Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Türkiye İlleri Arasında Gelir Yakınsaması: Bir Gelir Eşitsizliği Yaklaşımı

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 274 - 300, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1062258

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin 81 ili arasındaki gelir yakınsamasını, gelir dağılımı perspektifinden incelemektedir. 1992-2019 döneminde, beta ve sigma gelir yakınsamalarını araştırmak için yapısal kırılmalı birim kök testleri, OLS zaman serisi regresyonu, varyans ve varyasyon katsayısı araçları kullanılmıştır. Ampirik sonuçlar, nispeten yüksek gelirli iller için ülkenin ortalama kişi başı gelirine doğru güçlü bir yakınsamayı ve nispeten düşük gelirli iller için ortalama kişi başı gelirden güçlü bir ıraksamayı göstermektedir. Buna ek olarak; 1993-1994, 2001-2002, 2008-2009 ekonomik yavaşlama dönemlerinde iller arasındaki gelir açığının kapandığı; yüksek büyüme dönemlerinde ise iller arasındaki gelir dağılımının bozulduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Türkiye ekonomisinde, 2013 yılından itibaren görülen yavaşlamaya paralel olarak, iller arasındaki gelir farklılıklarında görülen azalma devam etmektedir. Bu çalışma literatürdeki diğer çalışmalardan üç noktada ayrışmaktadır. Birincisi, beta ve sigma gelir yakınsaması yaklaşımlarının beraber kullanılması, gelir eşitsizliği kavramı ile ilgili analiz yapmayı sağlayan alternatif bir araç yaratmıştır. İkincisi, yeni kullanılan veri setindeki gözlem sayısının yaklaşık iki katına çıkması, ampirik çalışmanın sonuçlarının doğruluğu açısından olumlu katkı sağlamıştır. Üçüncüsü, 1992-2019 döneminde ekonomide yapısal kırılmalara neden olabilecek olayların analize dahil edilmesi, çalışmanın çıktılarının güvenirliliğini artırmıştır.   

