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Pre-Analytical Phase in Veterinary Clinical Laboratories

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 68 - 76, 15.04.2018

Öz

According to “TS EN ISO 15189 Medical laboratories: Requirements for quality and competence", preanalytical

phase includes clinician’s patient identification, examination and determination of the test to be done in preparation

for the sampling, collection of samples, delivery to the laboratory and sample control prior to analyses for the

evaluation of the desired test. In Veterinary Clinical Laboratories, pre-analytical phase mostly involves blood and urine

samples, and these samples are generally used for haematology, coagulation, biochemistry and cytology test parameters.

This review is aimed to convey the latest information about error sources in Veterinary Clinical Laboratories.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Adamu AL, Adzahan NM, Rasedee A, Ahmad B. Responses of serum biochemical parameters, electrolytes and heart rate in an 80 km endurance race. J Vet Adv 2014; 4(1): 329-37.
  • 2. Alleman AR. The effects of hemolysis and lipemia on biochemical constituents. Veterinary Medicine 1990; 85(12): 1272-84.
  • 3. Anonim. BD Vacutainer venous blood collection, tube guide. http://www.bd.com/vacutainer/pdfs/plus_plastic_tubes_wallchart_tubeguide_VS5229.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2016.
  • 4. Anonim. Blood Collection: routine venipuncture and specimen handling. Universiy of Utah. http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/PHLEB/PHLEB.html Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2016.
  • 5. Anonim. Eclinpath. Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. http://www.eclinpath.com/test-basics/sample-collection-2/ Erişim Tarihi: 21.01.2016.
  • 6. Anonim. TS EN ISO 15189 Tıbbi Laboratuvarlar - Kalite ve yeterlilik için genel şartlar. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü. 2014.
  • 7. Archer J. Urine Analysis. Villiers E, Blackwood L. eds. In: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Clinical Pathology. Second Edition. Gloucester: BSAVA, 2007; pp. 149-68
  • 8. Bienzle D, McDonnell JJ, Stanton JB. Analysis of cere- brospinal fluid from dogs and cats after 24 and 48 hours of storage. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 216(11): 1761-4.
  • 9. Bourges-Abella NH, Geffr'e A, Deshuillers PL, Braun JP, Trumel C. Changes in hematology measurements in healthy and diseased dog blood stored at room temperature for 24 and 48 hours using the XT-2000iV analyser. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 43(1): 24-35.
  • 10. Bowen RAR, Remaley AT. Interferences from blood collection tube components on clinical assays. Biochemia Medica 2014; 24(1): 31-44.
  • 11. Braun JP, Bourges-Abella N, Geffre A, Concordet D, Trumel C. The preanalytic phase in veterinary pathology. Vet Clin Pathol 2015; 44(1): 8-25.
  • 12. Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S, Hennemann C, Tecles F. The effects of different anticoagulants on routine canine plasma biochemistry. Vet J 2004; 167(3): 294-301.
  • 13. Clements D. Arthrocentesis and synovial fluid analysis in dogs and cats. In Practice 2006; 28(5): 256-62.
  • 14. Colville J. Blood Chemistry. Hendrix CM, eds. In: Laboratory procedures for veterinary technicians. Fourth Edition. Saint Louis: Mosby, 2002; pp. 75-103.
  • 15. Connolly DJ, Hezzell MJ, Fuentes VL, Chang YM, Swan R, Syme HM. The effect of protease inhibition on the temporal stability of NT-proBNP in feline plasma at room temperature. J Vet Cardiol 2011; 13(1): 13-9.
  • 16. Cuhadar C, Koseoglu M, Atay A, Dirican A. The effect of storage time and freeze-thaw cycles on the stability of serum samples. Biochem Med 2013; 23(1): 70-7.
  • 17. Domingos MC, Médaille C, Concordet D, Briend-Marchal A. Is it possible to use expired tubes for routine biochemical analysis in dogs? Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 41(2): 266-71.
  • 18. Erbil MK. Laboratuvar Testleri ve Klinik Kullanımı. GATA Komutanlığı Basımevi Müdürlüğü Etlik, Ankara, 2007; p. 16.
