Keratitis and Current Treatment Methods in Pets

Öz

Keratitis is defined as infectious and non-infectious eye disease in human medicine and ulcerative and non-ulcerative disease in veterinary medicine. The corneal epithelium is the transparent anterior part of the eye that covers the iris and pupil. It acts as a transparent membrane that allows light to pass through the eye. A healthy cornea pre-vents bacteria invasion of the eye via anatomical, mechanical, immunological, and microbiological mechanisms. Failure of these defenses and trauma, immunosuppression, and neurological or iatrogenic factors predispose the cornea to ulcerative keratitis and bacterial eye infections. Inadequate tear secretion and eyelid dysfunction lead to insufficient corneal protection, and the combination of these reasons with endogenous causes triggers excessive epithelial dam-age.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cornea
• keratitis
• ocular surface disease

Evcil Hayvanlarda Keratit ve Güncel Tedavi Yöntemleri

Öz

Keratit, insan hekimliğinde enfeksiyöz ve non-enfeksiyöz göz hastalığı, veteriner hekimliğinde ise ülseratif ve non-ülseratif göz hastalığı olarak tanımlanır. Kornea epiteli, iris ve pupillayı örten gözün şeffaf ön kısmıdır. Işığın gözden geçmesini sağlayan şeffaf bir zar görevi görür. Sağlıklı bir kornea anatomik, mekanik, immunolojik ve mikrobiyolojik mekanizmalarla çeşitli bakterilerin istilasını önler. Hastalıklar, travma ve immunsupresyon, nörolojik veya iyatrojenik nedenlerle bu savunmanın yetersiz kalması korneayı ülseratif keratit ve bakteriyel göz enfeksiyonlarına yatkın hale getirir. Eksik gözyaşı salgısı ve göz kapağı disfonksiyonu yetersiz kornea korumasına yol açar ve bu nedenlerin endo-jen nedenlerle birleşmesi aşırı epitel hasarını tetikler.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Keratit
• kornea
• oküler yüzey hastalığı

Kaynakça

1. Austin A, Lietman T, Rose-Nussbaumer J. Update on the management of infectious keratitis. Am Aca-demy Opht 2017; 124(11): 1678-89.
2. Azoulay T. Adjunctive cryotherapy for pigmentary keratitis in dogs: A study of 16 corneas. Vet Opth 2013; 17(4): 241-9.
3. Balicki I. Clinical study on the application of tacroli-mus and DMSO in the treatment of chronic superficial keratitis in dogs. Pol J Vet Sci 2012; 15(4): 667-76.
4. Balicki I, Szadkowski M, Balicka A, Zwolska J. Clini-cal study on the application of dexamethasone and cyclosporine/dimethylsulfoxide combination eye drops in the initial therapy of chronic superficial keratitis in dogs. Pol J Vet Sci 2021; 24(3): 415-23.
5. Bayley KD, Read RA, Gates MC. Superficial keratectomy as a treatment for non-healing corneal ulceration associated with primary corneal endothelial degeneration. Vet Opth 2018; 22(4): 485-92.
6. Bello MH, Cuellar-Saenz JA, Rodriguez CN, Cortes-Vecino JA, Navarrete ML, Avila MY, Koudouna E. A pilot study to evaluate genipin in Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis models: Modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24(8): 6904.
7. Bonini S, Lambiase A, Rama P, Caprioglio G, Aloe L. Topical treatment with nerve growth factor for neurotrophic keratitis. Am Academy Opth 2000; 107(7): 1347-51.
8. Bustamente MGM, Good KL, Leonard BC, Hol-lingsworth SR, Edwards SG, Knickelbein KE, Coo-per AE, Thomasy SM, Maggs DJ. Medical management of deep ulcerative keratitis in cats: 13 ca-ses. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 21(4): 387-93.

