doğal gazı uluslararası pazarlara ulaştıracak ihraç projeleri, EMGF’nin kuruluş hedefleri ve Forum’a üye, Forum dışında kalan aktörlerin ve bölge dışı güçlerin EMGF’ye yaklaşımı analiz edilerek EMGF’nin enerji güvenliğine etkisi değerlendirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

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East Mediterranean Gas Forum in the Perspective of Energy Security

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 216 - 239, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.852634

Öz

The Eastern Mediterranean, where ancient civilizations and Abrahamic religions have emerged, hosts deep-rooted political, social, and cultural issues as well. The region occupies the world agenda with recently discovered hydrocarbon resources and the disputes between the countries on the sharing of the exclusive economic zones and the transmission of the natural gas to international markets. In 2018, the establishment of the Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum (EMGF) as a cooperation platform for the operation of Eastern Mediterranean natural gas resources came to the agenda. In terms of international relations, this study aims to examine the Forum's potential to improve cooperation and serve energy security per its founding purpose. This examination will be based on the statements given by the relative authorities and the published declarations. In this context, firstly, the region's hydrocarbon potential was examined, and its importance in the world hydrocarbon resources was mentioned in this study. Export projects that will transport the natural gas to international markets, which is one of the main factors in the formation of EMGF, the establishment objectives of EMGF, the approaches of the actors who are members of the Forum, outside the Forum and outside the region, towards the EMGF were analyzed, and EMGF's effect on energy security was evaluated.