  • 19. Favaloro EJ, Funk DM, Lippi G. Pre-analytical Variables in Coagulation Testing Associated with Diagnostic Errors in Hemostasis. Lab Medicine 2012; 43(2): 1-10.
  • 20. Ginel PJ, Lucena R, Fernández M. Duration of increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity in dogs receiving different glucocorticoid doses. Res Vet Sci 2002; 72(3): 201-4.
  • 21. Gomes-Keller MA, Gönczi E, Tandon R, Riondato F, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Meli ML, Lutz H. Detection of feline leukemia virus RNA in saliva from naturally infected cats and correlation of PCR results with those of current diagnostic methods. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44(3): 916-22.
  • 22. Granat F, Geffr'e A, Braun JP, Trumel C. Comparison of platelet clumping and complete blood count results with Sysmex XT-2000iV in feline blood sampled on EDTA or EDTA plus CTAD (Citrate, Theophylline, Adenosine, and Dipyridamole). J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13(12): 953-8.
  • 23. Granat F, Geffr'e A, Bourges-Abella N, Braun JP, Trumel C. Changes in haematology measurements with the Sysmex XT-2000iV during storage of feline blood sampled in EDTA or EDTA plus CTAD. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15(6): 433-44.
  • 24. Gunn-Christie RG, Flatland B, Friedrichs KR, Szladovits B, Harr KE, Ruotsalo K, Knoll JS, Wamsley HL, Freeman KP. American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP). ASVCP quality assurance guidelines: control of preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical factors for urinalysis, cytology, and clinical chemistry in veterinary laboratories. Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 41(1): 18-26.
  • 25. Hooijberg E, Leidinger E, Freeman KP. An error management system in a veterinary clinical laboratory. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24(3): 458-68.
  • 26. Humann-Ziehank E, Ganter M. Pre-analytical factors affecting the results of laboratory blood analyses in farm animal veterinary diagnostics. Animal 2012; 6(7): 1115-23.
  • 27. Huntingford JL, Levine CB, Mustacich DJ, Corrigan D, Downey RL, Wakshlag JJ. The effects of low intensity endurance activity on various physiological parameters and exercise induced oxidative stress in dogs. Open J Vet Med 2014; 4(7): 134-44.
  • 28. Jacobs RM, Lumsden JH, Grift E. Effect of bilirubinemia, hemolysis, and lipemia on clinical chemistry analytes in bovine, canine, equine, and feline sera. Can Vet J 1992; 33(9): 605-8.
  • 29. Kale VP, Patel SG, Gunjal PS, Wakchaure SU, Sundar RS, Ranvir RK, Jain MR. Effect of repeated freezing and thawing on 18 clinical chemistry analytes in rat serum. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2012; 51(4): 475-8.
  • 30. Kamali H, Mohri M. Effects of heparin, citrate and EDTA on plasma biochemistry of cat: comparison with serum. Revue Med Vet 2015; 166(9-10): 275-9.
  • 31. Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, Sixth Edition. Amsterdam: Elsevier, Academic Press, 2008; pp. 99, 306, 351-378, 618.
  • 32. Karagul H, Altıntaş A, Fidancı UR, Sel T. Klinik Biyokimya, Birinci Baskı, Ankara: Medisan Yayınevi, 2000; pp. 6-9.
  • 33. Kiechle FL, Betsou F, Blakeney J, Calam RR, Catalasan IM, Raj P, Sadek W, Smith SA, Tang YW, Tomazic-Allen S. Procedures for the handling and processing of blood specimens for common laboratory tests; Approved guideline. Fourth Edition (H18-A4). Wayne PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standarts Institute, 2010; pp. 3-23.
  • 34. Kolevska J, Brunclik V, Svoboda M. Circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion in dogs of different daily activities. Acta Vet Brno 2003; 72(4): 599-605.
  • 35. Kratz A, Stanganelli N, Van Cott EM. A comparison of glass and plastic blood collection tubes for routine and specialized coagulation assays: A comprehensive study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006; 130(1): 39-44.
