Farklı Laktasyon Dönemlerindeki Damascus Keçilerinde Süt Özellikleri: 2. Yağ Asidi Profili ve Onunla İlişkili Bazı Lipogenik Genlerin Ekspresyon Seviyeleri

Öz

Bu çalışmada, laktasyon periyodundaki Damascus keçilerinde süt yağ asidi profili ve süt somatik hücrelerinde bazı lipogenik genlerin aktiviteleri değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, laktasyon boyunca yağ asidi profili ile lipogenik genler arasındaki ilişki araştırılmıştır. Keçilerin laktasyon dönemleri erken, orta ve geç laktasyon dönemi olarak üçe ayrılmıştır. Yağ asidi profilinin yanı sıra sütte FASN, SCD, ACACA, SREBPF1 ve PPARy genlerinin ekspresyon düzeyleri belirlen-miştir. Süt örneklerinde yağ asidi içeriğinin laktasyon boyunca değiştiği tespit edilmiştir (P<0.05). FASN ve SCD gen ekspresyon seviyeleri erken ve geç laktasyon dönemlerinde az ifade edilmiştir (P<0.05). ACACA orta laktasyon döne-minde yaklaşık 3 kat fazla ifade edilirken (P<0.05), SREBPF1 geç laktasyon döneminde yaklaşık 9 kat az ifade edilmiş-tir (P<0.01). Ayrıca farklı laktasyon dönemlerinde yağ asitleri ve lipogenik genler arasında anlamlı korelasyonlar bulun-muştur (P<0.05). Sonuç olarak Damascus keçilerinin laktasyonun farklı dönemlerinde hem yağ asidi profili hem de bazı lipogenik genler bakımından değişik metabolik etkinlik gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Keçilerin karmaşık olan süt yağ asidi profili mekanizmasını anlamak için moleküler düzeyde daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Damascus keçisi
• laktasyon periyodu
• lipogenik gen ekspresyonu
• süt yağ asitleri

Milk Traits of Damascus Goats at Different Lactation Stages: 2. Fatty Acid Profiles and Related Lipogenic Genes Expression Levels*

Öz

In the present study, goat milk fatty acid profile and some of the lipogenic genes activities in milk somatic cells were evaluated during the lactation periods in Damascus goats. Relationship between fatty acid profile and lipo-genic genes during the lactation were also investigated. The lactation periods of goats were divided to three stages as early, mid and late lactation. Beside fatty acid profile, FASN, SCD, ACACA, SREBPF1, and PPARγ genes expression levels were determined in milk. It was determined that fatty acid contents of milk samples changed during the lactation (P<0.05). FASN and SCD gene expression levels were downregulated in mid and late lactation stages (P<0.05). While ACACA was almost 3 folds upregulated in mid lactation stage (P<0.05), SREBPF1 was approximately 9 folds downreg-ulated in late lactation stage (P<0.01). Also, significant correlations were found between fatty acids and lipogenic genes in different lactation stages (P<0.05). In conclusion, it was determined that Damascus goats showed different metabolic activities in different stages of lactation in terms of both fatty acid profile and some lipogenic genes. It was thought that more studies at the molecular level is needed for understanding the complex milk fatty acid profile mecha-nism of goats.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Damascus goat
• lactation period
• lipogenic gene expression
• milk fatty acids

Kaynakça

1. Albenzio M, Campanozzi A, D’apolito M, Santillo A, Mantovani MP, Sevi A. Differences in protein frac-tion from goat and cow milk and their role on cyto-kine production in children with cow's milk protein allergy. Small Rum Res 2012; 105(1-3): 202-5.
2. Ataşoğlu C, Uysal-Pala Ç, Karagül-Yüceer Y. Chang-es in milk fatty acid composition of goats during lactation in a semi-intensive production sys-tem. Arch Anim Breed 2009; 52(6): 627-36.
3. Badaoui B, Serradilla JM, Tomas A, Urrutia B, Ares JL, Carrizosa J, Amills M. Goat acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase α: Molecular characterization, poly-morphism, and association with milk traits. Int J Dairy Sci 2007; 90(2): 1039-43.
4. Bernard L, Leroux C, Rouel J, Bonnet M, Chilliard Y. Effect of the level and type of starchy concentrate on tissue lipid metabolism, gene expression and milk fatty acid secretion in Alpine goats receiving a diet rich in sunflower-seed oil. Br J Nut 2012; 107(8): 1147-59.
5. Bionaz M, Loor JJ. Gene networks driving bovine milk fat synthesis during the lactation cycle. BMC genomics 2008; 9(1): 366.
6. Chilliard Y. Biochemical characteristics of goat milk lipids. A comparison with cow's and human milk. Colloq l'INRA 1997; 81(1): 51-61.
7. Garcia-Crespo D, Juste RA, Hurtado A. Selection of ovine housekeeping genes for normalisation by real-time RT-PCR; analysis of PrP gene expression and genetic susceptibility to scrapie. BMC Vet Res 2005; 1(1): 3.
8. Güler Z, Keskin M, Masatçioğlu T, Gül S, Bicer O. Effects of breed and lactation period on some char-acteristics and free fatty acid composition of raw milk from Damascus goats and German fawn x Hair goat b_1 crossbreds. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2007; 31(5): 347-54.

