Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases

Öz

-

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Arthropod kaynaklı hastalıklar, vektör arthropodlar

Vektörler ve Vektörlerle Bulaşan Hastalıklar

Öz

Vektörler ve vektörlerle bulaşan hastalıklar; son yıllarda küresel ısınmaya bağlı meydana gelen iklimsel değişiklikler ve azalan kaynaklar, ağaçların yok edilmesi, ilaçlara karşı direnç gelişmesi, patojenlerin genetiklerindeki değişiklikler, kontrolsüz insan ve hayvan hareketleri, sağlıksız kentleşme gibi sebeplerden dolayı tekrar önem kazanmayabaşlamıştır. Yeryüzünde teşhisi yapılan ve sistematikteki yeri belirlenen canlıların %80’den fazlasını arthropoda teşkileder. Arthropodlar en önemli vektörlerdir. Medikal ve veteriner öneme sahip arthropodlar; bizzat kan emerek, myiasis’eyol açarak, alerji, felç ve toksikasyon oluşturarak da konaklarına zarar verebildiği gibi en önemlisi bakteriyel, viral,paraziter, spiroketal ve riketsiyal birçok hastalığı insan ve hayvanlara naklederler. Zoonotik öneme sahip birçok hastalıkda artropodlar tarafından nakledilir. Bu derlemede dünyada bugüne kadar saptanan vektör arthropoda ve bunların naklettiği çok sayıda infeksiyöz hastalıklarla ilgili kapsamlı genel bilgi verilmeye çalışılmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Arthropod kaynaklı hastalıklar, vektör arthropodlar

Kaynakça

1. Ahantarig A, Trinachartvanit W, Milne JR, 2008. Tick-borne pathogens and diseases of animals and humans in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 39(6): 1015- 1032.
2. Akalın H, Helvacı S, Gedikoğlu S, 2009. Re-emergence of tularemia in Turkey. Int J Inf Dis, 13(5): 547-551.
3. Aktas M, Altay K, Dumanli N, 2007. Determination of prevalence and risk factors for infection with ruminants from Turkey by polymerase chain reaction. Parasitol Res, 100(4): 797-802.
4. Aktas M, Bendele KG, Altay K, Dumanli N, Tsuji M, polymorphism in the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers differs among Theileria species. Vet Parasitol, 147(3-4): 221-230.
5. Anderson RM, May RM, 1979. The population biology of infections diseases: Part I. Nature, 280: 361-367.
6. Atambay M, Bayındır Y, Karaman Ü, Aycan ÖM, Ersoy Y, 2004. İki Plasmodium vivax sıt- ması olgusu. T Parazitol Derg, 28 (4): 178- 180.
7. Bakker SC, Murrel A, 2008. Systmatic and evolution of ticka with a list of valid genus and species names. Bowman AS, Nuttall PA. Eds.Ticks, Biology, Diseases and Control. Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-40.
8. Beugnet F, Marié JL, 2009. Emerging arthropod-borne animals in Europe. Vet Parasitol, 163(4): 298- 305. of companion

