The Influence of Dietary Garlic Powder Supplementation on Performance, Egg Quality, Some Biochemical Parameters and Egg Yolk Cholesterol in Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Öz

This study was performed to investigate the influence of dietary garlic powder supplementation on performance, egg quality, some biochemical parameters and egg yolk cholesterol in quails. Four hundred, 10 week-old, Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were assigned to 5 groups with 4 replicates, and they were fed diets supplemented with % 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 garlic powder for 10 weeks. Live-weight was taken and recorded at the beginning and end of the experiment. Egg production, feed consumption and feed efficiency, interior and exterior egg quality parameters were determined. Blood samples were taken at the finishing of the experiment and sera were analysed for aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) activities, glucose, calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (Pi), magnesium (Mg), total protein, albumin, total lipid, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDLcholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. Egg yolk cholesterol was determined at weeks 5 and 10. Garlic powder supplementation to diet significantly did not affect live weight, feed consumption, feed efficiency, egg production, egg albumen index, yolk index, and shell thickness (p>0.05). Egg weight significantly increased with the addition of % 4 garlic powder (p<0.001). Serum ALT (p<0.01), AST activities, total protein, globulin, and HDL-cholesterol levels (p<0.001) increased by garlic powder while serum triglycerides (p<0.01), Ca, Pi, Mg, glucose, LDL-cholesterol and egg yolk cholesterol levels (p<0.001) decreased. Reductions in serum total lipid, total cholesterol and albumin levels were not significant (p>0.05). In conclusion, performance, the interior and exterior quality of eggs did not change, some serum biochemical parameters were affected, and the egg yolk cholesterol level was decreased, by garlic powder supplementation in Japanese quails.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biochemical parameters
• egg quality
• garlic powder
• performance
• quail

Japon Bıldırcın (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Yemlerine İlave Edilen Sarımsak Tozunun Performans, Yumurta Kalitesi, Bazı Biyokimyasal Parametreler ve Yumurta Sarısı Kolesterolüne Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışmada bıldırcın yemlerine sarımsak tozu ilavesinin performans, yumurta kalitesi ve bazı biyokimyasal parametreler ile yumurta sarısı kolesterolüne etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada 400 adet, 10 haftalık Japon bıldırcınları (Coturnix coturnix japonica) 4 tekrarlı 5 gruba ayrılarak %0 (kontrol), 0.5, 1, 2 ve 4 düzeylerinde sarımsak tozu içeren yemlerle 10 hafta beslendi. Çalışmanın başlangıcında ve sonunda, tüm bıldırcınlar tartılarak canlı ağırlıkları kaydedildi. Yumurta verimi, yem tüketimi, yemden yararlanma oranı ile yumurta iç ve dış kalite parametreleri belirlendi. Çalışmanın sonunda alınan kan örneklerinin serumlarında aspartat amino transferaz (AST) ve alanin amino transferaz (ALT) aktiviteleri, glikoz, kalsiyum (Ca), inorganik fosfor (Pi), magnezyum (Mg), total protein, albumin, total lipid, trigliserid, total kolesterol, HDL-kolesterol ve LDL-kolesterol düzeyleri saptandı. Çalışmanın 5. ve 10. haftasında alınan yumurtalarda yumurta sarısı kolesterolü belirlendi. Yeme sarımsak tozu ilavesi canlı ağırlık, yem tüketimi, yemden yararlanma, yumurta üretimi, yumurta özgül ağırlığı, ak indeksi, sarı indeksi ve yumurta kabuk kalınlığını etkilemedi (p > 0.05). Sadece yumurta ağırlığı, % 4 sarımsak tozu ilave edilen grupta önemli oranda arttı (p < 0.001). Sarımsak tozunun, serum ALT (p < 0.01), AST aktiviteleri, total protein, globulin ve HDL-kolesterol düzeylerini (p < 0.001) arttırdığı, serum trigliserid (p < 0.01), Ca, Pi, Mg, glikoz, LDL-kolesterol ve yumurta sarısı kolesterolünü (p < 0.001) azalttığı belirlendi. Serum total lipid, total kolesterol ve albumin düzeylerindeki azalmalar istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmadı (p > 0.05). Sonuç olarak, bıldırcın yemlerine sarımsak tozu ilavesinin performans, yumurta iç ve dış kalitesine olumsuz bir etki yapmadan, bazı serum biyokimyasal parametrelerini etkilediği ve yumurta sarısı kolesterolünü azalttığı saptandı

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bıldırcın
• biyokimyasal parametreler
• performans
• sarımsak tozu
• yumurta kalitesi

Kaynakça

1. Agarwal KC,1996. Therapeutic action of garlic contitments. Med Res Rev, 16: 111-124.
2. Amagase H, Petesch BL, Matsuura H, Kasuga S, Itakura Y, 2001. Recent advances on the nutritional effects associated with the use of garlic as a supplement: Intake of garlic and its bioactive components. J Nutr, 131(3): 955– 962.