Kaynakça

  • Abdioğlu, Z. and Uysal, T. (2013). Interregional convergence in Turkey: Panel unit root analysis. Atatürk University Trends in Business and Economics, 27(3), 125-143. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/atauniiibd
  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. and Robinson, J.A. (2005). Institutions as a fundamental cause of long-run growth. Handbook of Economic Growth, 1, 385-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-3
  • Akıncı, M. (2017). On the convergence dynamics in Turkish economy. Marmara University Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 39(2), 339-360. https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.384072
  • Aksoy, T., Taştan, H. and Kama, Ö. (2019). Revisiting income convergence in Turkey: Are there convergence clubs? Growth and Change, 50(3), 1185-1217.https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12310
  • Altınbaş, S., Güneş, M. and Doğruel, F. (2002). Regional convergence in Turkey: Is “priority provinces in development” policy successful? Papers presented at METU International Conference in Economics VI, Ankara, Turkey. Retrieved from https://content.csbs.utah.edu/~ehrbar/erc2002/pdf/P192.pdf
  • Aslan, A. and Kula, F. (2011). Is there really divergence across Turkish provinces? Evidence from the Lagrange multiplier unit root tests. European Planning Studies, 19(3), 539-549. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2011.548359
  • Barro, R.J. and Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992). Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100(2), 223-251. https://doi.org/10.1086/261816
  • Başıboş, S. (2016). Night lights as an indicator of development: National and provincial GDP estimate (EPRFT Evaluation Note). Retrieved from https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/14643583106.Gelismislik_Gostergesi_Olarak_Gece_IsiklariUlusal_Olcekte_ve_Il_Bazinda_GSYH_Tahmini.pdf
  • Baumol, W.J. (1986). Productivity growth, convergence, and welfare: What the long-run data show. The American Economic Review, 76(5), 1072-1085. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/
  • Berber, M., Yamak, R. and Artan, S. (2000). An empirical study on the validity of the convergence hypothesis on the basis of regions in Turkey: 1975-1997. Paper presented at 9th National Regional Science and Regional Planning Congress’, Trabzon, Turkey.
  • Bernard, A.B. and Durlauf, S.N. (1995). Convergence in international output. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 10(2), 97-108. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/
  • Carlino, G.A. and Mills, L.O. (1993). Are US regional incomes converging? A time series analysis. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32(2), 335-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(93)90009-5
  • Coulombe, S. and Lee, F.C. (1995). Convergence across Canadian provinces, 1961 to 1991. Canadian Journal of Economics, 28(4a), 886-898. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/
  • Dowrick, S. and Rogers, M. (2002). Classical and technological convergence: Beyond the Solow-Swan growth model. Oxford Economic Papers, 54(3), 369-385. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/54.3.369
  • Erk, N., Ateş, S. and Direkçi, T. (2000). Convergence and growth within GAP region (South Eastern Anatolia Project) and overall Turkey’s regions. Papers presented at METU International Conference in Economics IV, Ankara, Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1-Convergence-and-Growth-within-GAP-Region-(-South-Erk/ea20f58a648e899171405a25a7521e72c5de632d
  • Erlat, H. (2012). Time series approach to the regional convergence problem in Turkey (Discussion Paper No. 2012/64) Retrieved from https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/81680/1/72217618X.pdf
  • Ersungur, Ş.M. and Polat, Ö. (2006). Convergence between regions in Turkey. Current Perspectives in Social Sciences, 8(2), 335-343. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/atasobed
  • Filiztekin, A. (1998). Convergence across industries and provinces in Turkey. Ekonomi-tek, 7(3), 1-32. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekonomitek
  • Gerni, C., Sarı, S., Sevinç, H. and Emsen, Ö.S. (2015). Role of investment incentives in removal of regional imbalances and convergence analysis as success criteria: The Turkish case. Papers presented at International Conference on Eurasian Economies. doi:10.36880/C06.01234
  • Gezici, F. and Hewings, G.J. (2007). Spatial analysis of regional inequalities in Turkey. European Planning Studies, 15(3), 383-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310601017091
  • Gibson, J., Olivia, S. and Boe‐Gibson, G. (2020). Night lights in economics: Sources and uses. Journal of Economic Surveys, 34(5), 955-980. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12387
  • Gömleksiz, M., Şahbaz, A. and Mercan, B. (2017). Regional economic convergence in Turkey: Does the government really matter for? Economies, 5(3), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies5030027
  • Graham, C. and Felton, A. (2006). Inequality and happiness: Insights from Latin America. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 4(1), 107-122. doi:10.1007/s10888-005-9009-1
  • Henderson, J.V., Storeygard, A. and Weil, D.N. (2012). Measuring economic growth from outer space. American Economic Review, 102(2), 994-1028. doi:10.1257/aer.102.2.994
  • Islam, N. (1995). Growth empirics: A panel data approach. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(4), 1127-1170. https://doi.org/10.2307/2946651
  • Islam, N. (2003). What have we learnt from the convergence debate? Journal of Economic Surveys, 17(3), 309-362. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6419.00197
  • Karaalp, H.S. and Erdal, F. (2012). Do agglomeration and growth of neighbors increase regional income disparities? Beta convergence analysis for Turkey. Ege Academic Review, 12(4), 475-486. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/eab/