9. Bitam I, Raoult D, 2009. Other tick-borne diseases in Europe. Curr Probl Dermatol, 37:130-154.
10. Bockarie MJ, Pedersen EM, White GB, Michael E, 2009. Role of vector control in the global program filariasis. Annu Rev Entomol, 54: 469-487. eliminate lymphatic
11. Burgu İ, Akça Y, Toker A, Alkan F, 1989. At- larda enfeksiyöz aneminin serolojik olarak araştırılması. A Ü Vet Fak Derg, 36 (1): 123- 128.
12. Burgu A, Öge S, Doğanay A, Pişkin Ç, Öge H, 1995. Atlarda bulunan helmint türleri. A Ü Vet Fak Derg, 42: 193-205.
13. Burgu İ, Urman HK, Akça Y, Yonguç AD, Mellor PS, Hamblın C, Hazıroğlu R, Alkan F, Akçora A, Özkul A, Eren H, Altınsaat S, 1995. Control of akabane disease and surveillance of bluetongue and ephemeral fever. United Nations Development Programme, AG:DP/ TUR/86/017, FAO of the UN,Rome.
14. Carver S, Bestall A, Jardine A, Ostfeld RS, 2008. Influence of hosts on the ecology of arboviral transmission: potential mechanisms influencing Encephalitis, and Ross River virus in Australia. doi:10.1089/vbz.2008.0040. Murray Valley Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis,
15. Celebi S, Hacimustafaoglu M, Gedikoglu S, 2008. Tularemia in children. Indian J Pediatr, 75 (11): 1129-1132.
16. Duzgun A, Schuntner CA, Wright IG, Leatch G, Waltisbuhl DJ, 1988. A sensitive ELISA technique for the diagnosis of Anaplasma marginale infections. Vet Parasitol, 29 (1):1-7.
17. Edman JD, 1988. Disease control through manipulation of vector-host interaction: some historical and evolutionary perspectives. Scott TW. Gumstrup-Scott J. eds. The Role of Vector-Host Transmission. America, Landover, Maryland, pp. 43-50. Society of
18. Edman JD, 2004. Arthropod transsmission of verterbrate parasites. Eldridge BF. Edman JD. eds. Medical Entomology. Revised Edition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, pp. 151-163.
19. Eigen M, Kloft WJ, Brandner G, 2002. Transferability of HIV by arthropods supports the hypothesis about transmission of the virus from apes to man. Naturwissenschaften, 89 (4): 185-186.
20. El-Azazy OME, 1989. Wound myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax in Libya. Vet Rec, 124: 103.
21. Enserink M, 1999. Groups race to sequence and identify New York virus. Science, 286: 206-207.
22. Estrada-Pena A, 2009. Tick-borne pathogens, transmission rates and climate change. Front Biosci, 14: 2674-2687.
23. Fritz CL, 2009. Emerging tick-borne diseases. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 39 (2): 265-278.
24. Futse JE, Ueti MW, Knowles DP Jr, Palmer GH, 2003. Transmission of marginale by Boophilus microplus: retention of vector competence in the absence of vector- pathogen interaction. J Clin Microbiol, 41(8): 3829-3834. Anaplasma
25. Gabaj MM, Awan MAQ, Wyatt NP, Pont AC, Gusbi AM, Benhaj KM, 1989. The screwworm fly in Libya - a threat to the livestock industry of the old world. Vet Rec, 125: 347-349.
26. George JC, Chastel C, 2002. Tick-borne diseases and changes in the ecosystem in Lorraine. Bull Soc Pathol Exot, 95 (2): 95-99.
27. Gokce HI, Genc O, Akca A, Vatansever Z, Unver A, Erdogan HM, 2008. Molecular and serological phagocytophilum infection of farm animals in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Acta Vet Hung, 56 (3): 281-292. of Anaplasma
28. Gullan PJ, Cranston PS, eds., 2005. The Insects. Third Edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 1-440.
29. Hızel K, 1997. Lyme hastalığı. Klinik Derg, 10 (1): 7-11.
30. Hubálek Z, 2009. Epidemiology of lyme borreliosis. Curr Probl Dermatol, 37: 31-50.
31. İça A, Vatansever Z, Yldırım A, Düzlü Ö, İnci A, 2007. Detection of Theileria and Babesia species in ticks collected from cattle. Vet Parasitol, 148: 156-160.
32. İnci A, 2002. Kayseri yöresinde tek tırnaklılar- da Babesia equi (Laveran, 1901) ve Babesia caballi (Nuttall, 1910) yaygınlığının mikrosko- bik muayeneyle araştırılması. FÜ Sağ Bil Derg, 16 (1): 85-88.
33. İnci A, Çakmak A, Karaer Z, Dinçer Ş, Sayın F, İça A. 2002. Kayseri yöresinde sığırlarda babesiosisin seroprevalansı. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 26: 1345-1350.
34. İnci A, İça A, Yıldırım A, Vatansever Z, Çak- mak A, Albasan H, Çam Y, Atasever A, Düzlü Ö, 2007. Epidemiology of tropical theileriosis in Cappodocia Region. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 32 (1): 57-64.
