Toll-Like Receptors and their Roles in Protozoon Infections

Öz

-

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Doğal bağışıklık, protozoon enfeksiyonlar, Toll-like reseptör

Toll-Like Reseptörler ve Protozoon Enfeksiyonlarındaki Rolleri

Öz

Toll-like reseptörleri (TLR), birçok patojene karşı doğal immun cevabın oluşmasını sağlayan bir grup tip 1 transmembran proteinidirler. İlk olarak 1991 yılında Drosophila melanogaster’de keşfedilen ve immun sistem cevabında önemli fonksiyonu olduğuna inanılan reseptöre “Toll geni”ne olan benzerliğinden dolayı “Toll” adı verilmiştir. Günümüzde insanlarda Interlökin-1 reseptör (IL-1R)’ün homoloğu olan bu moleküllere “Toll-like reseptörler” denilmektedir. Bu reseptörler, başta makrofajlar olmak üzere mast hücreleri, dendritik hücreler, eozinofiller, nötrofiller, doğal öldürücü hücreler, doğal öldürücü T hücrelerinde bulunurlar ve mikroorganizmaların tanınmasında ve yangının tetiklenmesinde rol alırlar. Bu güne kadar insanda ve sığırda 10, farede 13 TLR saptanmış olup, bunların her biri, bir veya birden fazla sayıda spesifik mikrobiyal moleküle bağlanabilir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Doğal bağışıklık, protozoon enfeksiyonlar, Toll-like reseptör

Kaynakça

1. Agnese DM, Calvano JE, Hahm S, Coyle SM, Corbett SA, Calvano SE, Lowry SF, 2002. Human Toll-like receptor 4 mutations but
2. associated with an increased risk of gram- negative infections. J Infect Dis, 186:1522- 1525. are immunity. Trends in 9.
3. Brown WC, Estes DM, Chantler SE, Kegerreis KA, Suarez CE, 1998. DNA and CpG oligonücleotide derived from Babesia bovis are mitogenic for B cells. Infect Immun, 66: 5423-5432. 10.
4. Brown WC, Norimine J, Goff WL, Suarez CE, McElwain TF, 2006. Prospects for recombinant vaccines against Babesia bovis and related parasites. Parasite Immunol, 28: 315-327. 11.
5. Chang JH, Park JY, Kim SK, 2006. Dependence on p38 MAPK signalling in the up-regulation of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 ge- ne expression in Trichomonas vaginalis- treated Hela cells. Immunology, 118: 164- 170.
6. Chen XM, O’Hara SP, Nelson JB, Splinter PL, Small AJ, Tietz PS, Limper AH, Larusso NF, 2005. Multiple TLRs are expressed in human cholangiocytes and mediate host epithelial
7. Cryptosporidum parvum via activation of NF-kB. J Immunol, 175: 7447-7456. to 13.
8. Coban C, Ishii KJ, Uematsu S, Arisue N, Sato S, Yamamoto M, Kawai T, Takeuchi O, Hisaeda H, Horii T, 2006. Pathological role of Toll-like receptor signalling in cerebral malaria. Int Immunol, 19(1): 67-79.