9. Cappiello F, Verma S, Lin X, Moreno IY, Casciaro B, Dutta D, McDermott AM, Willcox M, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Mangoni ML. Novel peptides with dual properties for treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis: Antibacterial and corneal wound healing. Biomolecules 2023; 13(7): 1028.
10. Carion TW, Greenwood M, Ebrahim AS, Jerome A, Suvas S, Gronert K, Berger EA. Immunoregulatory role of 15-lipoxygenase in the pathogenesis of bacterial keratitis. FASEB J 2018; 32(9): 1-13.
11. Cooper E, Cowmeadow W, Elsheikha HM. Should veterinary practitioners be concerned about Acant-homoeba keratitis? Parasitologia 2021; 1(1): 12-9.
12. Deepika A, Nagaraj P, Kumar VVVA, Rani MU, Ku-mar KS. Diagnostic and therapeutic management of deep corneal ulcers in dogs. Pharma Inn J 2023; 12(9): 1866-9.
13. Edelmann ML, Jager M, Espinheira F, Ledbetter EC. In vivo confocal microscopy for detection of sub-conjunctival Oncocerca lupi infection in a dog. Vet Opth 2017; 21(6): 632-37.
14. Edman AH, Ström L, Ekesten B. Corneal cross-linking (CXL)- A clinical study to evaluate CXL as a treatment in comparison with medical treatment for ulcerative keratitis in horses. Vet Opth 2019; 22(4): 1-11.
15. Fan W, Han H, Lu Z, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhang X, Ji J, Yao K. ε-poly-L-lysine-modified polydopamine nanoparticles for targeted photothermal therapy of drug-resistant bacterial keratitis. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8(1): e10380.
16. Fleiszig SMJ, Evans DJ. The pathogenesis of bacte-rial keratitis: Studies with Pseudomonas aerugino-sa. Clin Exp Optom 2002; 85(5): 271-78.
17. Goldreich JE, Franklin-Guild RJ, Ledbetter EC. Feline bacterial keratitis: Clinical features, bacterial isolates, and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility pat-terns. Vet Opht 2020; 23(1): 90-6.
18. Hall RC, Franzco MJM. Bacterial keratitis in Christchurch, New Zealand, 1997-2001. Clin Exp Opth 2004; 32(5): 478-81.
19. Hartley C. Treatment of corneal ulcers what are the medical options? J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12(5): 384-97.
20. Hariprasad SM, Mieler WF, Lin TK, Sponsel WE, Graybill JR. Voriconazole in the treatment of fun-gal eye infections: A review of current literature. Br J Ophtahalmol 2008; 92(7): 871-78.
21. Hazlett LD. Corneal response to Pseudomonas aeru-ginosa infection. Prog Ret Eye Res 2004; 23(1): 1-30.
22. Hindley KE, Groth AD, King M, Graham K, Billson FM. Bacterial isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility, and clinical characteristics of bacterial keratitis in dogs presenting to referral practice in Australia. Vet Opth 2015; 19(5): 1-9.
23. Hsu HY, Modi D. Etiologies, Quantitative hypoesthesia, and clinical outcomes of neurotrophic kerato-pathy. Eye & Contact Lens 2015; 41(5): 314-17.
24. Iwashita H, Wakaiki S, Kazama Y, Saito A. Breed prevalence of canine ulcerative keratitis according to depth of corneal involvement. Vet Opth 2020; 23(5): 849-55.
25. Jegou JP, Tromeur F. Superficial keratectomy for chronic corneal ulcers refractory to medical treat-ment in 36 cats. Vet Opth 2014; 18(4): 335-40.
26. Jokinen P, Rusanen EM, Kennedy LJ, Lohi H. MHC class II risk haplotype associated with canine chro-nic superficial keratitis in German shepherd dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 140(1-2): 37-41.
27. Kagawa Y, Itoh S, Shinohara H. Investigation of capsaicin-induced superficial punctate keratopathy model due to reduced tear secretion in rats. Curr Eye Res 2013; 38(7): 729-35.
28. Kecova H, Hlinomazova Z, Rauser P, Necas A. Cor-neal ınflammatory diseases- infectious keratitis in dogs. Acta Vet Brno 2004; 73(3): 359-63.
29. Kim H, Jeong Y, Lee E, Seo K, Kang S. Treatment of immüne-mediated keratitis (IMMK) in dogs with immunosuppressants observed with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). J Vet Sci 2023; 24(5): e66.
30. Labelle AL, Dresser CB, Hamor RE, Allender MC, Disney JL. Characteristics of, prevalence of, and risk factors for corneal pigmentation (pigmentary keratopathy) in pugs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243(5): 667-74.
31. Larkin DFP, Kilvington S, Dart JKG. Treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis with polyhexamethylene biguanide. Ophtalmol. 1992; 99(2): 185-91.