3. Ayaz E, Alpsoy HC, 2007. Sarımsak (Allium sativum) ve geleneksel tedavide kullanımı. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 31(2): 145-149.
4. Azeko MA, Ekpo KE, 2009. Egg yolk cholesterol lowering effects of garlic and tea. J Med Plant Res, 3(12): 1113-1117.
5. Berrio LP, Hebert JA, 1990. The effect of adding cholesterol to laying hen diets as powder or predissolved in fat. Poultry Sci, 69: 972-976.
6. Boehringer Mannheim GmBH Biochemica, 1989. Methods of Biochemical Analysis and Food Analysis. Mannheim, Germany, 26-28.
7. Canoğulları S, Karaman M, Erdoğan Z, Baylan M, Küçükgül A, Düzgüner V, Özügür AK, 2009. Effect of garlic powder on egg yolk and serum cholesterol and performance of laying hens. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy, 53: 515-519.
8. Chi MS, Koh ET, Stewart TJ, 1982. Effects of garlic on lipid metabolism in rats fed cholesterol or lard. J Nutr, 112: 241-248.

9. Chowdhury SR, Chowdhury SD, Smith TK, 2002. Effects of dietary garlic on cholesterol metabolism in laying hens. Poultry Sci, 81: 1856–1862.
10. Dehkordi SH, Moghadam AZ, Maghsoudi N, Aali E, Gerami R, Dehsadeghi E, 2009. The effects of fresh garlic on the serum concentration triglyceride and adipose tissues of broilers. Comp Clin Pathol, DOI: 10.1007/s00580-009- 0879-7 (Online published). cholesterol, total
11. Dieumou FE, Teguia A, Kuiate JR, Tamokou JD, Fonge NB, Dongmo MC, 2009. Effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) essential oils on growth performance and gut microbial population of broiler chickens. Livest Res Rural Dev, 21(8). Erişim adresi: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/8/dieu 21131. htm.
12. Hammad SM, Siegel HS, Marks HL, 1996. Dietary cholesterol effects on plasma and yolk cholesterol fractions in selected lines of japanese quails. Poultry Sci, 75: 933-942.
13. Hempe JM, Lauxen RC, Savage JE, 1988. Rapid determination of egg weight and spesific gravity using a computerized data collection system. Poultry Sci, 67(6): 902-907.
14. Itokawa Y, Inoue K, Sasagawa S, Fujiwara M, 1973. Effect of S-methylcysteine sulfoxide, S- allylcysteine sulfoxide and related sulfur- containing amino acids on lipid metabolism of experimental hypercholesterolemic rats. J Nutr, 103: 88-92.
15. Khan SH, Hasan S, Sardar R, Anjum MA, 2008. Effects of dietary garlic powder on cholesterol concentration in native desi laying hens. Am J Food Technol, 3(3): 207-213.
16. Kim YJ, Jin SK, Yang HS, 2009. Effect of dietary bulb and husk on the physicochemical properties of chicken meat. Poultry Sci, 88: 398-405.
17. Konjufca VH, Pesti GM, Bakalli RI, 1997. Modulation of cholesterol levels in broiler meat by dietary garlic and copper. Poultry Sci, 76: 1264-1271.
18. Lim KS, You SJ, An BK, Kang CW, 2006. Effects of dietary garlic powder and copper on cholesterol content and quality characteristics of chicken eggs. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 19(4): 582-586.
19. Masoud A, Bahman N, Jamal S, Maryam R, 2006. Effects of dietary garlic meal on histological structure of small intestine in broiler chickens. J Poult Sci, 43 (4): 378-383.
20. Obioha UE, Suru SM, Olamudathir KF, Faremi TY, 2009. Hepatoprotective potentials of onion and garlic extracts on cadmium induced oxidative damage in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res, 129: 143-156.
21. Ologhobo AD, Adebiyi FG, Adebiyi OA, 2008. Effect of long term feeding of raw and sun- dried garlic (Allium sativum) on performance and lipid metabolism of broiler chicks. Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Managament and Stuttgart-Hohenheim/Germany. October 7-9,
22. Queshi AA, Din ZZ, Abuirmeileh N, Burger WC, Ahmad Y, Elson CE, 1983a. Suppression of avian hepatic lipid metabolism by solvent extracts of garlic: Impact on serum lipids. J Nutr, 113: 1746-1755.
