Nonsteroidal Antiinflamatuvar İlaçların Kedi ve Köpeklerde Etkili ve Güvenli Kullanımı

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 137 - 143, 01.08.2014

Ümit Karademir Murat Boyacıoğlu

Öz

Nonsteroidal antiinflamatuvar ilaçların (NSAİİ) ağrı kesici, ateş düşürücü, yangı önleyici etkilerinin yanında antiromatizmal

etkilerinin de olması nedeniyle veteriner hekimlikte kullanımı oldukça yaygındır. NSAİİ’ların kimyasal yapıları

birbirinden farklı olmasına rağmen, prostoglandinlerin üretimine aracılık eden siklooksijenaz enzimini (COX) inhibe ederek

etkinlik gösterirler. COX enzimi COX-1, COX-2 ve COX-3 olmak üzere üçe ayrılmaktadır. NSAİİ’lar COX-1 ve COX-2’yi

farklı derecelerde inhibe ederek yangıya yol açan prostaglandinlerin üretimini azaltırlar. NSAİİ’ların kullanılmasına bağlı

olarak şiddetli organ disfonksiyonları ile sonuçlanabilen bozukluklar oluşabilir. NSAİİ’ların istenmeyen yan etkilerinden

kedi ve köpeklerin diğer hayvan türlerinden daha fazla etkilendiği belirtilmektedir. Bu kapsamda klinik açıdan önemli

bazı yangı önleyici ilaçların kedi ve köpeklerde etkili ve güvenli kullanımı değerlendirilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kedi, köpek, nonsteroidal antiinflamatuvar ilaç, siklooksijenaz

The Effective and Safe use of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs in Dogs and Cats

Öz

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) are commonly used in veterinary medicine because of

their analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory effects in addition to their anti-rheumatic effects. Despite differences in

chemical structures of the NSAID, these compounds share the effect of inhibiting the production of prostoglandins by

targeting the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. Three primary forms of COX have been identified as COX-1, COX-2 and

COX-3. The NSAIDs reduce the production of prostoglandins causing inflamation by inhibitting the COX-1 and COX-

2 enzymes in different levels. Depending on the use of NSAIDs, severe organ dysfunctions may occur. The clinical

adverse effects associated with NSAID administration are observed more often in dogs and cats than other animals. In

this review, some clinically important anti-inflammatory drugs will be evaluated in terms of their effective and safe use

in cats and dogs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cat, dog, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, cyclooxygenase