  • 36. Kumar A, Mehrotra S, Dangi SS, Singh G, Chand S, Singh L, Mahla AS, Kumar S, Nehra K. Faecal steroid metabolites assay as a non-invasive monitoring of reproductive status in animals. Vet World 2013; 6(1): 59-63.
  • 37. Lobetti RG, Joubert KE. Effect of administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs before surgery on renal function in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61(12): 1501-7.
  • 38. Lowe AD, Campbell KL, Graves T. Glucocorticoids in the cat. Vet Dermatol 2008; 19(6): 340-7.
  • 39. Matsuzawa T, Sakazume M. Effects of fasting on haematology and clinical chemistry values in the rat and dog. Comp Haematol Int 1994; 4: 152-6.
  • 40. Meyer D, Harvey JW. Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Interpretation and Diagnosis. Third Edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders, 2004: pp. 3-26.
  • 41. Minder EI, Schibli A, Mahrer D, Nesic P, Plüer K. Effects of different centrifugation conditions on clinical chemistry and immunology test results. BMC Clin Pathol 2011; 11(6): 1-15.
  • 42. Mohri M, Allahyari L, Sardari K. Effects of common anticoagulants on routine plasma biochemistry of horse and comparison with serum. J Equine Vet Sci 2007; 27(7): 313-6.
  • 43. Mohri M, Rezapoor H. Effects of heparin, citrate, and EDTA on plasma biochemistry of sheep: comparison with serum. Res Vet Sci 2009; 86(1): 111-4.
  • 44. Moore GE, Mahaffey EA, Hoenig M. Hematologic and serum biochemical effects of long-term administration of anti-inflammatory doses of prednisone in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1992; 53(6): 1033-7.
  • 45. Mundim AV, Coelho AO, Hortencia AM, Guimaraes EC, Espindola FS. Influence of age and sex on the serum biochemical profile of Doberman dogs in the growth phase. Comp Clin Pathol 2007; 16(1): 41-6.
  • 46. Nikolac N. Lipemia: causes, interference mechanisms, detection and management. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2014; 24(1): 57-67.
  • 47. Ochi T, Nishiura I, Tatsumi M, Hirano Y, Yahagi K, Sakurai Y, Sudo Y, Koyama H, Hagita Y, Fujimoto Y, Kitamura S, Hashimoto H, Nakamura T, Yamada A, Tanimoto M, Nishina N. Effects of transport stress on serum alkaline phosphatase activity in beagle dogs. Exp Anim 2013; 62(4): 329-32.
  • 48. Onasanya G, Oke FO, Sanni TM, Muhammad AI. Parameters influencing haematological, serum and bio-chemical references in livestock animals under different management systems. Open J Vet Med 2015; 5(8): 181-9.
  • 49. Özcan O, Güreser AS. Analiz öncesi (preanalitik) hata kaynakları ve eğitimin hata önlemedeki rolü. Dicle Tıp Dergisi 2012; 39(4): 524-30.
  • 50. Pekcan M, Fidancı UR, Yüceer B, Özbeyaz C. Estimation of passive immunity in newborn calves with routine clinical chemistry measurements. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2013; 60: 85-8.
  • 51. Pessina P, Fernández-Foren A, Cueto E, Delucchi L, Castillo V, Meikle A. Cortisol secretion after adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) and dexamethasone tests in healthy female and male dogs. Acta Vet Scand 2009; 51(1): 33.
  • 52. Piccione G, Fazio F, Giudice E, Grasso F, Caola G. Blood lipids, fecal fat and chymotrypsin excretion in the dog: influence of age, body weight and sex. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66(1): 59-62.
  • 53. Rand JS, Kinnaird E, Baglioni A, Blackshaw J, Priest J. Acute stress hyperglycemia in cats is associated with struggling and increased concentrations of lactate and norepinephrine. J Vet Intern Med 2002; 16(2): 123-32.
