GOVERNING THE INTERNATIONAL WARS; THEORY, LEGISLATION, HUMAN RIGHTS, CRITICAL HUMAN SECURITY, AND ETHICS

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 160 - 193, 23.09.2023

Faruk Hadžić

https://doi.org/10.48064/equinox.1119677

Öz

The study indicates wartime programmed violence's implications within the liberal interpretation of contemporary legislative and human rights debates. It discusses related war theories and practices, problematizing instrumentalization of instilling new global ethics, arguing that humanitarian interventions often became "usable" in the new millennium's geopolitics; wars fatally affect the innocent. It points out that the origins of democracy are structurally violent and that the threat of terrorism, in addition to revealing new forms of "democratic violence," is having a transformative effect on the very character of democracy. How the concept of just cause agrees with armed humanitarian intervention, and whether we have the right to impose democracy by force? Whether the theory of just war in its positivist-legalist paradigm that combines universalist principles with utilitarian harm-weighing versus profit can offer a comprehensive method of morally contemplating current wars. The distinction between liberal cosmopolitan arguments and social democratic ones is apparent. The arbitrariness and the imposition of individual states' views create issues, leading to fragility (human security, socioeconomics, economic development, health). The compulsory international focus and responsibility should incorporate critical medical (children) - "the right to health" and humanitarian goods. Implementing rules to control war's destructiveness is less effective in intercultural conflicts. The doctrine of "just war" application is questionable, and no new victim should suffer even when the goal of the intervention is entirely legitimate and "humane." It cannot be just that it will exempt intervention forces from applying international humanitarian law, nor does the legitimacy of the intervention exempt them from respect for international humanitarian law. The international law concept has evolved from an instrument of promoting peace to an agent of the violent argument of force realization. Ethics is often imposed as politics; human rights ethics transformed into war ethics, leading to human rights violations and civilian casualties. War justice and the moral paradigm within globalization's contemporary forms are questioned. A broader discussion of the assumptions of the universality of Western values that have driven international law for centuries is required.

Anahtar Kelimeler

War Governing, War legislation, Liberalism, Ethics, Violence, Civilians, Humanitarian intervention, Human rights, human security