32. Ledbetter EC, Munger RJ, Ring RD, Scarlett JM. Efficacy of two chondroitin sulfate ophthalmic solu-tions in the therapy of spontaneous chronic cor-neal epithelial defects and ulcerative keratitis as-sociated with bullous keratopathy in dogs. Vet Opth 2006; 9(2): 77-87.
33. Ledbetter EC. Applications of in vivo confocal micros-copy in the management of infectious keratitis in veterinary ophtalmology. Vet Opth 2021; 25: 5-16.
34. Ler D, Pidro A, Miokovic AP. Challenging case of treating fungal keratitis. Rom J Opth 2022; 66(1): 69-74.
35. Leong YY, Tong L. Barrier function in the ocular sur-face: from conventional paradigms to new opportu-nities. Ocul Sur 2015; 13(2): 103-9.
36. Maini S, Everson R, Dawson C, Chang YM, Hartley C, Sanchez RF. Pigmentary keratitis in pugs in the united kingdom: prevalence and associated featu-res. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15: 1-11.
37. Mezzadri V, Crotti A, Nardi S, Barsotti G. Surgical treatment of canine and feline descemetoceles, deep and perforated corneal ulcers with autolo-gous buccal mucous membrane grafts. Vet Opth 2021; 24(6): 599-609.
38. Morales JL, Khan NA, Walochnik J. An update on Acanthomoeba keratitis: Diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment. Parasite 2015; 22(10): 1-20.
39. Murugan N, Malathi J, Umashankar V, Madhavan HN. Unraveling genomic and phenotypic nature of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aerugi-nosa VRFPA04 isolated from keratitis patient. Mic-robiol Res 2016; 193: 140-9.
40. Mustikka MP, Grönthal TSC, Pietila EM. Equine infectious keratitis in Finland: Associated microbial isolates and susceptibility profiles. Vet Opth 2020; 23(1): 148-59.
41. Packer RMA, Hendricks A, Tivers MS, Burn CC. Impact of facial conformation on canine health: brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. PLoS ONE 2015; 10(10): e0137496.
42. Pereira AL, Bittencourt MKW, Baaros MA, Malago R, Panattoni JFM, Morais BP, Ferreira FM, Vascon-cellos JPC. Subconjunctival use of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells to treat chronic superficial keratitis in German shepherd dogs: Pilot study. Open Vet J 2022; 12(5): 744-53.
43. Raj N, Vanathi M, Ahmed NH, Gupta N, Lomi N, Tan-don R. Recent perspectives in the management of fungal keratitis. J Fungi 2021; 7(11): 907.
44. Reinhard T, Bauman WB. Anti-infective drug therapy in ophtalmology-part 4: Acanthamoeba keratitis. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 2006; 223(6): 485-92.
45. Schonheyder HC, Pederson JK, Naeser K. Experience with a broth culture technique for diagnosis of bacterial keratitis. Acta Opth Scan 1997; 75(5): 592-4.
46. Sebbag L, Sanchez RF. The pandemic of ocular surface disease in brachycephalic dogs: The brachycephalic ocular syndrome. Vet Opht 2022; 26: 1-22.
47. Shrestha GS, Vijay AK, Stapleton F, Henriquez FL, Carnt N. Understanding clinical and immunological features associated with Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus keratitis. Contact Lens Ant Eye 2020; 44(1): 3-13.
48. Shukla PK, Kumar M, Keshava GBS. Mycotic keratitis: An overview of diagnosis and therapy. Myco-ses 2008; 51(3): 183-99.
49. Szentmary N, Shi L, Daas L, Seitz B. Diagnostic and management approaches for Acanthamoeba keratitis. Exp Opinion Orp Drugs 2020;8(7): 227-36.
50. Versura P, Giannaccare G, Pellegrini M, Sebastiani S, Campos EC. Neurotrophic keratitis: current challenges and future prospects. Eye and Brain 2018; 10: 37-45.
51. Wei A, Zhao Z, Kong X, Shao T. Comparison of accelerated and standard corneal collagen cross-linking treatments in experimental fungal keratitis for Aspergillus fumigatus. Hindawi J Opth 2022; 1-9.
52. Williams DL, Robinson JC, Lay E, Field H. Efficacy of topical aciclovir for the treatment of feline herpetic keratitis: Results of a prospective clinical trial and data from in vitro investigations. Vet Rec 2005; 157(9): 254-7.
53. Yang SS, Hung CT, Li SF, Lee HM, Chung YC, Chen HH, Chang SC. Hepatitis B virüs-related mortality in rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing long-term low-dose glucocorticoid treatment: A population-based study. J Form Med Assoc 2018; 117(7): 566-71.
54. Zhu B, Zhang L, Yuan K, Huang X, Hu R, Jin X. Neutrophil extracellular traps may have a dual role in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 40(1): 169-80.