  • 54. Rashid S, Shi ZQ, Niwa M, Mathoo JM, Vandelangeryt ML, Bilinski D, Lewis GF, Vranic M. Beta-blockade, but not normoglycemia or hyperinsulinemia, markedly diminishes stress-induced hyperglycemia in diabetic dogs. Diabetes 2000; 49(2): 253-62.
  • 55. Reynolds B, Taillade B, Médaille C, Palenché F, Trumel C, Lefebvre HP. Effect of repeated freeze-thaw cycles on routine plasma biochemical constituents in canine plasma. Vet Clin Pathol 2006; 35(3): 339-40.
  • 56. Rice JE, Ihle SL. Effects of diet on fecal occult blood testing in healthy dogs. Can J Vet Res 1994; 58: 134-7.
  • 57. Strasser A, Niedermüller H, Hofecker G, Laber G. The effect of aging on laboratory values in dogs. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1993; 40 (9-10): 720-30.
  • 58. Tecles F, Panizo CG, Subiela SM, Ceron JJ. Effects of different variables on whole blood cholinesterase analysis in dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2002; 14: 132-9.
  • 59. Thrall MA, Weiser G, Allison RW, Campbell TW. Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry. Second Edition. Philadelphia: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012; pp. 3-50.
  • 60. Van Cott EM, Lewandrowski KB, Patel S, Grzybek DY, Patel HS, Fletcher SR, Kratz A. Comparison of glass K3EDTA versus plastic K2EDTA blood-drawing tubes for complete blood counts, reticulocyte counts, and white blood cell differentials. Lab Hematol 2003; 9(1): 10-4.
  • 61. Vap LM, Harr KE, Arnold JE, Freeman KP, Getzy K, Lester S, Friedrichs KR. American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP). ASVCP quality assurance guidelines: control of preanalytical and analytical factors for hematology for mammalian and nonmammalian species, hemostasis, and crossmatching in veterinary laboratories. Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 41(1): 8-17.
  • 62. Wakshlag JJ, Stokol T, Geske SM, Greger CE, Angle CT, Gillette RL. Evaluation of exercise-induced changes in concentrations of C-reactive protein and serum biochemical values in sled dogs completing a long-distance endurance race. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71(10): 1207-13.
  • 63. Weiss JW, Wardrop KJ. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, Sixth Edition. Philadelphia: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010; pp. 1083-1100.
  • 64. Wenger-Riggenbach B, Boretti FS, Quante S, Schellenberg S, Reusch CE, Sieber-Ruckstuhl NS. Salivary cortisol concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with hypercortisolism. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24(3): 551-6.
  • 65. Yiğitbaş T, Şentürk BA, Baskın Y, Öney M, Üstüner F. Hemolizin rutin acil biyokimya testlerine etkisi. Türk Klinik Biyokimya Derg 2010; 8(3): 105-10.
  • 66. Young DS. Preanalytical variables and biological variation. Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DR. eds. In: Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. Fifth Edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2010; pp. 119-44.
  • 67. Young DS, Bernes EW, Haverstick DM. Specimen collection and other preanalytical variables. Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE. eds. In: Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, Sixth Edition. Philadelphia: Saunders-Elsevier. 2007; pp. 42-61.

Veteriner Klinik Laboratuvarlarında Pre-Analitik Süreç

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 68 - 76, 15.04.2018

Öz

“TS EN ISO 15189 Tıbbi laboratuvarlar: Kalite ve yeterlilik için şartlar” isimli standart içerisinde pre-analitik faz
kronolojik sırayla; klinisyenin hastayı tanımlaması, muayenesi, yapılacak testin belirlenmesi, örnek alınması için hazırlık,
örneklerin toplanması, laboratuvara ulaştırılması ve analiz öncesi örnek uygunluğunun istenen teste göre değerlendirilmesi
sürecini kapsamaktadır. Veteriner Klinik Laboratuvarlarında pre-analitik fazı ilgilendiren süreçler daha çok kan
ve idrar örneklerini içermekte, bu örneklerden çoğunlukla hematoloji, koagülasyon, biyokimya ve sitolojik test parametreleri
talep edilmektedir. Bu derlemede veteriner klinik laboratuvarlarında pre-analitik sürece ait hata kaynakları ile ilgili
en güncel bilgilerin aktarılması amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Adamu AL, Adzahan NM, Rasedee A, Ahmad B. Responses of serum biochemical parameters, electrolytes and heart rate in an 80 km endurance race. J Vet Adv 2014; 4(1): 329-37.