35. Karaman Ü, Atambay M, Yaşar S, Çolak C, Miman Ö, Daldal N, 2007. Malatya’da Son Yedi Yıl İçindeki Sıtma Olguları. T Parazitol Derg, 31 (4): 245-248.
36. Kaya AD, Parlak AH, Ozturk CE, Behcet M, 2008. Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection among forestry workers and farmers in Microbiol, 31 (2): 203-209. Turkey. New
37. Levin ML, Killmaster L, Zemtsova G, Grant D, Mumcuoglu KY, Eremeeva ME, Dasch GA, 2009. Incongruent effects of two isolates of Rickettsia Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. Exp Appl Acarol, In Press. the survival of
38. Mak JW, 1987. Epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis. Ciba Found Symp, 127:5-14.
39. Miike L, 1987. Do insects transmit AIDS? Staff Paper 1. Office of Technology Assessment, US Congress, Washington DC, p. 43. 40. Monath TP, ed., Arboviruses:Epidemiology and Ecology. Fifth Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 1-319. 1989. The 41. Nijhof AM, Bodaan C, Postigo M, Nieuwenhuijs H, Opsteegh M, Franssen L, Jebbink F, Jongejan F, 2007. Ticks and associated pathogens collected from domestic animals in the Netherlands. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 7 (4): 585-595.
40. Nuttall PA, 2009. Molecular characterization of tick-virus interactions. Front Biosci, 14: 2466- 2483.
41. Ozdarendeli A, Aydin K, Tonbak S, Aktas M, Altay K, Koksal I, Bolat Y, Dumanli N, Kalkan A, 2008. Genetic analysis of the M RNA segment of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains in Turkey. Arch Virol, 153(1): 37- 44.
42. Özlem MB, Karaer Z, Tugut K, Eren H, Irmak K, İnci A, 1988. Efficacy of long-acting oxytetracyline on bovine anaplasmosis. A Ü Vet Fak Derg, 35 (1):1-5.
43. (Black fly, Simulium) populasyonunda felaket bo
44. yutuna ulaşan artışta olduğu (65) gibi sinek
45. populasyonunda artışa yol açmıştır.
46. Sonuç olarak doğada yapılacak baraj, gölet ve
47. benzeri inşaatlardan önce hazırlanan Çevresel
48. Etki Değerlendirme çalışmalarında, öncelikle eko
49. sistemi oluşturan bitki ve hayvan türlerinin tespit
50. edilmesi ve böylece ekosistem değişikliğine bağlı
51. olarak doğabilecek potansiyel risklere karşı önce
52. den teknik analiz ve simulasyon çalışmalarının
53. yapılmasının yararlı olacağı kanaatine varılmıştır. Kaynaklar
54. Ahantarig A, Trinachartvanit W, Milne JR, 2008. Tick-borne pathogens and diseases of animals and humans in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 39(6): 1015- 1032.
55. Akalın H, Helvacı S, Gedikoğlu S, 2009. Re-emergence of tularemia in Turkey. Int J Inf Dis, 13(5): 547-551.
56. Aktas M, Altay K, Dumanli N, 2007. Determination of prevalence and risk factors for infection with ruminants from Turkey by polymerase chain reaction. Parasitol Res, 100(4): 797-802.
57. Aktas M, Bendele KG, Altay K, Dumanli N, Tsuji M, polymorphism in the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers differs among Theileria species. Vet Parasitol, 147(3-4): 221-230.
58. Anderson RM, May RM, 1979. The population biology of infections diseases: Part I. Nature, 280: 361-367.
59. Atambay M, Bayındır Y, Karaman Ü, Aycan ÖM, Ersoy Y, 2004. İki Plasmodium vivax sıt- ması olgusu. T Parazitol Derg, 28 (4): 178- 180.
60. Bakker SC, Murrel A, 2008. Systmatic and evolution of ticka with a list of valid genus and species names. Bowman AS, Nuttall PA. Eds.Ticks, Biology, Diseases and Control. Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-40.
61. Beugnet F, Marié JL, 2009. Emerging arthropod-borne animals in Europe. Vet Parasitol, 163(4): 298- 305. of companion
62. Bitam I, Raoult D, 2009. Other tick-borne diseases in Europe. Curr Probl Dermatol, 37:130-154.
63. Bockarie MJ, Pedersen EM, White GB, Michael E, 2009. Role of vector control in the global program filariasis. Annu Rev Entomol, 54: 469-487. eliminate lymphatic
64. Burgu İ, Akça Y, Toker A, Alkan F, 1989. At- larda enfeksiyöz aneminin serolojik olarak araştırılması. A Ü Vet Fak Derg, 36 (1): 123- 128.
65. Burgu A, Öge S, Doğanay A, Pişkin Ç, Öge H, 1995. Atlarda bulunan helmint türleri. A Ü Vet Fak Derg, 42: 193-205.
66. Burgu İ, Urman HK, Akça Y, Yonguç AD, Mellor PS, Hamblın C, Hazıroğlu R, Alkan F, Akçora A, Özkul A, Eren H, Altınsaat S, 1995. Control of akabane disease and surveillance of bluetongue and ephemeral fever. United Nations Development Programme, AG:DP/ TUR/86/017, FAO of the UN,Rome.