  • Karaca, O. (2004). Interregional income differences in Turkey: Is there convergence? (Discussion Paper. No. 2004/7). Retrieved from http://www.tek.org.tr/dosyalar/o-karaca.pdf
  • Karaca, O. (2018). 50 years of regional convergence in Turkey: New data set and analysis for the period 1960-2010. Sosyoekonomi, 26(35), 207-228. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.343016
  • Kılıçaslan, Y. and Özatağan, G. (2007). Impact of relative population change on regional income convergence: Evidence from Turkey. Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies: Journal of the Applied Regional Science Conference, 19(3), 210-223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-940X.2007.00135.x
  • Kırdar, M.G. and Saracoğlu, D.Ş. (2008). Migration and regional convergence: An empirical investigation for Turkey. Papers in Regional Science, 87(4), 545-566. doi:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2008.00178.x
  • Lee, J. and Strazicich, M. (1999). Minimum LM unit root test with two structural breaks (University of Central Florida Working Paper Series). Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.22.5554&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Lee, J. and Strazicich, M.C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303772815961
  • Lucas, Jr. R.E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
  • MacKinnon, J.G. (2010). Critical values for cointegration tests (Queen's Economics Department Working Paper No. 1227). Retrieved from https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/67744
  • Mankiw, N.G., Romer, D. and Weil, D.N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118477
  • Nieswiadomy, M.L. and Strazicich, M.C. (2004). Are political freedoms converging? Economic Inquiry, 42(2), 323-340. https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/cbh064
  • North, D.C. and Thomas, R.P. (1973). The rise of the western world: A new economic history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • North, D.C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Önder, A.Ö., Deliktaş, E. and Karadağ, M. (2010). The impact of public capital stock on regional convergence in Turkey. European Planning Studies, 18(7), 1041-1055. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654311003744167
  • Özgül, S. and Karadağ, M. (2015). Regional convergence in Turkey regarding welfare indicators. Sosyoekonomi, 23(24), 38-50. https://doi.org/10.17233/se.01958
  • Öztürk, A. and Gültekin, L. (2021). Economic convergence across Turkish provinces: The role of the 2008 global crisis. Hacettepe University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 39(2), 253-270. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/huniibf
  • Quah, D. (1993). Galton's fallacy and tests of the convergence hypothesis. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 95(4), 427-443. https://doi.org/10.2307/3440905
  • Romer, P.M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037. https://doi.org/10.1086/261420
  • Rey, S.J. and Montouri, B.D. (1999). US regional income convergence: A spatial econometric perspective. Regional Studies, 33(2), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343409950122945
  • Sağbaş, İ. (2002). The impact of public expenditures on convergence in Turkey. Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 4, 137–48. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/akuiibfd
  • Sala-i-Martin, X.X. (1996). The classical approach to convergence analysis. The Economic Journal, 1019-1036. https://doi.org/10.2307/2235375
  • Solow, R.M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513
  • Soyyiğit, S. (2018). Convergence analysis in Turkey on provincial basis in terms of precrisis and post crisis era. Social Sciences Studies Journal, 4(16), 1279-1287. doi:10.26449/sssj.505
  • Swan, T.W. (1956). Economic growth and capital accumulation. Economic Record, 32(2), 334-361. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1956.tb00434.x
  • Tansel, A. and Güngör, N.D. (1999). Economic growth and convergence: An application to the provinces of Turkey, 1975-1995 (Economic Research Forum Working Paper 9908). Retrieved from https://www.econbiz.de/Record/economic-growth-and-convergence-an-application-to-the-provinces-of-turkey-1975-1995-tansel/10005207719
  • Dusundere, T.A. (2020). Provincial GDP forecast with night lights: Per capita income of 81 provinces in 2019 (EPRFT Evaluation Note). Retrieved from https://www.tepav.org.tr
  • Terrasi, M. (1999). Convergence and divergence across Italian regions. The Annals of Regional Science, 33(4), 491-510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001680050117
  • Tomljanovich, M. and Vogelsang, T.J. (2002). Are US regions converging? Using new econometric methods to examine old issues. Empirical Economics, 27(1), 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s181-002-8358-3
  • Weeks, M. and Yudong Yao, J. (2003). Provincial conditional income convergence in China, 1953–1997: A panel data approach. Econometric Reviews, 22(1), 59-77. https://doi.org/10.1081/ETC-120017974
  • Yamanoğlu, K.K. (2008). The effects of socio-economic factors on inter-provincial convergence in Turkey. Journal of Statisticians: Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, 1(1), 33-49. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jssa/
  • Yılancı, V. and Zeren, F. (2011). Convergence among the regions of Turkey: Evidence from random coefficient models. Business and Economics Research Journal, 2(1), 143-151. Retrieved from https://www.berjournal.com/tr/
  • Yildirim, J., Öcal, N. and Özyildirim, S. (2009). Income inequality and economic convergence in Turkey: A spatial effect analysis. International Regional Science Review, 32(2), 221-254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017608331250
  • Zivot, E. and Andrews, D.W.K. (1992). Further evidence of the great crush, the oil price shock and the unit-root hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10, 251–270. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1198/073500102753410372