  • 2. Alleman AR. The effects of hemolysis and lipemia on biochemical constituents. Veterinary Medicine 1990; 85(12): 1272-84.
  • 3. Anonim. BD Vacutainer venous blood collection, tube guide. http://www.bd.com/vacutainer/pdfs/plus_plastic_tubes_wallchart_tubeguide_VS5229.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2016.
  • 4. Anonim. Blood Collection: routine venipuncture and specimen handling. Universiy of Utah. http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/PHLEB/PHLEB.html Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2016.
  • 5. Anonim. Eclinpath. Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. http://www.eclinpath.com/test-basics/sample-collection-2/ Erişim Tarihi: 21.01.2016.
  • 6. Anonim. TS EN ISO 15189 Tıbbi Laboratuvarlar - Kalite ve yeterlilik için genel şartlar. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü. 2014.
  • 7. Archer J. Urine Analysis. Villiers E, Blackwood L. eds. In: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Clinical Pathology. Second Edition. Gloucester: BSAVA, 2007; pp. 149-68
  • 8. Bienzle D, McDonnell JJ, Stanton JB. Analysis of cere- brospinal fluid from dogs and cats after 24 and 48 hours of storage. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 216(11): 1761-4.
  • 9. Bourges-Abella NH, Geffr'e A, Deshuillers PL, Braun JP, Trumel C. Changes in hematology measurements in healthy and diseased dog blood stored at room temperature for 24 and 48 hours using the XT-2000iV analyser. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 43(1): 24-35.
  • 10. Bowen RAR, Remaley AT. Interferences from blood collection tube components on clinical assays. Biochemia Medica 2014; 24(1): 31-44.
  • 11. Braun JP, Bourges-Abella N, Geffre A, Concordet D, Trumel C. The preanalytic phase in veterinary pathology. Vet Clin Pathol 2015; 44(1): 8-25.
  • 12. Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S, Hennemann C, Tecles F. The effects of different anticoagulants on routine canine plasma biochemistry. Vet J 2004; 167(3): 294-301.
  • 13. Clements D. Arthrocentesis and synovial fluid analysis in dogs and cats. In Practice 2006; 28(5): 256-62.
  • 14. Colville J. Blood Chemistry. Hendrix CM, eds. In: Laboratory procedures for veterinary technicians. Fourth Edition. Saint Louis: Mosby, 2002; pp. 75-103.
  • 15. Connolly DJ, Hezzell MJ, Fuentes VL, Chang YM, Swan R, Syme HM. The effect of protease inhibition on the temporal stability of NT-proBNP in feline plasma at room temperature. J Vet Cardiol 2011; 13(1): 13-9.
  • 16. Cuhadar C, Koseoglu M, Atay A, Dirican A. The effect of storage time and freeze-thaw cycles on the stability of serum samples. Biochem Med 2013; 23(1): 70-7.
  • 17. Domingos MC, Médaille C, Concordet D, Briend-Marchal A. Is it possible to use expired tubes for routine biochemical analysis in dogs? Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 41(2): 266-71.
  • 18. Erbil MK. Laboratuvar Testleri ve Klinik Kullanımı. GATA Komutanlığı Basımevi Müdürlüğü Etlik, Ankara, 2007; p. 16.
  • 19. Favaloro EJ, Funk DM, Lippi G. Pre-analytical Variables in Coagulation Testing Associated with Diagnostic Errors in Hemostasis. Lab Medicine 2012; 43(2): 1-10.
  • 20. Ginel PJ, Lucena R, Fernández M. Duration of increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity in dogs receiving different glucocorticoid doses. Res Vet Sci 2002; 72(3): 201-4.
