Pisolithus arrhizus Ekstraktı Kullanılarak Sentezlenen Titanyum Nanopartikülünün Antimikrobiyal Etkisi

Öz

Pisolithus arrhizus (Scop.) Rauschert (Basidiomycetes) türü okaliptüs ve çam ağaçlarının birçok türünü çevreleyen kökleri toprakta bulunan bir ektomikorizal mantardır. Bu araştırmada Pisolithus arrhizus etanol ekstraktı kullanılarak hazırlanan Titanyum (TiO₂₎ nanopartikülünün (NP) farklı patojen mikroorganizmalar üzerinde inhibitörik etkisinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada hydrothermal yöntem kullanılarak sentezlenen mantar ekstreli TiO₂ NP, UV-Vis Spektrometre (UV-vis) ve taramalı elektron mikroskop (SEM) ile karakterize edilmiştir. Hazırlanan ve karakterize edilen bu NP’lerin, disk difüzyon yöntemi kullanılarak Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans ve Streptococcus mutans test patojenleri üzerinde antimikrobiyal aktivitesi araştırılmıştır. Mantar ekstreli TiO₂ NP’lerin patojenler üzerinde zayıf bir inhibisyon etkisine sahip oldukları (7.5-9.3 mm), maksimum inhibisyonu (9.3 mm) S. mutans'a karşı gösterdiği buna karşın C. albicans’a karşı antifungal etkiye sahip olmadıkları tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antimikrobiyal aktivite,Pisolithus arrhizus,TiO2 nanopartikülü

Antimicrobial Effect of Titanium Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Pisolithus arrhizus Extraction

Öz

Pisolithus arrhizus (Scop.) Rauschert (Basidiomycetes) type is an ectomycorrhizal fungi found in the soil that surrounds many species of eucalyptus and pine trees. In this study, it was aimed to determine the inhibitory effect of Titanium (TiO₂) nanoparticle (NP) prepared by using Pisolithus arrhizus ethanol extract on different pathogenic microorganisms. In the study, NP’s synthesized using hydrothermal method was characterized by UV-vis spectrometer (UV-vis) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The antimicrobial activity of these prepared and characterized NP’s, have been investigated by using disk diffusion method on test pathogens of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. While NPs have a weak inhibitory effect on pathogens (7.5-9.3 mm), the maximum inhibition (9.3 mm) is shown against S. mutans. Whereas antifungal effect against C. albicans have not been found.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antimicrobial activity,Pisolithus arrhizus,TiO2 nanoparticle

Kaynakça

1. 1. Abdelrahim SI, Almagboul AZ, Omer ME, Elegami A. Antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava L. Fitoterapia 2002; 73(7-8): 713-5.
2. 2. Ahmad A, Mukherjee P, Senapati P, Mandal D, Islam Khan M, Kumar R, Sastry M. Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Colloid Surf B 2003; 28(4): 313-8.
3. 3. Arangasamy L, Munusamy V. Tapping the unexploited plant resources for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Afr J Biotechnol 2008; 7(17):3162-5.
4. 4. Boh B, Berovic M, Zhang J, Zhi-Bin L. Ganoderma lucidium and its pharmaceutically Active compounds. Biotechnol Annu Rev 2007; 13: 265-301.
5. 5. Catauro M, Raucci MG, De Gaaetano FD, Marotta A. Sol-gel processing of drug delivery materials and release kinetics. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2005; 16(3):261-5.
6. 6. Chandran SP, Chaudhary M, Pasricha R, Ahmad A, Sastry M. Synthesis of gold nanotriangles and silver nanoparticles using Aloe vera plant extract. Biotechnol Prog 2000; 22: 577-83.
7. 7. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institude. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard. Tenth Edition. M02-A10, PA/USA: Wayne, 2009.
8. 8. Crabtree JH, Brruchette RJ, Siddiqi Ra, Huen IT, Handott LL, Fishman A. The efficacy of silver-ion implanted catheters in reducing peritoneal dialysis-related infections. Perit Dial Int 2003; 23(4): 368-74.

