Mikroplastiklerin Hayvan Sağlığı ve Beslenme Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Makroplastikler >20 cm altında kalan plastiklerdir. 5-20 cm arasında kalan plastikler mesoplastikler, 1-5 mm arasında olanlar büyük mikroplastiklerdir. 1-1000 μm yer alan plastikler küçük mikroplastikler; <1000 μm altında kalan mikroplastikler nanoplastikler olarak adlandırılırlar. Mikroplastikler, plastik ürünlerin parçalanmasıyla oluşan veya özel-likle küçük parçalar şeklinde üretilen, boyutu 5 μm'den daha küçük kabul edilen parçacıklardır. Son yıllarda gündeme gelmiş olup; çevre için büyük öneme sahip kirleticilerdir. Plastik malzemeler çiftliklerde de sıklıkla kullanılan ürünlerdir. Bu malzemelerin çiftlik hayvanları üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olabilir. Sığır, koyun, keçi gibi ruminantlar tükettikleri yem-lerdeki lif sindirimi için selülolitik mikroorganizmalara ihtiyaç duyarlar. Sindirim sistemi mikrobiyotası beslenme alışkanlığına göre değişiklik gösterir. Mikrobiyotada meydana gelen ani değişimler ve hasarlar sindirim sistemi ve diğer organları olumsuz etkileyebilir. Büyük ebatlardaki plastik materyallerin yutulması besi hayvanlarında rumen atonisi, hazımsızlık ve timpani gibi rumen komplikasyonlarına neden olur. Yutulan plastik parçaları sindirim sisteminde parçala-narak emilme olasılığı yüksek olan küçük parçacıkların sayısını arttırır. Yapılan çalışmalarda koyun dışkısında düşük yoğunluklu mikroplastik varlığının tespit edilmesi çiftlik hayvanlarının çevrelerinden ve yemlerinden mikro ve makroplastikleri alabileceklerini göstermektedir. Dünya genelinde plastik tüketimine olan talebin artması plastik üretimi-ni de arttırmaktadır. Bu durum mikroplastik varlığının her geçen gün hızla artmasına neden olmaktadır. Plastik üretimi azalsa dahi yeryüzünde var olan plastik atıkların devamlı parçalanması sonucu mikroplastik oluşumu devam edecek ve çevresel kontaminasyona sebep olacaktır. Mikroplastiklerin ülkemizdeki etkileri veteriner hekimliği açısından detaylı çalışmalar yapılarak araştırılmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hayvan besleme
• mikroplastik
• sürdürülebilirlik

Effects of Microplastics on Animal Health and Nutrition

Öz

Macro plastics are defined as plastics that are larger than 20 cm. Plastics that measure between 5-20 cm are referred to as mesoplastics, while those between 1-5 mm are known as large microplastics. Plastics that measure between 1-1000 μm are called small micro plastics, and those that are smaller than 1000 μm are referred to as nano-plastics. Microplastics are particles that result from the degradation of plastic products or are specifically produced in the form of small pieces. They are considered to be less than 5 μm in size. Micro plastics have come to the fore in re-cent years and are pollutants of major concern to the environment. Plastic materials are commonly used on farms, but they can have negative effects on farm animals. Ruminants such as cattle, sheep and goats require cellulolytic micro-organisms for fiber digestion in their diet. The micro biota of the digestive system varies according to dietary habits. The digestive system and other organs can be adversely affected by sudden changes and damage to the micro biota. The ingestion of large plastic materials causes rumen complications such as rumen atony, indigestion and tympani in livestock. Ingested plastic fragments degrade in the digestive tract, increasing the number of small particles likely to be ingested. In a recent study, the presence of low-density micro plastics in sheep feces suggests that animals can ingest micro and macro plastics from their environment and feed. The increase in demand for the consumption of plastics worldwide is increasing the production of plastics. This situation causes the presence of micro plastics to increase rap-idly day by day. Even if the production of plastics decreases, the continuous degradation of plastic waste in the earth will continue the formation of micro plastics and cause environmental pollution. The effects of microplastics in our coun-try should be investigated by conducting detailed studies from the perspective of veterinary medicine.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Animal nutrition
• micro plastic
• sustainability

Kaynakça

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