  • 21. Gomes-Keller MA, Gönczi E, Tandon R, Riondato F, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Meli ML, Lutz H. Detection of feline leukemia virus RNA in saliva from naturally infected cats and correlation of PCR results with those of current diagnostic methods. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44(3): 916-22.
  • 22. Granat F, Geffr'e A, Braun JP, Trumel C. Comparison of platelet clumping and complete blood count results with Sysmex XT-2000iV in feline blood sampled on EDTA or EDTA plus CTAD (Citrate, Theophylline, Adenosine, and Dipyridamole). J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13(12): 953-8.
  • 23. Granat F, Geffr'e A, Bourges-Abella N, Braun JP, Trumel C. Changes in haematology measurements with the Sysmex XT-2000iV during storage of feline blood sampled in EDTA or EDTA plus CTAD. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15(6): 433-44.
  • 24. Gunn-Christie RG, Flatland B, Friedrichs KR, Szladovits B, Harr KE, Ruotsalo K, Knoll JS, Wamsley HL, Freeman KP. American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP). ASVCP quality assurance guidelines: control of preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical factors for urinalysis, cytology, and clinical chemistry in veterinary laboratories. Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 41(1): 18-26.
  • 25. Hooijberg E, Leidinger E, Freeman KP. An error management system in a veterinary clinical laboratory. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24(3): 458-68.
  • 26. Humann-Ziehank E, Ganter M. Pre-analytical factors affecting the results of laboratory blood analyses in farm animal veterinary diagnostics. Animal 2012; 6(7): 1115-23.
  • 27. Huntingford JL, Levine CB, Mustacich DJ, Corrigan D, Downey RL, Wakshlag JJ. The effects of low intensity endurance activity on various physiological parameters and exercise induced oxidative stress in dogs. Open J Vet Med 2014; 4(7): 134-44.
  • 28. Jacobs RM, Lumsden JH, Grift E. Effect of bilirubinemia, hemolysis, and lipemia on clinical chemistry analytes in bovine, canine, equine, and feline sera. Can Vet J 1992; 33(9): 605-8.
  • 29. Kale VP, Patel SG, Gunjal PS, Wakchaure SU, Sundar RS, Ranvir RK, Jain MR. Effect of repeated freezing and thawing on 18 clinical chemistry analytes in rat serum. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2012; 51(4): 475-8.
  • 30. Kamali H, Mohri M. Effects of heparin, citrate and EDTA on plasma biochemistry of cat: comparison with serum. Revue Med Vet 2015; 166(9-10): 275-9.
  • 31. Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, Sixth Edition. Amsterdam: Elsevier, Academic Press, 2008; pp. 99, 306, 351-378, 618.
  • 32. Karagul H, Altıntaş A, Fidancı UR, Sel T. Klinik Biyokimya, Birinci Baskı, Ankara: Medisan Yayınevi, 2000; pp. 6-9.
  • 33. Kiechle FL, Betsou F, Blakeney J, Calam RR, Catalasan IM, Raj P, Sadek W, Smith SA, Tang YW, Tomazic-Allen S. Procedures for the handling and processing of blood specimens for common laboratory tests; Approved guideline. Fourth Edition (H18-A4). Wayne PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standarts Institute, 2010; pp. 3-23.
  • 34. Kolevska J, Brunclik V, Svoboda M. Circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion in dogs of different daily activities. Acta Vet Brno 2003; 72(4): 599-605.
  • 35. Kratz A, Stanganelli N, Van Cott EM. A comparison of glass and plastic blood collection tubes for routine and specialized coagulation assays: A comprehensive study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006; 130(1): 39-44.
  • 36. Kumar A, Mehrotra S, Dangi SS, Singh G, Chand S, Singh L, Mahla AS, Kumar S, Nehra K. Faecal steroid metabolites assay as a non-invasive monitoring of reproductive status in animals. Vet World 2013; 6(1): 59-63.
  • 37. Lobetti RG, Joubert KE. Effect of administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs before surgery on renal function in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61(12): 1501-7.
  • 38. Lowe AD, Campbell KL, Graves T. Glucocorticoids in the cat. Vet Dermatol 2008; 19(6): 340-7.