Kaynakça

  • Adel, M. (2019). Egypt begins gas exportation to Jordan at 290m scf/day. Retrieved from https://dailynewsegypt.com/2019/10/26/egypt-begins-gas-exportation-to-jordan-at-290m-scf-day/
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  • Henderson, S. (2019). East Mediterranean energy and Middle East peace. The Washington Institute. Retrieved from https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/east-mediterranean-energy-and-middle-east-peace.
  • İlhan, S. (1989). Jeopolitik Duyarlılık. Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
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  • Kökyay, F. (2019). Stratejik güç petrol; Türkiye’nin petropolitiği. İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
  • Koranyi, D. (2014). Where there is a will there is a way: Regional cooperation on hydrocarbon development in the Eastern Mediterranean. In A. Gürel, H. Tzimitras and H. Faustmann (Eds.), East Mediterranean Hydrocarbons Geopolitical Perspectives, Markets, and Regional Cooperation (PCC Report 3/2014) (pp. 80-82). Nicosia: PRIO Cyprus Centre.
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  • Letter dated 13 February 2018 A/72/760 from the Permanent Representatives of Cyprus, Egypt and Greece to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General.
  • Letter dated 20 June 2011 from the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Emigrants of Lebanon addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations concerning the Agreement between the Government of the State of Israel and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus on the Delimitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone, signed in Nicosia on 17 December 2010. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/communications/lbn_re_cyp_isr_agreement2010.pdf.
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  • Lika, I. (2020). Fransa’nın Doğu Akdeniz’deki tehlikeli oyunu. Ankara: Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı.
  • Lokman, K. (1970). Petrol arama amacıyla memleketimizde uygulanan “offshore – drilling” tekniği hakkında. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 13(1), 1-13. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tjb
  • Mackinder, H. J. (1943). The round world and the winning of the peace. Foreign Affairs, 21(4), 595-605. Retrieved from https://heinonline.org/
  • Memorandum of Understanding. (2018). Memorandum of understanding on a strategic partnership on energy between the European Union and the Arab Republic of Egypt 2018-2022. (2018). Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/eu-egypt_mou.pdf.
  • Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources. (2020). Declaration of the third ministerial meeting of the East Mediterranean gas forum. Retrieved from https://www.petroleum.gov.eg/en/media-center/news/news-pages/Pages/mop_16012020_04.aspx
  • Mostafa, B. (2016). Maritime borders in the Eastern Mediterranean. Retrieved from https://egyptoil-gas.com/features/maritime-borders-in-the-eastern-mediterranean/.
  • Navon, E. (2019). The new emerging energy hub in the Eastern Mediterranean. Retrieved from https://jiss.org.il/en/navon-the-new-emerging-energy-hub-in-the-eastern-mediterranean.
  • NTV. (2019, 17 Aralık). İsrail, doğal gaz boru hattı inşası için Türkiye ile müzakerelere hazır iddiası. Erişim adresi: https://www.ntv.com.tr/dunya/israil-dogalgaz-boru-hatti-insasi-icin-turkiye-ile-muzakerelere-hazir-iddiasi,y5rA0_-zWU2k_I_64zd2BA.
  • Öğütçü, M. and Jones, S. (2015). Time to transform the Eastern Mediterranean. Retrieved from https://www.euractiv.com/section/med-south/opinion/time-to-transform-the-eastern-mediterranean/.
  • Press and Information Office. (2019a). Cairo declaration establishing The East Mediterranean gas forum. Retrieved from https://www.pio.gov.cy/assets/pdf/EMGF%20Declaration%20 final%2014Jan.pdf.
  • Press and Information Office. (2019b). The second ministerial meeting of the East Mediterranean gas forum. Retrieved from https://www.pio.gov.cy/assets/pdf/newsroom/2019/07/EMGF%202% 20Ministerial%20Meeting%20Declaration%20-%2025Jul%202019%20-%201600(1)%20(2).pdf.
  • Public Law 116–94—DEC. 20, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/116/plaws/publ94/PLAW-116publ94.pdf.
  • Reuters. (2020, 22 Eylül). East Mediterranean states formally establish Egypt-based gas forum. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/mideast-energy-idAFL5N2GJ228
  • Rohan, B. (2019). Egypt launches regional gas forum, including Israel in fold. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/ap-egypt-launches-regional-gas-forum-including-israel-in-fold-2019-1.
  • Samir, M. (2019). EMG pipeline deal nears completion, paving way for Israeli gas export to Egypt. Retrieved from https://dailynewsegypt.com/2019/11/03/emg-pipeline-deal-nears-completion-paving-way-for-israeli-gas-export-to-egypt/.
  • Sander, O. (2001). Siyasi Tarih II (1918-1994). Ankara: İmge Yayınları.
  • Sanger-Weaver, J. (2012). Egypt, Israel, and the Arish-Ashkelon pipeline controversy. Retrieved from https://prospectjournal.org/2012/01/24/egypt-israel-and-the-arish-ashkelon-pipeline-controversy/