Income Convergence Among Turkish Provinces: An Income Inequality Approach

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 274 - 300, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1062258

Öz

This study examines the income convergence among the 81 provinces of Turkey from the perspective of the income distribution. Unit root tests with a structural break, OLS time-series regression, variance, and coefficient of variation analysis are employed to investigate the beta and sigma income convergences over the 1992-2019 period. The empirical results indicate strong convergence to the average for the relatively high-income provinces and strong divergence from the average for the relatively low-income provinces. In addition, a closing income gap among provinces is observed in the economic slowdown periods 1993-1994, 2001-2002, 2008-2009 while the income distribution gets worse in the high-growth periods. In the Turkish economy, income differences between provinces have been decreasing in parallel with the slowing economic growth since 2013. This study differs from other studies in the literature on three points. First, the combined use of beta and sigma income convergence approaches has created an alternative tool to analyze the income inequality concept. Secondly, approximately doubling the number of observations in the newly used data set contributed positively to the accuracy of the results of the empirical study. Third, the inclusion of events that may cause structural breaks in the economy over the period 1992-2019, increased the reliability of the outputs of the study.

Kaynakça

  • Abdioğlu, Z. and Uysal, T. (2013). Interregional convergence in Turkey: Panel unit root analysis. Atatürk University Trends in Business and Economics, 27(3), 125-143. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/atauniiibd
  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. and Robinson, J.A. (2005). Institutions as a fundamental cause of long-run growth. Handbook of Economic Growth, 1, 385-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-3
  • Akıncı, M. (2017). On the convergence dynamics in Turkish economy. Marmara University Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 39(2), 339-360. https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.384072
  • Aksoy, T., Taştan, H. and Kama, Ö. (2019). Revisiting income convergence in Turkey: Are there convergence clubs? Growth and Change, 50(3), 1185-1217.https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12310
  • Altınbaş, S., Güneş, M. and Doğruel, F. (2002). Regional convergence in Turkey: Is “priority provinces in development” policy successful? Papers presented at METU International Conference in Economics VI, Ankara, Turkey. Retrieved from https://content.csbs.utah.edu/~ehrbar/erc2002/pdf/P192.pdf
  • Aslan, A. and Kula, F. (2011). Is there really divergence across Turkish provinces? Evidence from the Lagrange multiplier unit root tests. European Planning Studies, 19(3), 539-549. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2011.548359
  • Barro, R.J. and Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992). Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100(2), 223-251. https://doi.org/10.1086/261816
  • Başıboş, S. (2016). Night lights as an indicator of development: National and provincial GDP estimate (EPRFT Evaluation Note). Retrieved from https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/14643583106.Gelismislik_Gostergesi_Olarak_Gece_IsiklariUlusal_Olcekte_ve_Il_Bazinda_GSYH_Tahmini.pdf
  • Baumol, W.J. (1986). Productivity growth, convergence, and welfare: What the long-run data show. The American Economic Review, 76(5), 1072-1085. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/
  • Berber, M., Yamak, R. and Artan, S. (2000). An empirical study on the validity of the convergence hypothesis on the basis of regions in Turkey: 1975-1997. Paper presented at 9th National Regional Science and Regional Planning Congress’, Trabzon, Turkey.
  • Bernard, A.B. and Durlauf, S.N. (1995). Convergence in international output. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 10(2), 97-108. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/
  • Carlino, G.A. and Mills, L.O. (1993). Are US regional incomes converging? A time series analysis. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32(2), 335-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(93)90009-5
  • Coulombe, S. and Lee, F.C. (1995). Convergence across Canadian provinces, 1961 to 1991. Canadian Journal of Economics, 28(4a), 886-898. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/