  • 39. Matsuzawa T, Sakazume M. Effects of fasting on haematology and clinical chemistry values in the rat and dog. Comp Haematol Int 1994; 4: 152-6.
  • 40. Meyer D, Harvey JW. Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Interpretation and Diagnosis. Third Edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders, 2004: pp. 3-26.
  • 41. Minder EI, Schibli A, Mahrer D, Nesic P, Plüer K. Effects of different centrifugation conditions on clinical chemistry and immunology test results. BMC Clin Pathol 2011; 11(6): 1-15.
  • 42. Mohri M, Allahyari L, Sardari K. Effects of common anticoagulants on routine plasma biochemistry of horse and comparison with serum. J Equine Vet Sci 2007; 27(7): 313-6.
  • 43. Mohri M, Rezapoor H. Effects of heparin, citrate, and EDTA on plasma biochemistry of sheep: comparison with serum. Res Vet Sci 2009; 86(1): 111-4.
  • 44. Moore GE, Mahaffey EA, Hoenig M. Hematologic and serum biochemical effects of long-term administration of anti-inflammatory doses of prednisone in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1992; 53(6): 1033-7.
  • 45. Mundim AV, Coelho AO, Hortencia AM, Guimaraes EC, Espindola FS. Influence of age and sex on the serum biochemical profile of Doberman dogs in the growth phase. Comp Clin Pathol 2007; 16(1): 41-6.
  • 46. Nikolac N. Lipemia: causes, interference mechanisms, detection and management. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2014; 24(1): 57-67.
  • 47. Ochi T, Nishiura I, Tatsumi M, Hirano Y, Yahagi K, Sakurai Y, Sudo Y, Koyama H, Hagita Y, Fujimoto Y, Kitamura S, Hashimoto H, Nakamura T, Yamada A, Tanimoto M, Nishina N. Effects of transport stress on serum alkaline phosphatase activity in beagle dogs. Exp Anim 2013; 62(4): 329-32.
  • 48. Onasanya G, Oke FO, Sanni TM, Muhammad AI. Parameters influencing haematological, serum and bio-chemical references in livestock animals under different management systems. Open J Vet Med 2015; 5(8): 181-9.
  • 49. Özcan O, Güreser AS. Analiz öncesi (preanalitik) hata kaynakları ve eğitimin hata önlemedeki rolü. Dicle Tıp Dergisi 2012; 39(4): 524-30.
  • 50. Pekcan M, Fidancı UR, Yüceer B, Özbeyaz C. Estimation of passive immunity in newborn calves with routine clinical chemistry measurements. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2013; 60: 85-8.
  • 51. Pessina P, Fernández-Foren A, Cueto E, Delucchi L, Castillo V, Meikle A. Cortisol secretion after adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) and dexamethasone tests in healthy female and male dogs. Acta Vet Scand 2009; 51(1): 33.
  • 52. Piccione G, Fazio F, Giudice E, Grasso F, Caola G. Blood lipids, fecal fat and chymotrypsin excretion in the dog: influence of age, body weight and sex. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66(1): 59-62.
  • 53. Rand JS, Kinnaird E, Baglioni A, Blackshaw J, Priest J. Acute stress hyperglycemia in cats is associated with struggling and increased concentrations of lactate and norepinephrine. J Vet Intern Med 2002; 16(2): 123-32.
  • 54. Rashid S, Shi ZQ, Niwa M, Mathoo JM, Vandelangeryt ML, Bilinski D, Lewis GF, Vranic M. Beta-blockade, but not normoglycemia or hyperinsulinemia, markedly diminishes stress-induced hyperglycemia in diabetic dogs. Diabetes 2000; 49(2): 253-62.
  • 55. Reynolds B, Taillade B, Médaille C, Palenché F, Trumel C, Lefebvre HP. Effect of repeated freeze-thaw cycles on routine plasma biochemical constituents in canine plasma. Vet Clin Pathol 2006; 35(3): 339-40.
  • 56. Rice JE, Ihle SL. Effects of diet on fecal occult blood testing in healthy dogs. Can J Vet Res 1994; 58: 134-7.
