2008 Küresel Mali Krizi, Nedenleri ve Dünya Ekonomileri Üzerindeki Etkileri

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 42 - 69, 21.03.2025

İbrahim Halil Uçar

Öz

2008 küresel finans krizi, ekonomik istikrarı sarsmış, dünya genelindeki birçok ülke ve sektörü etkilemiş ve büyüme oranlarında düşüşlere, istihdam sorunlarına ve finansal kayıplara yol açmıştır. ABD, krizden en çok etkilenen ülkelerden biri olmuştur. ABD ekonomisi %2,46 küçülmüş, işsizlik %9,63’e yükselmiş ve enflasyon dalgalanmalar yaşamıştır. Turizm sektörü ciddi şekilde etkilenmiş; 2009’da uluslararası turist sayısı %5,3 azalmış, turizm gelirleri ise %14,6 düşmüştür. Latin Amerika’da da benzer etkiler gözlemlenmiştir; ABD ile yakın ticari ilişkiler içinde olan bu bölgedeki ticaret, emtia fiyatları ve yatırımlar büyük ölçüde azalmış, Meksika’nın GSYİH’si %6,29 küçülmüştür. İşsizlik oranları artmış, Şili en düşük, Uruguay ise en yüksek enflasyona sahip olmuştur. Avrupa’da kriz, bankacılık sistemi ve istihdamda önemli bir bozulmaya yol açmıştır. Euro bölgesinde işsizlik oranı %9,9’a, İspanya’da ise %18,2’ye yükselmiştir. Turizm sektörü de darbe almış; turist sayısı %5,6 azalmış, gelirler ise %12,9 düşmüştür. Çin’de büyüme hızı %5 yavaşlamış, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar %42 azalmış ve turist sayısı %4,1 düşmüştür. Doğu Asya ve Pasifik bölgesinde ise GDP büyümesi %2,56’ya gerilemiş, yabancı yatırımlar %26 azalmış ve turizm gelirleri %2,9 düşüş göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, 2008 küresel finans krizi, finansal sistemdeki zayıflıkları ortaya çıkarmış ve küresel iş birliği ile reform ihtiyacını vurgulamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Küresel Finans Krizi, makroekonomik Etkiler, Uluslararası Ticaret

2008 Global Financial Crisis, Its Causes and Its Impact on World Economies

Öz

The 2008 global financial crisis had disrupted economic stability, affecting countries and sectors worldwide, leading to declines in growth, employment issues, and financial losses. The United States had been one of the countries most affected by the crisis. The US economy had contracted by 2.46%, unemployment had risen to 9.63%, and inflation had experienced fluctuations. The tourism sector had been severely impacted; in 2009, the number of international tourists had decreased by 5.3%, and tourism revenues had dropped by 14.6%. Similar effects had been observed in Latin America, which had close trade relations with the U.S. Trade, commodity prices, and investments in the region had significantly declined, with Mexico's GDP having shrunk by 6.29%. Unemployment rates had risen, while Chile had experienced the lowest and Uruguay the highest inflation rates. In Europe, the crisis had caused a significant deterioration in the banking system and employment. Unemployment rates had risen to 9.9% in the Eurozone and 18.2% in Spain. The tourism sector had also been hit hard, with tourist numbers having decreased by 5.6% and revenues having fallen by 12.9%. In China, the growth rate had slowed by 5%, foreign direct investments had fallen by 42%, and the number of tourists had decreased by 4.1%. In the East Asia and Pacific region, GDP growth had declined to 2.56%, foreign investments had dropped by 26%, and tourism revenues had decreased by 2.9%. As a result, it can be said that the crisis had exposed weaknesses in the financial system and had highlighted the need for global cooperation and reform.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Global Financial Crisis, Macroeconomic Impacts, International Trade, International Tourism

Kaynakça

• Alantar, D (2008). Küresel Finansal Kriz: Nedenleri ve Sonuçları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme, Maliye Finans Yazıları,1(81), 1-10
• Allen, F and Carletti, E. (2010). The Global Financial Crisis: Causes and Consequences, Central Bank of Chile Working Papers,5(575), 1-29
• Atkinson, T., Luttrell, D. and Rosenblum, H. (2013). How Bad Was It? The Costs and Consequences of the 2007–09 Financial Crisis, Staff PAPERS, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, No. 20, July 2013;1-24.
• Beachy, B. (2012). A Financial Crisis Manual Causes, Consequences, and Lessons of The Financial Crisis, Global Development and Environment Institute Working Paper, 12(06), 1-91
• Blanco, L. (2010). Latin America and The Financial Crisis of 2008: Lessons and Challenges, Pepperdine Policy Review, 3(81), 81-89
• Brunschwig, S., Carrasco, B., Hayashi, T and Mukhopadhyay, H (2011) The Global Financial Crisis: Impact on Asia and Emerging Consensus, ADB South Asia Working Paper Series, No:1, February 2011, 1-25
• Edey, M. (2009). The Global Financial Crisis and Its Effects, Economic Papers, 28(3),186–195
• Hirschfeld, C.G. and Gómez, L.M.R (2011) Economic Crisis and Tourism in The European Union, Journal of US-China Public Administration, 8(9), 1074-1080
• Holler, J., Prettner, K., Schuster, J and Barakat, B. (2010) The Impact of the Economic Crisis on Labour and Education in Europe, Vienna Institute of Demography Working Papers, 6(2010),1-15
• Katalina, M. Bianco. (2008 ). The Subprime Lending Crisis: Causes and Effects of the Mortgage Meltdown, CCH Mortgage Compliance Guide and Bank Digest, 1-21
• Kutlu, H. A and Demirci, N.S. (2011). Küresel Finansal Krizi (2007-?) Ortaya Çıkaran Nedenler, Krizin Etkileri, Krizden Kısmi Çıkış ve Mevcut Durum, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, Ekim 2011,121-136
• Linyue Li, Thomas D.Willett, and Zhan, N. ( 2012). The Effects of The Global Financial Crisis on China’s Financial Market and Macro Economy, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Economics Research International, Volume 2012, Article ID 961694, 1-6
• Mckibbin, W.J. and Stoeckel. A (2009). The Global Financial Crisis: Causes And Consequencs, Working Papers in International Economics,2(9),1-44
• Oprea, M.G. (2010). The Effects of Global Economic Crisis on The Air Transport of Passengers in Europe and in Romania, Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 1(5), 52-61
• Policy Brief (2008). Addressing the Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Asia-Pacific Economies, Economic and Social Corporation for Asia and Pacific Macroeconomic Policy Brief, 1(1),1-4
• Internet https://www.unescap.org/resources/mpdd-policy-brief-no1-december-2008-addressing-impact-global-financial-crisis-asia-pacific
• https://www.bls.gov/
• http://www.business.cch.com/bankingfinance/focus/news/Subprime_WP_rev.pdf
• https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
• https://www.unwto.org/
• https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/9789284413591
• https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284413720
• https://www.dallasfed.org/pubs/historical/~/media/documents/research/staff/staff1301.pdf
• http://www.business.cch.com/bankingfinance/focus/news/Subprime_WP_rev.pdf