23. Qureshi AA, Abuirmeileh N, Din ZZ, Elson CE, Burger WC, 1983b. Inhibition of cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis in liver enzymes and chicken hepatocytes by polar fractions of garlic. Lipids, 18(5): 343-348. 24. Rahimi SH, Rafiei A, Lotfollahian H, Afsharnaderi A, 2008. Influence of combined usage of garlic powder and copper on egg yolk cholesterol concentration in laying hens. J Vet Res, 63 (2): 1-6.
24. Safaa HM, 2007. Effect of dietary garlic or fenugreek on cholesterol metabolism in laying hens. Egypt Poult Sci, 27(4): 1207-1221.
25. Sarica S, Ciftci A, Demir E, Kilinc K, Yildirim Y, 2005. Use of an antibiotic growth promoter and two herbal natural feed additives with and without exogenous enzymes in wheat based broiler diets. SA Anim Sci, 35(1): 61-72.
26. Songsang A, Suwanpugdee A, Onthong U, Sompong R, Pimpontong P, Chotipun S, Promgerd W, 2008. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation in diets of broilers on productive performance, meat cholesterol and International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Managament and Rural Development, Hohenheim/Germany. Conference on 7-9, Stuttgart- 28. Thompson BK, Hamilton RMG, 1982. Comparision of the precision and accuracy of the spesific gravity of eggs. Poultry Sci, 61: 1599-1605.
27. Uyanık F, Kaya Ş, Kolsuz AH, Eren M, Şahin N, supplementation on egg production, egg quality and some serum parameters in laying hens. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 26: 379-387.
28. Wells RG, 1968. Egg Quality, A Study of Hen’s Egg. Ed. Carter TC, British Egg Marketing Board Symposium, Edinburgh. pp. 207-249.
29. Yalçın S, Onbaşılar EE, Reisli Z, Yalçın S, 2006. Effect of garlic powder on the performance, egg traits and blood parameters of laying hens. J Sci Food Agric, 86: 1336- 1339.
30. Yalçın S, Onbaşılar İ, Şehu A, Yalçın S, 2007. The effects of dietary garlic powder on the performance, egg traits and blood serum cholesterol of laying quails. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 20 (6): 944-947.
31. Zhang J, Liu J, Hua W, Yu G, Shang H, 2008. Effects of feeding garlic and alicin on growth perfomance and serum biochemical index of weaning pigs. Domestici, 04: 15 (Abstract). 962.
32. Ayaz E, Alpsoy HC, 2007. Sarımsak (Allium sativum) ve geleneksel tedavide kullanımı. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 31(2): 145-149.
33. Azeko MA, Ekpo KE, 2009. Egg yolk cholesterol lowering effects of garlic and tea. J Med Plant Res, 3(12): 1113-1117.
34. Berrio LP, Hebert JA, 1990. The effect of adding cholesterol to laying hen diets as powder or predissolved in fat. Poultry Sci, 69: 972-976.
35. Boehringer Mannheim GmBH Biochemica, 1989. Methods of Biochemical Analysis and Food Analysis. Mannheim, Germany, 26-28.
36. Canoğulları S, Karaman M, Erdoğan Z, Baylan M, Küçükgül A, Düzgüner V, Özügür AK, 2009. Effect of garlic powder on egg yolk and serum cholesterol and performance of laying hens. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy, 53: 515-519.
37. Chi MS, Koh ET, Stewart TJ, 1982. Effects of garlic on lipid metabolism in rats fed cholesterol or lard. J Nutr, 112: 241-248.
38. Chowdhury SR, Chowdhury SD, Smith TK, 2002. Effects of dietary garlic on cholesterol metabolism in laying hens. Poultry Sci, 81: 1856–1862.
39. Dehkordi SH, Moghadam AZ, Maghsoudi N, Aali E, Gerami R, Dehsadeghi E, 2009. The effects of fresh garlic on the serum concentration triglyceride and adipose tissues of broilers. Comp Clin Pathol, DOI: 10.1007/s00580-009- 0879-7 (Online published). cholesterol, total
40. Dieumou FE, Teguia A, Kuiate JR, Tamokou JD, Fonge NB, Dongmo MC, 2009. Effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) essential oils on growth performance and gut microbial population of broiler chickens. Livest Res Rural Dev, 21(8). Erişim adresi: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/8/dieu 21131. htm.
41. Hammad SM, Siegel HS, Marks HL, 1996. Dietary cholesterol effects on plasma and yolk cholesterol fractions in selected lines of japanese quails. Poultry Sci, 75: 933-942.