9. Izadi MS, Naserian AA, Nasiri MR, Heravi RM, Valizadeh R. Evaluation of SCD and FASN Gene Expression in Baluchi, Iran-Black, and Arman Sheep. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 5(1): 33.
10. Jayakumar A, Tai MH, Huang WY, Al-Feel W, Hsu M, Abu-Elheiga L, Waki SJ. Human fatty acid syn-thase: Properties and molecular cloning. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1995; 92(19): 8695-99.
11. Kadegowda AKG, Bionaz M, Piperova LS, Erdman RA, Loor JJ. Peroxisome proliferator-activated re-ceptor-γ activation and long-chain fatty acids alter lipogenic gene networks in bovine mammary epi-thelial cells to various extents. Int J Dairy Sci 2009: 92(9): 4276-89.
12. Kast-Woelbern HR, Dana SL, Cesario RM, Sun L, de Grandpre LY, Brooks ME, Leibowitz MD. Rosiglita-zone induction of Insig-1 in white adipose tissue reveals a novel interplay of peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ and sterol regulatory element-binding protein in the regulation of adipogenesis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279(23): 23908-15.
13. Kompan D, Komprej A. The effect of fatty acids in goat milk on health. In: Milk Production-An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health. New York: Intech Open 2012; pp. 12-15.
14. Lin X, Luo J, Zhang L, Wang W, Gou D. MiR-103 controls milk fat accumulation in goat (Capra hir-cus) mammary gland during lactation. PloS One 2013; 8(11): 79258.
15. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2− ΔΔCT method. Methods 2001; 25(4): 402-8.
16. Marounek M, Pavlata L, Mišurová L, Volek Z, Dvořák R. Changes in the composition of goat colostrum and milk fatty acids during the first month of lacta-tion. Czech J Anim Sci 2012; 57: 28-33.
17. Rio DC, Ares M, Hannon GJ, Nilsen TW. Purification of RNA using TRIzol (TRI reagent). Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2010; (6): 5439.
18. Shi H, Luo J, Zhu J, Li J, Sun Y, Lin X, Shi H. PPARγ regulates genes involved in triacylglycerol synthe-sis and secretion in mammary gland epithelial cells of dairy goats. PPAR Res 2013; 310948.
19. Strzałkowska N, Jóźwik A, Bagnicka E, Krzyżewsk J, Horbańczuk K, Pyzel B, Horbańczuk JO. Chemical composition, physical traits and fatty acid profile of goat milk as related to the stage of lactation. Anim Sci Pap Rep 2009; 27(4): 311-20.
20. Suburu J, Shi L, Wu J, Wang S, Samuel M, Thomas MJ, Chen YQ. Fatty acid synthase is required for mammary gland development and milk production during lactation. Am J Physiol-Endoc M 2014; 306(10): 1132-43.
21. Sun Y, Luo J, Zhu J, Shi H, Li J, Qiu S, Loor JJ. Ef-fect of short‐chain fatty acids on triacylglycerol ac-cumulation, lipid droplet formation and lipogenic gene expression in goat mammary epithelial cells. Anim Sci J 2016; 87(2): 242-9.
22. Ulbricht TLV, Southgate DAT. Coronary heart dis-ease: seven dietary factors. The Lancet 1991; 338(8773): 985-92.
23. Xu H, Luo J, Ma G, Zhang X, Yao D, Li M, Loor JJ. Acyl‐CoA synthetase short‐chain family member 2 (ACSS2) is regulated by SREBP‐1 and plays a role in fatty acid synthesis in caprine mammary epitheli-al cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233(2): 1005-16.
24. Xu HF, Luo J, Zhao WS, Yang YC, Tian HB, Shi HB, Bionaz M. Overexpression of SREBP1 (sterol regu-latory element binding protein 1) promotes de novo fatty acid synthesis and triacylglycerol accumula-tion in goat mammary epithelial cells. Int J Dairy Sci 2016; 99(1): 783-95.
25. Yao D, Luo J, He Q, Shi H, Li J, Wang H, Loor JJ. SCD1 alters long‐chain fatty acid (LCFA) composi-tion and its expression is directly regulated by SREBP‐1 and PPARγ 1 in dairy goat mammary cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232(3): 635-49.
26. Zhang H, Ao CJ, Song LW, Zhang XF. Effects of dif-ferent model diets on milk composition and expres-sion of genes related to fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland of lactating dairy goats. Int J Dairy Sci 2015; 98(7): 4619-28.
27. Zhang T, Huang J, Yi Y, Zhang X, Loor JJ, Cao Y, Luo J. Akt serine/threonine kinase 1 regulates de novo fatty acid synthesis through the mammalian target of rapamycin/sterol regulatory element bind-ing protein 1 axis in dairy goat mammary epithelial cells. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66(5): 1197-205.
28. Zhu J, Sun Y, Luo J, Wu M, Li J, Cao Y. Specificity protein 1 regulates gene expression related to fatty acid metabolism in goat mammary epithelial cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16(1): 1806-20.
29. Zhu JJ, Luo J, Wang W, Yu K, Wang HB, Shi HB, Li J. Inhibition of FASN reduces the synthesis of me-dium-chain fatty acids in goat mammary gland. Animal 2014; 8(9): 1469-78.
30. Zidi A, Fernández-Cabanás VM, Urrutia B, Carrizosa J, Polvillo O, González-Redondo P, Serradilla JM. Association between the polymorphism of the goat stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) gene and milk fatty acid composition in Murciano-Granadina goats. Int J Dairy Sci 2010; 93(9): 4332-9.