Kaynakça

• References Agamben, G. (2005). State of exception, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Augustin, A. (2004). Država Božija [God state], Podgorica: Biblioteka Sinteze.
• Babic, J. (2014). The 13th conference within the International Law and Ethics Conference Series (ILECS), Victory and success". International Law and Ethics Conference Series.
• Babic, J. (2016). Etika rata i "teorija pravednog rata "[Ethics of war and "theory of just war"], Belgrade: University of Belgrade, https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=BABERI&aid=BABERI.1
• Beck, U. (2012). Futures of Modernity, Global Inequality and Human Rights: A Cosmopolitan Perspective. transcript-Verlag, https://doi.org/10.14361/transcript.9783839420768.109
• Briand-Kellogg-Pact 1928 https://www.jura.uni-muenchen.de/fakultaet/lehrstuehle/satzger/materialien/kellogg1928e.pdf
• Donadio, R. (2009). New York Times, Italy Convicts 23 Americans for C.I.A. Renditions, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/05/world/europe/05italy.html
• Engdahl, W. (2012). Myths, Lies and Oil Wars, Wiesbaden, Germany: Edition. Engdahl.
• Erlich, R. (2020). Vice, “I couldn’t even get cough syrup for my baby ... and I sell the drugs.” https://www.vice.com/en/article/884kba/how-trumps-sanctions-are-making-life-hell-for-iranians
• Gilroy, P. (2005). Postcolonial Melancholia, New York: Columbia University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/gilr13454
• Glaser, C. (2013). How Oil Infuences US National Security, International Security, 38 (2), doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00137
• Grotius, H. (2005). The Rights of War and Peace, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.
• Hadžić, F. (2020). Terrorism as a social and political phenomenon; denominational hypocrisy of Western and non-Western terrorism, Political Science and security studies, 2020, 1(2), http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4428286
• Hadzic, F. (2020). The Politicization of Religion and the Sacralized Balkan Nations Regarding Bosnia and Herzegovina, Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe (OPREE),40(7):105-131 https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree
• Harrison, R. (2021). MEI Middle East Institute, The Future of Regional and International Dynamics in the Middle East, https://www.mei.edu/about
• Hein, M. (2018). Irački rat i laž kao opravdanje [The Iraq war and the lie as an excuse], https://www.dw.com/hr/ira%C4%8Dki-rat-i-la%C5%BE-kao-opravdanje/a-43299008, 2018. Hironaka, A. (2008). Neverending Wars, The International Community, Weak States, and the Perpetuation of Civil War, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Hobbes, T. (2019). Leviathan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Human Rights Watch, (2019). Saudi Arabia, events of 2019, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/saudi-arabia#
• Ikenberry, J. et al., (2009). The Crisis of American Foreign Policy: Wilsonianism in the Twenty-first Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• International Development Research Centre, (2001). International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect, Canada: International Development Research Centre.
• Jabri, V. (2013). Peacebuilding, the local and the international: a colonial or a postcolonial rationality?, Peacebuilding, 1(1), https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2013.756253
• Johnson, J. (1981). Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry, Princeton: Princeton Legacy Library.
• Jones, P. (2020). The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, It is Time to Establish a Middle East Regional Security System, https://www.thecairoreview.com/essays/it-is-time-to-establish-a-middle-east-regional-security-system/
• Juric, T. (2018). Emigration of Croats to Germany. Are we losing Croatia? Zagreb: Školska knjiga.
• Kunz, J. (1951). Bellum Justum and Bellum Legale, American Journal of International Law, 45 (3), doi:10.2307/2194549
• Mcarthur, J. (1992). Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War Hardcover, New York, Hill, and Wang Metz S. and and Cuccia, P. (2011). Defining War For The 21st Century, Strategic Studies Institute, Annual Strategy Conference Report, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub1036.pdf
• Morkevičius, V. (2015). Power and Order: The Shared Logics of Realism and Just War Theory, International Studies Quarterly, 59 (1), http://www.jstor.org/stable/43868837
• Mulder, N. (2022). The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War, London: Yale University Press.
• Peters, M. and Besley, T. (2014). Social Exclusion/Inclusion: Foucault's analytics of exclusion, the political ecology of social inclusion and the legitimation of inclusive education, Open Review of Educational Research, 1 (1), 10.1080/23265507.2014.972439
• Reeve, K. (2019). The Varsity, Norman Finkelstein speaks on rights of Palestinians in Gaza Strip, 2019. https://thevarsity.ca/2019/03/10/norman-finkelstein-speaks-on-rights-of-palestinians-in-gaza-strip/
• Regout, R. (1935). La Doctrine de la Guerre Juste de Saint Augustin à Nos Jours Regout, Paris: A. Pedone.
• Reichberg, G. (2010). Thomas Aquinas between just war and pacifism, The Journal of Religious Ethics, 38 (2), https://www.jstor.org/stable/25676556
• Richmond, O. (2010). Resistance and the Post-liberal Peace, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 38 (3), https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829810365017
• Ross, D. (2009). Violent democracy, London: Cambridge University Press.
• Shaw, J. (2019). The Oxford Handbook of Levinas, Levinas and the Ethics of War and Peace, 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190455934.013.26
• Sönnichsen, N. (2021). Global oil consumption by country 2020, Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/271622/countries-with-the-highest-oil-consumption-in-2012/
• The Kaiser Foundation, (2016). Opium poppy production in Afghanistan, From 9/11 to the Long War.
• The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, (2002). https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/63562.pdf
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf
• Tugendhat, E. (1976). Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die sprachanalytische Philosohie [Lectures to introduce the language of analytical philosophy],Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
• Walzer, M. (2004). Arguing About War,London: Yale University Press.
• Walzer, M. (2006). Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument With Historical Illustrations, New York: Basic Books.