  • Shama, N. (2019, 23 Aralık). The geopolitics of a latent international conflict in Eastern Mediterranean. Retrieved from https://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2019/12/geopolitics-latent-international-conflict-eastern-mediterranean-191223074025635.html.
  • Spykman, N. J. (1944). The geography of the peace. California: Harcourt Brace and Company.
  • State Information Service. (n.d.). East Mediterranean gas forum. Retrieved from https://www.sis.gov.eg/section/52/9458?lang=en-us.
  • Stratejik Düşünce Enstitüsü. (2019). Doğu Akdeniz’de yükselen gerilim: Siyasi, askeri ve ekonomik açıdan yapılması gerekenler raporu. Ankara: SDE Savunma ve Güvenlik Koordinatörlüğü. Erişim adresi: https://www.sde.org.tr/dergi/sd-rapor-dogu-akdenizde-yukselen-gerilim-siyasi-askeri-ve-ekonomik-acidan-yapilmasi-gerekenler-yayini-10417
  • T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı (2020b). SC-3, Dışişleri Bakanlığı sözcüsü Hami Aksoy’un Doğu Akdeniz Gaz Forumu’nun uluslararası bir kuruluşa dönüştürülmesine yönelik toplantı hakkındaki soruya cevabı. Erişim adresi: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/sc_-3_-dogu-akdeniz-gaz-forumu-hk-sc.tr.mfa.
  • T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı. (2020a,). SC-1, Dışişleri Bakanlığı sözcüsü Hami Aksoy’un EastMed projesine ilişkin anlaşmanın imzalanması hakkındaki soruya cevabı. Erişim adresi: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/sc_-1_-eastmed-projesine-ili%C5%9Fkin-anlasmanin-imzalanmasi-hk-sc.tr.mfa.
  • Taşman, C. E. (1949). Petrolün Türkiye'de tarihçesi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 39. Erişim adresi: https://dergi.mta.gov.tr/
  • The Ministry of Energy. (t.y.). Export. Erişim adresi: http://www.energy-sea.gov.il/English-Site/Pages/Gas%20Markets/Israels-Export-Options.aspx.
  • The Times of Israel. (2020). Sinai gunmen said to attack Egypt-Israel pipe; Israel says gas flow unhindered. Retrieved from https://www.timesofisrael.com/sinai-gunmen-said-to-attack-egypt-israel-pipe-israel-says-gas-flow-unhindered/#gs.gh3j2f.
  • Total. (2018). Total Strengthens Its Position in the Mediterranean Region by entering two exploration blocks offshore Lebanon. Retrieved from https://www.total.com/media/news/press-releases/total-strengthens-position-in-mediterranean-region-by-entering-two-exploration-blocks-offshore-lebanon.
  • United Nations. (2004). Law of the sea bulletin. No.54. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/Depts/los/doalos_publications/LOSBulletins/bulletinpdf/bulletin54e.pdf
  • United Nations. (2011). Treaty series, volume 2740 I. Nos. 48386-48414. Retrieved from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%202740/v2740.pdf)
  • USGS. (2010a). Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Nile Delta Basin province, Eastern Mediterranean. Retrieved from https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3027/pdf/FS10-3027.pdf.
  • USGS. (2010b). Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Levant Basin province, Eastern Mediterranean. Retrieved from https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3014/pdf/FS10-3014.pdf.
  • Weiss, I. (2019). Prospects of Mediterranean gas for the region’s stability and EU´s energy security. Retrieved from https://www.kas.de/documents/284382/284431/Bericht+1-+Oil+and+Gas+Middle+East.pdf/0a31b7e7-baca-3b39-a956-ff3cae514fa2?version=1.0&t=1563869107244 Winter O. and Lindenstrauss, G. (2019). Beyond energy: The significance of the Eastern Mediterranean gas forum. The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS) Insight No. 1133. Retrieved from https://www.inss.org.il/publication/beyond-energy-significance-eastern-mediterranean-gas-forum/
  • Wolfrum, S. (2019). Israel’s contradictory gas export policy. SWP Comment, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 43. 1-4. doi:10.18449/2019C43
  • Yaycı, C. (2012). Doğu Akdeniz’de deniz yetki alanlarının paylaşılması sorunu ve Türkiye. Bilge Strateji, 4(6). 1-70. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bs/
  • Yellinek, R. (2020). Opinion - pipelines and politics: natural gas connects Israel and Egypt. Retrieved from https://www.e-ir.info/2020/03/04/opinion-pipelines-and-politics-natural-gas-connects-israel-and-egypt/).
  • Zemach, S. (2016). Toward an Eastern Mediterranean integrated gas infrastructure?. (Foreign and Security Policy Paper 2016 No. 20). The German Marshall Fund of the United States. Retrieved from https://2016.med.ispionline.it/papers/toward-an-eastern-mediterranean-integrated-gas-infrastructure/
  • Zhukov, Y.M. (2013). Trouble in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: the coming dash for gas. Retrieved from http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139069/yuri-m-zhukov/trouble-in-the-eastern-mediterranean-sea
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ferhat Kökyay 0000-0001-5883-7071

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2021
Kabul Tarihi 18 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kökyay, F. (2021). Enerji Güvenliği Ekseninde Doğu Akdeniz Gaz Forumu. Ekonomi Politika Ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 216-239. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.852634