67. Carver S, Bestall A, Jardine A, Ostfeld RS, 2008. Influence of hosts on the ecology of arboviral transmission: potential mechanisms influencing Encephalitis, and Ross River virus in Australia. doi:10.1089/vbz.2008.0040. Murray Valley Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis,
68. Celebi S, Hacimustafaoglu M, Gedikoglu S, 2008. Tularemia in children. Indian J Pediatr, 75 (11): 1129-1132.
69. Duzgun A, Schuntner CA, Wright IG, Leatch G, Waltisbuhl DJ, 1988. A sensitive ELISA technique for the diagnosis of Anaplasma marginale infections. Vet Parasitol, 29 (1):1-7.
70. Edman JD, 1988. Disease control through manipulation of vector-host interaction: some historical and evolutionary perspectives. Scott TW. Gumstrup-Scott J. eds. The Role of Vector-Host Transmission. America, Landover, Maryland, pp. 43-50. Society of
71. Edman JD, 2004. Arthropod transsmission of verterbrate parasites. Eldridge BF. Edman JD. eds. Medical Entomology. Revised Edition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, pp. 151-163.
72. Eigen M, Kloft WJ, Brandner G, 2002. Transferability of HIV by arthropods supports the hypothesis about transmission of the virus from apes to man. Naturwissenschaften, 89 (4): 185-186.
73. El-Azazy OME, 1989. Wound myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax in Libya. Vet Rec, 124: 103.
74. Enserink M, 1999. Groups race to sequence and identify New York virus. Science, 286: 206-207.
75. Estrada-Pena A, 2009. Tick-borne pathogens, transmission rates and climate change. Front Biosci, 14: 2674-2687.
76. Fritz CL, 2009. Emerging tick-borne diseases. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 39 (2): 265-278.
77. Futse JE, Ueti MW, Knowles DP Jr, Palmer GH, 2003. Transmission of marginale by Boophilus microplus: retention of vector competence in the absence of vector- pathogen interaction. J Clin Microbiol, 41(8): 3829-3834. Anaplasma
78. Gabaj MM, Awan MAQ, Wyatt NP, Pont AC, Gusbi AM, Benhaj KM, 1989. The screwworm fly in Libya - a threat to the livestock industry of the old world. Vet Rec, 125: 347-349.
79. George JC, Chastel C, 2002. Tick-borne diseases and changes in the ecosystem in Lorraine. Bull Soc Pathol Exot, 95 (2): 95-99.
80. Gokce HI, Genc O, Akca A, Vatansever Z, Unver A, Erdogan HM, 2008. Molecular and serological phagocytophilum infection of farm animals in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Acta Vet Hung, 56 (3): 281-292. of Anaplasma
81. Gullan PJ, Cranston PS, eds., 2005. The Insects. Third Edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 1-440.
82. Hızel K, 1997. Lyme hastalığı. Klinik Derg, 10 (1): 7-11.
83. Hubálek Z, 2009. Epidemiology of lyme borreliosis. Curr Probl Dermatol, 37: 31-50.
84. İça A, Vatansever Z, Yldırım A, Düzlü Ö, İnci A, 2007. Detection of Theileria and Babesia species in ticks collected from cattle. Vet Parasitol, 148: 156-160.
85. İnci A, 2002. Kayseri yöresinde tek tırnaklılar- da Babesia equi (Laveran, 1901) ve Babesia caballi (Nuttall, 1910) yaygınlığının mikrosko- bik muayeneyle araştırılması. FÜ Sağ Bil Derg, 16 (1): 85-88.
86. İnci A, Çakmak A, Karaer Z, Dinçer Ş, Sayın F, İça A. 2002. Kayseri yöresinde sığırlarda babesiosisin seroprevalansı. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 26: 1345-1350.
87. İnci A, İça A, Yıldırım A, Vatansever Z, Çak- mak A, Albasan H, Çam Y, Atasever A, Düzlü Ö, 2007. Epidemiology of tropical theileriosis in Cappodocia Region. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 32 (1): 57-64.
88. Karaman Ü, Atambay M, Yaşar S, Çolak C, Miman Ö, Daldal N, 2007. Malatya’da Son Yedi Yıl İçindeki Sıtma Olguları. T Parazitol Derg, 31 (4): 245-248.
89. Kaya AD, Parlak AH, Ozturk CE, Behcet M, 2008. Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection among forestry workers and farmers in Microbiol, 31 (2): 203-209. Turkey. New
90. Levin ML, Killmaster L, Zemtsova G, Grant D, Mumcuoglu KY, Eremeeva ME, Dasch GA, 2009. Incongruent effects of two isolates of Rickettsia Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. Exp Appl Acarol, In Press. the survival of
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