  • Dowrick, S. and Rogers, M. (2002). Classical and technological convergence: Beyond the Solow-Swan growth model. Oxford Economic Papers, 54(3), 369-385. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/54.3.369
  • Erk, N., Ateş, S. and Direkçi, T. (2000). Convergence and growth within GAP region (South Eastern Anatolia Project) and overall Turkey’s regions. Papers presented at METU International Conference in Economics IV, Ankara, Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1-Convergence-and-Growth-within-GAP-Region-(-South-Erk/ea20f58a648e899171405a25a7521e72c5de632d
  • Erlat, H. (2012). Time series approach to the regional convergence problem in Turkey (Discussion Paper No. 2012/64) Retrieved from https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/81680/1/72217618X.pdf
  • Ersungur, Ş.M. and Polat, Ö. (2006). Convergence between regions in Turkey. Current Perspectives in Social Sciences, 8(2), 335-343. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/atasobed
  • Filiztekin, A. (1998). Convergence across industries and provinces in Turkey. Ekonomi-tek, 7(3), 1-32. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekonomitek
  • Gerni, C., Sarı, S., Sevinç, H. and Emsen, Ö.S. (2015). Role of investment incentives in removal of regional imbalances and convergence analysis as success criteria: The Turkish case. Papers presented at International Conference on Eurasian Economies. doi:10.36880/C06.01234
  • Gezici, F. and Hewings, G.J. (2007). Spatial analysis of regional inequalities in Turkey. European Planning Studies, 15(3), 383-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310601017091
  • Gibson, J., Olivia, S. and Boe‐Gibson, G. (2020). Night lights in economics: Sources and uses. Journal of Economic Surveys, 34(5), 955-980. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12387
  • Gömleksiz, M., Şahbaz, A. and Mercan, B. (2017). Regional economic convergence in Turkey: Does the government really matter for? Economies, 5(3), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies5030027
  • Graham, C. and Felton, A. (2006). Inequality and happiness: Insights from Latin America. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 4(1), 107-122. doi:10.1007/s10888-005-9009-1
  • Henderson, J.V., Storeygard, A. and Weil, D.N. (2012). Measuring economic growth from outer space. American Economic Review, 102(2), 994-1028. doi:10.1257/aer.102.2.994
  • Islam, N. (1995). Growth empirics: A panel data approach. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(4), 1127-1170. https://doi.org/10.2307/2946651
  • Islam, N. (2003). What have we learnt from the convergence debate? Journal of Economic Surveys, 17(3), 309-362. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6419.00197
  • Karaalp, H.S. and Erdal, F. (2012). Do agglomeration and growth of neighbors increase regional income disparities? Beta convergence analysis for Turkey. Ege Academic Review, 12(4), 475-486. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/eab/
  • Karaca, O. (2004). Interregional income differences in Turkey: Is there convergence? (Discussion Paper. No. 2004/7). Retrieved from http://www.tek.org.tr/dosyalar/o-karaca.pdf
  • Karaca, O. (2018). 50 years of regional convergence in Turkey: New data set and analysis for the period 1960-2010. Sosyoekonomi, 26(35), 207-228. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.343016
  • Kılıçaslan, Y. and Özatağan, G. (2007). Impact of relative population change on regional income convergence: Evidence from Turkey. Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies: Journal of the Applied Regional Science Conference, 19(3), 210-223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-940X.2007.00135.x
  • Kırdar, M.G. and Saracoğlu, D.Ş. (2008). Migration and regional convergence: An empirical investigation for Turkey. Papers in Regional Science, 87(4), 545-566. doi:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2008.00178.x
  • Lee, J. and Strazicich, M. (1999). Minimum LM unit root test with two structural breaks (University of Central Florida Working Paper Series). Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.22.5554&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Lee, J. and Strazicich, M.C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303772815961
  • Lucas, Jr. R.E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
  • MacKinnon, J.G. (2010). Critical values for cointegration tests (Queen's Economics Department Working Paper No. 1227). Retrieved from https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/67744
  • Mankiw, N.G., Romer, D. and Weil, D.N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118477
  • Nieswiadomy, M.L. and Strazicich, M.C. (2004). Are political freedoms converging? Economic Inquiry, 42(2), 323-340. https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/cbh064