42. Hempe JM, Lauxen RC, Savage JE, 1988. Rapid determination of egg weight and spesific gravity using a computerized data collection system. Poultry Sci, 67(6): 902-907.
43. Itokawa Y, Inoue K, Sasagawa S, Fujiwara M, 1973. Effect of S-methylcysteine sulfoxide, S- allylcysteine sulfoxide and related sulfur- containing amino acids on lipid metabolism of experimental hypercholesterolemic rats. J Nutr, 103: 88-92.
44. Khan SH, Hasan S, Sardar R, Anjum MA, 2008. Effects of dietary garlic powder on cholesterol concentration in native desi laying hens. Am J Food Technol, 3(3): 207-213.
45. Kim YJ, Jin SK, Yang HS, 2009. Effect of dietary bulb and husk on the physicochemical properties of chicken meat. Poultry Sci, 88: 398-405.
46. Konjufca VH, Pesti GM, Bakalli RI, 1997. Modulation of cholesterol levels in broiler meat by dietary garlic and copper. Poultry Sci, 76: 1264-1271.
47. Lim KS, You SJ, An BK, Kang CW, 2006. Effects of dietary garlic powder and copper on cholesterol content and quality characteristics of chicken eggs. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 19(4): 582-586.
48. Masoud A, Bahman N, Jamal S, Maryam R, 2006. Effects of dietary garlic meal on histological structure of small intestine in broiler chickens. J Poult Sci, 43 (4): 378-383.
49. Obioha UE, Suru SM, Olamudathir KF, Faremi TY, 2009. Hepatoprotective potentials of onion and garlic extracts on cadmium induced oxidative damage in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res, 129: 143-156.
50. Ologhobo AD, Adebiyi FG, Adebiyi OA, 2008. Effect of long term feeding of raw and sun- dried garlic (Allium sativum) on performance and lipid metabolism of broiler chicks. Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Managament and Stuttgart-Hohenheim/Germany. October 7-9,
51. Queshi AA, Din ZZ, Abuirmeileh N, Burger WC, Ahmad Y, Elson CE, 1983a. Suppression of avian hepatic lipid metabolism by solvent extracts of garlic: Impact on serum lipids. J Nutr, 113: 1746-1755.
52. Qureshi AA, Abuirmeileh N, Din ZZ, Elson CE, Burger WC, 1983b. Inhibition of cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis in liver enzymes and chicken hepatocytes by polar fractions of garlic. Lipids, 18(5): 343-348. 24. Rahimi SH, Rafiei A, Lotfollahian H, Afsharnaderi A, 2008. Influence of combined usage of garlic powder and copper on egg yolk cholesterol concentration in laying hens. J Vet Res, 63 (2): 1-6.
53. Safaa HM, 2007. Effect of dietary garlic or fenugreek on cholesterol metabolism in laying hens. Egypt Poult Sci, 27(4): 1207-1221.
54. Sarica S, Ciftci A, Demir E, Kilinc K, Yildirim Y, 2005. Use of an antibiotic growth promoter and two herbal natural feed additives with and without exogenous enzymes in wheat based broiler diets. SA Anim Sci, 35(1): 61-72.
55. Songsang A, Suwanpugdee A, Onthong U, Sompong R, Pimpontong P, Chotipun S, Promgerd W, 2008. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation in diets of broilers on productive performance, meat cholesterol and International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Managament and Rural Development, Hohenheim/Germany. Conference on 7-9, Stuttgart- 28. Thompson BK, Hamilton RMG, 1982. Comparision of the precision and accuracy of the spesific gravity of eggs. Poultry Sci, 61: 1599-1605.
56. Uyanık F, Kaya Ş, Kolsuz AH, Eren M, Şahin N, supplementation on egg production, egg quality and some serum parameters in laying hens. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 26: 379-387.
57. Wells RG, 1968. Egg Quality, A Study of Hen’s Egg. Ed. Carter TC, British Egg Marketing Board Symposium, Edinburgh. pp. 207-249.
58. Yalçın S, Onbaşılar EE, Reisli Z, Yalçın S, 2006. Effect of garlic powder on the performance, egg traits and blood parameters of laying hens. J Sci Food Agric, 86: 1336- 1339.
59. Yalçın S, Onbaşılar İ, Şehu A, Yalçın S, 2007. The effects of dietary garlic powder on the performance, egg traits and blood serum cholesterol of laying quails. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 20 (6): 944-947.
60. Zhang J, Liu J, Hua W, Yu G, Shang H, 2008. Effects of feeding garlic and alicin on growth perfomance and serum biochemical index of weaning pigs. Domestici, 04: 15 (Abstract).