Kaynakça

• 1. Abacıoğlu N. Aljezi, yangı, pirezis ve nonsteroidal analjezik antiinflamatuvar ilaçlar. Bökesoy, A., Çakıç, İ., Melli, M. eds. In: Farmakoloji Ders Kitabı. Ankara: Türk Farmakoloji Derneği, 2000; pp. 473-95.
• 2. Adams HR. Nonnarcotic analgesics. Booth N.H., McDonald L.E. eds. In: Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 8th edition, Iowa State Universty Press, 2001; pp. 329-63.
• 3. Aspirin. http://www.elephantcare.org/Drugs/aspirin.htm. Erişim tarihi: 05.12.2013.
• 4. Brideau C, Van Staden C, Chan CC. Invitro effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in whole blood of horses, dogs and cats. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62(11):1755-60.
• 5. Clark TP, Chieffo C, Huhn JC, Nimz EL, Wang C, Boy MG. The steady-state pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of carprofen administered orally and subcutaneously in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2003; 26(3): 187-92.
• 6. Curry SL, Cogar SM, Cook JL. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: A review. J Am An Hos Assoc 2005; 41(5): 298-309.
• 7. Doig PA, Purbrick KA, Hare JE, McKeown DB. Clinical efficacy and tolerance of meloxicam in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis. Can Vet J 2000; 41: 296-300.
• 8. EMEA.www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Maximum_Residue_Limits_-_Report/2009/11/WC500014270.pdf; Erişim tarihi:08.01.2013.
• 9. FDA.http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/Products/ApprovedAnimalDrugProducts/DrugLabels/UCM050403.pdf; Erişim tarihi:08.01.2013.
• 10. Gannong FW. Tıbbi Fizyoloji, 19.baskıdan çeviri. Ankara: Barıs Kitapevi, 1999; p. 550-2.
• 11. Gierse JK, Staten NR, Casperson GF, Koboldt CM, Trigg JS, Reitz BA, Pierce JL, Seibert K. Cloning, expression and selective inhibition of canine cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2. Vet Therapeutics 2002; 3(3): 270-80.
• 12. Homer LM, Clarke CR, Weingarten AJ. Effect of dietary fat on oral bioavailability of tepoxalin in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Therap 2005; 28(3): 287-91.
• 13. Karol AM. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics: a review of current practice. J Vet Emerg and Critic Care 2002; 12(2): 89-97.
• 14. Karol AM. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics: indications and condraindicatins for pain management in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Prac 2000; 30(4):783-804.
• 15. Kaya S. Narkotik Olmayan Ağrı Kesiciler. Kaya S. Eds. In: Veteriner Farmakoloji. 4. Baskı. Ankara: Medisan Yayınevi, 2006; p. 295-320.
• 16. Kis B, Snipes JA, Busija DW. Acetaminophen and the COX-3 puzzle: sorting out facts, fictions and uncertainties. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 315(1): 1-7.
• 17. Knight EV, Kimball JP, Keenan CM, Smith IL, Wong FA, Barrett DS, Dempster AM, Lieuallen WG, Panigrahi D, Powers WJ, Szot RJ. Preclinical toxicity evaluation of tepoxalin, a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase, in Sprague-Dawley rats and beagle dogs. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1996; 33(1): 38-48.
• 18. Kraml M, Cosyns L, Hick DR. Bioavailability studies with etodolac in dogs and man. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1984; 5(1): 63-74.
• 19. KuKanich B, Bidgood T, Knesl O. Clinical pharmacology of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2012; 39(1): 69-90.
• 20. Langston C. USP veterinary pharmaceutical information monographs-antiinflammatories. J Vet Pharm Therap 2004; 27: 1-112.
• 21. Lascelles BDX, Butterworth SJ, Waterman AE. Postoperative analgesic and sedative effects of carprofen and pethidin in dogs. Vet Rec 1994;134(8): 187-91.
• 22. Lascelles BDX, Mcfarland MJ. Guidelines for safe and effective use of NSAIDs in dogs, Veterinary Therapeutics 2005; 6(3): 1-15.
• 23. Lees P, Landoni MF, Graudel J, Toutain PL. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in species of veterinary interest, J Vet Pharmacol Therap 2004; 27(6): 479-90.
• 24. Lees P, Mckellar QA, Ludwig B. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of carprofen in the horse. Equine Vet J 1994; 26(3): 203-208.
• 25. Lomas AL, Lyon SD, Sanderson MW, Grauer GF. Acute and chronic effects of tepoxalin on kidney function in dogs with chronic kidney disease and osteoarthritis. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74(6): 939-44.
• 26. Mathews KA. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics. Indications and contraindications for pain management in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2000; 30(4): 783-804.
• 27. Mckellar QA, Delatour P, Lees P. Stereospecific pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of carprofen in the dog. J Vet Pharmacol Thep 1994; 17(6): 447-54.
• 28. Monteiro-Steagall BP, Steagall PV, Lascelles BD. Systematic review of nonsteroidal anti-Inflammatory drug-induced adverse effects in dogs, J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27(5): 1011–9.
• 29. Montoya L, Ambros L, Kreil V, Bonafine R, Albarellos G, Hallu R, Soraci AA pharmacokinetic comparison of meloxicam and ketoprofen following oral administration to healthy dogs. Vet Res Commun 2004; 28(5): 415-28.
• 30. Pairet M, Engelhardt G. Distinctisoforms of cyclooxygenase: possible physiological and therapeutic implications. Fund Clin Pharmacol 1996; 10(1): 1-15.
• 31. Ricketts AP, Lundy KM, Seibel SB. Evaluation of selective inhibition of canin cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 by carprofen and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am J Vet Res 1998; 59(11): 1441-2.
• 32. Schmitt M, Guentert TW. Biopharmaceutical evalution of carprofen following single intravenous, oral and rectal dosesin dogs. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1990; 11(7): 585-94.
• 33. Streppa HK, Jones CJ, Budsberg SC. Cyclooxygenase selectivity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in canin blood. Am J Vet Res 2002; 62: 1755-60.
• 34. Taylor M, Reide P. Mosby’s Crach Course Farmakoloji, H.S. Örer (çev.), Ankara: Güneş Kitabevi, 2001; p. 166.
• 35. Wallace JM. Pharmacokinetic profile of meloxicam. Compend Contin Educ Pract., 2003; 25(1): 64-5.
• 36. Welsh EM, Nolan AM, Reid J. Beneficial effects of administering carprofen before surgery in dogs. Vet Rec 1997; 141(10): 251-53.