9. D’Alesandro PA, 1986. Elicitation of the reproduction-inhibiting antibody ablastin by serum exoantigens of Trypanasoma lewisi. J Parasitol, 72(6): 639-943. 15.
10. Flandin JF, Chano F, Descoteaux A, 2006. RNA interference reveals a role for TLR2 and TLR3 in the recognition of Leishmania donovani promastigotes by interferon- gamma-primed macrophages. Eur J Immunol, 36(2): 411-420.
11. Iwasaki A, Medzhitov R, 2004. Toll-like receptor control of the adaptive immune responses. Nat Immunol, 5: 987-995. 17.
12. Rhyan JC, Wilson KL, Wagner B, Anderson ML, BonDurant RH, Burgess DE, Mutwiri GK, Corbeil LB, 1999. Demonstration of Tritrichomonas foetus in the external genitalia and of specific antibodies in preputial secretions of naturally infected bulls. Vet Pathol, 36 (5): 406-411. 18.
13. İnci A, İça A, Albasan H, 2007. Babesia Enfeksiyonlarında İmmunite. Özcel MA, İnci A, Turgay N, Köroğlu E. Eds. Tıbbi ve Ve- teriner Immunoparazitoloji. Yayın No:21. İzmir: Türkiye Parazitoloji Derneği Yayınları, pp.508-509. 19.
14. Janeway CA, Medzhitov JR, Medzhitov R, 2002. Innate immune recognition. Annu Rev Immunol, 20:197-216. 20.
15. Lemaitre B, Nicolas E, Michaut L, Reichhart JM, Hoffmann JA, 1996. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spatzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell, 86: 973-983. 21.
16. Mclnturff JE, Madlin RL, Kim J, 2005. The role pathogenesis
17. dermatological disease. J Invest Dermatol, 1(25): 1-8. in the of and treatment
18. Medzhitov R, Janeway CA, 2002. Decoding the patterns of self and nonself by the innate immune system. Science, 296: 298- 300. 23.
19. Mun HS, Aosai F, Norose K, Chen M, Piao LX, Takeuchi O, Akira S, Ishikura H, Yano A, 2003. TLR2 as an essential molecule for protective immunity against Toxoplasma gondii infection. Int Immunol, 15(9): 1081- 1087. 24.
20. Muzio M, Polentarutti N, Bosisio D, Manoj Kumar PP, Mantovoni A, 2000. Toll-like receptor family and signalling pathway. Biochemical Society Transactions, 28(5): 563-566. 25.
21. Okamura Y, Watari M, Jerud ES, Young DW, Ishizaka ST, Rose Jeffrey, Chow Jesse C and Strauss Jerome F, 2001. The extra domain A of fibronectin activates Toll-like receptor 4. J Biol Chem, 276: 10229-10233. Peng G, Guo Z, Kniwa Y, Voo KS, Peng W, Fu T, Wang DY, Li Y, Wang HY, Wang RF, 2005. Toll-like receptor 8 mediated reversal of CD4+ T regulatory cell function. Science, 309: 1380-1384. 27.
22. Richardson JO, Forsyth LMG, Brown CGD, Preston PM, 1998. Nitric oxide causes the macroschizonts of Theilaria annulata to diseppear and host cells to become apoptotic. Vet Res Commun, 22: 31-45.
23. Shoda LKM, Kegerreis KA, Suarez CE, 2001. DNA from protozoan parasites Babesia bovis, Trypanasoma cruzi and T. brucei is mitogenic for B lymphocytes and stimulates macrophage expression of interleukin-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and nitric oxide. Infect Immun, 69: 2162- 2171. 29.
24. Sibley LD, Krahenbuhi JI, 1988. Modification of host cell phagasoms by Toxoplasma gondii involves redustribition of surface proteins and secretion of a 32 kDa protein. Eur J Cell Biol, 47(1): 81-87. 30.
25. Tabeta K, Georgel P, Janssen E, Du X, Hoebe K, Crozat K, Mudd S, Shamel L, Sovath S, Goode J. Alexopoulou L, FlavellRA and Beutler B, 2004. Toll-like receptors 9 and 3 as essential components of innate immune defense against mouse cytomegalovirus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.101(10): 3516-3521.
26. Takeda K, Akira S, 2005. Toll-like receptors in Immunology, 1:1-14. International 32.
27. Takeuchi O, Akira S, 2001. Toll-like receptors; their physiological role and signal transduction
28. Immunopharmacology, 1: 625-635. International 33.
29. Takeuchi O, Akira S, 2002. Genetic approaches to the study of Toll-like receptor function. Microbes and Infection, 4: 887- 895.
30. Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Mühlradt PF, Morr M, Radolf JD, Zychlinsky A, Takeda S, 2001. Discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by Toll-like receptor 6.International Immunolog, 13: 933-940. 35.
31. Tizard IR, 2004. Veterinary Immunology: An Introduction.7th Edition, Saunders, pp. 293- 299. 36.
32. Tosi MF, 2005. Innate immune responses to infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 116 (2): 241-249. 37.
33. Werling D, Jungi TW, 2003. Toll-like receptors linking innate and adaptive immune
34. Immonopathol. 91: 1-12. Vet Immunol 38.
35. Underhill DM, Ozinsky A, 2002. Toll-like receptors: key mediators of microbe detection. Curr Opin Immonol, 14 (1): 103- 110. 39.
36. Yarovinsky F, Sher A, 2006. Toll-like recognition of Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Parasitol, 36: 255-259.