9. 9. Duran N, Marcato PD, Alves OL, De Souza GIH, Esposito E. Mechanistic aspects of biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by several Fusarium oxysporum strains. J Nanobiotechnol 2005; 3: 8-14.
10. 10. Foster AH, Sheel WD, Sheel P, Evans P, Varghese S, Rutschke N, et al. Antimicrobial activity of titania/silver and titania/copper films prepared by CVD. J Photochem Photobiol A 2010; 216: 283-9.
11. 11. Gerhardt L-C, Jell GMR, Boccaccini AR. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles filled polyD, L-lactid acid (PDLLA) matrix composites for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2007; 18(7): 1287-98.
12. 12. Gong XQ, Selloni A. Reactivity of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles:  The role of the minority (001) surface. J Phys Chem 2005; 109(42): 19560-2.
13. 13. Howard A, Foster IB, Ditta S, Varghese AS. Photocatalytic disinfection using titanium dioxide: spectrum and mechanism of antimicrobial activity. App Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90: 1847-68.
14. 14. Huang J, Li Q, Sun D, Lu Y, Su Y, Yang X, Wang H, Wang Y, Shao W, He N, Hong J, Chen C. Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by novel sundried Cinnamomum camphora leaf. Nanotechnology 2007; 18: 105104-14.
15. 15. Jha AK, Prasad K, Kulkarni AR. Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using microorganisms. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 71(1): 226-9.
16. 16. Joerger R, Klaus T, Granqvist CG. Biologically produced silver–carbon composite materials for optically functional thin-film coating. Adv Mater 2001; 12: 407–9.
17. 17. Kirthi AV, Rahuman AA, Rajakumar G, Marimuthu S, Santhoshkumar T, Jayaseelan C, Elango C, Abduz Zahir A, Kamaraj C, Bagavan A. Biosynthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Mater Lett 2011;65 (17):2745-7.
18. 18. Krolikowska A, Kudelski A, Michota A, Bukowska J. SERS studies on the structure of thioglycolic acid monolayers on silver and gold. Surf Sci 2003; 532-535: 227-32.
19. 19. Li S, Shen Y, Xie A, Yu X, Qiu L, Zhang L, Zhang O. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Capsicum annuum L.extract. Green Chem 2007; 9: 852-58.
20. 20. Maness PC, Smolinski S, Blake DM, Huang Z, Wolfrum EJ, Jacoby WA. Bactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO2 reaction: toward an understanding of its killing mechanism. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65: 4094-8.
21. 21. Manzi P, Gambelli L, Marconi S, Vivanti V, Pizzoferrato L. Nutrients in edible mushroom: an inter-species comparative study. Food Chem, 1999; 65: 477-82.
22. 22. Marx DH. Tree host range and world distribution of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius. Can J Microbiol 1977; 23: 217-33.
23. 23. Maurya A, Chauhan P, Mishra A, Pandey AK. Surface functionalization of TiO2 with plant extracts and their combined antimicrobial activities against E. faecalis and E. coli. J Res Updates Polym Sci 2012; 1(1): 43-51.
24. 24. Mbonyiryivuze A, Omollo I, Ngom BD, Mwakikunga B, Dhlamini SM, Park E, Maaza M. Natural dye sensitizer for Grätzel cells: Sepia melanin. PMC 2015; 3(1): 1-6.
25. 25. Nair B, Pradeep T. Coalescence of nanoclusters and the formation of sub-micron crystallites assisted by Lactobacillus strains. Cryst Growth Des 2002; 2: 293-8.
26. 26. Rajakumar G, Rahuman AA, Priyamvada B, Khanna VG, Kumar DK, Sujin PJ. Eclipta prostrata leaf aqueous extract mediated synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Mater Lett 2012;68: 115-7.
27. 27. Salata O. Application of nanoparticles in biology and medicine. J Nanobiotechnol 2004; 2(3): 3-6.
28. 28. Shankar SS, Rai A, Ahmad A, Sastry MJ. Rapid synthesis of Au, Ag and bimetallic Au core-Ag shell nanoparticles using Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf broth. J Colloid Interf Sci 2004; 275(2): 496-502.
29. 29. Singh N, Chatterjee A, Chakraborty K, Chatterjee S, Abraham J. Cytotoxic effect on MG-63 cell line and antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized with seed extracts of Capsicum sp. Rec Nat Prod; 2016: 10 (1):47-57.
30. 30. Singhal G, Bhavesh R, Kasariya K, Sharma AR, Singh RP. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) leaf extract and screening its antimicrobial activity. JNR 2011; 13(7): 2981-8.