  • North, D.C. and Thomas, R.P. (1973). The rise of the western world: A new economic history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • North, D.C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Önder, A.Ö., Deliktaş, E. and Karadağ, M. (2010). The impact of public capital stock on regional convergence in Turkey. European Planning Studies, 18(7), 1041-1055. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654311003744167
  • Özgül, S. and Karadağ, M. (2015). Regional convergence in Turkey regarding welfare indicators. Sosyoekonomi, 23(24), 38-50. https://doi.org/10.17233/se.01958
  • Öztürk, A. and Gültekin, L. (2021). Economic convergence across Turkish provinces: The role of the 2008 global crisis. Hacettepe University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 39(2), 253-270. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/huniibf
  • Quah, D. (1993). Galton's fallacy and tests of the convergence hypothesis. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 95(4), 427-443. https://doi.org/10.2307/3440905
  • Romer, P.M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037. https://doi.org/10.1086/261420
  • Rey, S.J. and Montouri, B.D. (1999). US regional income convergence: A spatial econometric perspective. Regional Studies, 33(2), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343409950122945
  • Sağbaş, İ. (2002). The impact of public expenditures on convergence in Turkey. Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 4, 137–48. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/akuiibfd
  • Sala-i-Martin, X.X. (1996). The classical approach to convergence analysis. The Economic Journal, 1019-1036. https://doi.org/10.2307/2235375
  • Solow, R.M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513
  • Soyyiğit, S. (2018). Convergence analysis in Turkey on provincial basis in terms of precrisis and post crisis era. Social Sciences Studies Journal, 4(16), 1279-1287. doi:10.26449/sssj.505
  • Swan, T.W. (1956). Economic growth and capital accumulation. Economic Record, 32(2), 334-361. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1956.tb00434.x
  • Tansel, A. and Güngör, N.D. (1999). Economic growth and convergence: An application to the provinces of Turkey, 1975-1995 (Economic Research Forum Working Paper 9908). Retrieved from https://www.econbiz.de/Record/economic-growth-and-convergence-an-application-to-the-provinces-of-turkey-1975-1995-tansel/10005207719
  • Dusundere, T.A. (2020). Provincial GDP forecast with night lights: Per capita income of 81 provinces in 2019 (EPRFT Evaluation Note). Retrieved from https://www.tepav.org.tr
  • Terrasi, M. (1999). Convergence and divergence across Italian regions. The Annals of Regional Science, 33(4), 491-510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001680050117
  • Tomljanovich, M. and Vogelsang, T.J. (2002). Are US regions converging? Using new econometric methods to examine old issues. Empirical Economics, 27(1), 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s181-002-8358-3
  • Weeks, M. and Yudong Yao, J. (2003). Provincial conditional income convergence in China, 1953–1997: A panel data approach. Econometric Reviews, 22(1), 59-77. https://doi.org/10.1081/ETC-120017974
  • Yamanoğlu, K.K. (2008). The effects of socio-economic factors on inter-provincial convergence in Turkey. Journal of Statisticians: Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, 1(1), 33-49. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jssa/
  • Yılancı, V. and Zeren, F. (2011). Convergence among the regions of Turkey: Evidence from random coefficient models. Business and Economics Research Journal, 2(1), 143-151. Retrieved from https://www.berjournal.com/tr/
  • Yildirim, J., Öcal, N. and Özyildirim, S. (2009). Income inequality and economic convergence in Turkey: A spatial effect analysis. International Regional Science Review, 32(2), 221-254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017608331250
  • Zivot, E. and Andrews, D.W.K. (1992). Further evidence of the great crush, the oil price shock and the unit-root hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10, 251–270. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1198/073500102753410372
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Reşat Can Akkay 0000-0002-1005-5828

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Kabul Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Akkay, R. C. (2022). Income Convergence Among Turkish Provinces: An Income Inequality Approach. Ekonomi Politika Ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 274-300. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1062258