  • 57. Strasser A, Niedermüller H, Hofecker G, Laber G. The effect of aging on laboratory values in dogs. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1993; 40 (9-10): 720-30.
  • 58. Tecles F, Panizo CG, Subiela SM, Ceron JJ. Effects of different variables on whole blood cholinesterase analysis in dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2002; 14: 132-9.
  • 59. Thrall MA, Weiser G, Allison RW, Campbell TW. Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry. Second Edition. Philadelphia: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012; pp. 3-50.
  • 60. Van Cott EM, Lewandrowski KB, Patel S, Grzybek DY, Patel HS, Fletcher SR, Kratz A. Comparison of glass K3EDTA versus plastic K2EDTA blood-drawing tubes for complete blood counts, reticulocyte counts, and white blood cell differentials. Lab Hematol 2003; 9(1): 10-4.
  • 61. Vap LM, Harr KE, Arnold JE, Freeman KP, Getzy K, Lester S, Friedrichs KR. American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP). ASVCP quality assurance guidelines: control of preanalytical and analytical factors for hematology for mammalian and nonmammalian species, hemostasis, and crossmatching in veterinary laboratories. Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 41(1): 8-17.
  • 62. Wakshlag JJ, Stokol T, Geske SM, Greger CE, Angle CT, Gillette RL. Evaluation of exercise-induced changes in concentrations of C-reactive protein and serum biochemical values in sled dogs completing a long-distance endurance race. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71(10): 1207-13.
  • 63. Weiss JW, Wardrop KJ. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, Sixth Edition. Philadelphia: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010; pp. 1083-1100.
  • 64. Wenger-Riggenbach B, Boretti FS, Quante S, Schellenberg S, Reusch CE, Sieber-Ruckstuhl NS. Salivary cortisol concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with hypercortisolism. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24(3): 551-6.
  • 65. Yiğitbaş T, Şentürk BA, Baskın Y, Öney M, Üstüner F. Hemolizin rutin acil biyokimya testlerine etkisi. Türk Klinik Biyokimya Derg 2010; 8(3): 105-10.
  • 66. Young DS. Preanalytical variables and biological variation. Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DR. eds. In: Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. Fifth Edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2010; pp. 119-44.
  • 67. Young DS, Bernes EW, Haverstick DM. Specimen collection and other preanalytical variables. Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE. eds. In: Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, Sixth Edition. Philadelphia: Saunders-Elsevier. 2007; pp. 42-61.
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Serkan Sayıner

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Nisan 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Şubat 2016
Kabul Tarihi 14 Temmuz 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Sayıner, S. (2018). Veteriner Klinik Laboratuvarlarında Pre-Analitik Süreç. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 68-76.
AMA Sayıner S. Veteriner Klinik Laboratuvarlarında Pre-Analitik Süreç. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. Nisan 2018;15(1):68-76.
Chicago Sayıner, Serkan. “Veteriner Klinik Laboratuvarlarında Pre-Analitik Süreç”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 15, sy. 1 (Nisan 2018): 68-76.
EndNote Sayıner S (01 Nisan 2018) Veteriner Klinik Laboratuvarlarında Pre-Analitik Süreç. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 15 1 68–76.
IEEE S. Sayıner, “Veteriner Klinik Laboratuvarlarında Pre-Analitik Süreç”, Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg, c. 15, sy. 1, ss. 68–76, 2018.
ISNAD Sayıner, Serkan. “Veteriner Klinik Laboratuvarlarında Pre-Analitik Süreç”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 15/1 (Nisan 2018), 68-76.
JAMA Sayıner S. Veteriner Klinik Laboratuvarlarında Pre-Analitik Süreç. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2018;15:68–76.
MLA Sayıner, Serkan. “Veteriner Klinik Laboratuvarlarında Pre-Analitik Süreç”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 15, sy. 1, 2018, ss. 68-76.
Vancouver Sayıner S. Veteriner Klinik Laboratuvarlarında Pre-Analitik Süreç. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2018;15(1):68-76.