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Effect of Nitric Oxide on Feeding Behaviour and Intestinal Motility in Animals

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 69 - 75, 01.03.2014

T. Bülbül

Öz

Nitric oxide (NO) is a radical in the form of gas and synthesized from L-arginine amino acid by NO synthase enzyme. It has different physiological effects on multiple organism systems according to the isoforms of NO synthase enzyme. It is suggested that NO plays a key role as a neurotransmitter in central and peripheral nervous system for the regulation of feeding behavior and intestinal motility. In this review, recently published data regarding the effect of NO in central and peripheral nervous systems on feeding behavior and intestinal motility of animals were evaluated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Feeding behaviour intestinal motility nitric oxide

Kaynakça

  • Alderton WK, Cooper CE, Knowles RG. Nitric oxide synthase: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem J 2001; 357: 593-615.
  • Allen PC, Fetterer RH. Effect of Eimeria acervulina infections on plasma L-arginine. Poultry Sci 2000; 79: 1414-7.
  • Anonim. Foods that are high in nitric oxide. http://www.ehow.com/info_7910936_foods-highnitric-oxide.html#ixzz29XXGdBEt. Erişim Tarihi: 002013.
  • Bulbul A, Yagci A, Altunbas K, Sevimli A, Celik HA, Karadeniz A, Akdag A. The role of nitric oxide in the effects of ovarian steroids on spontaneous myometrial contractility in rats. Theriogenology 2007; 68: 1156-68.
  • Bulbul A, Altunbas K, Yağci A, Celik HA, Avci G, Yildiz Gulay O, Gulay MS. Effects of 17B-estradiol on distal colon contractility and L-arginine-NOSNO-cGMP-PK 1 pathway. J Anim Sci 2008; 86: 6
  • Bulbul A, Yagci A, Altunbas K, Celik HA, Avci G, Yildiz Gulay O, Gulay MS. Effects of ovarian steroids on distal colon contractility and L-arginine-NOS-NO-cGMP-PK 1 pathway. J Anim Sci 2008; 86: 61.
  • Bulbul T, Bozkurt Z, Ulutas E, Yılmaz O, Bulbul A. The effect of L-arginine on growth performance, some serum biochemical parameters and duodenal motility in broilers. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2013; 19 (5): 821-7.
  • Bulbul A, Bulbul T, Sevimli A, Yilmaz O. The effect of dietary supplementation of nitric oxide donor and inhibitor on nNOS expression and motility of small intestinum in broilers. Biotech Histochem 2013; 88: 258-66.
  • Bülbül A, Bülbül T, Ulutaş E. Broylerlerde L-arjininin kolon motilitesi üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi. Altıncı Ulusal Hayvan Besleme Kongresi, 29, Haziran-2, Temmuz, 2011; Samsun-Türkiye.
  • Bülbül T, Özdemir V, Akosman MS, Bülbül A, Ulutaş E. Bıldırcın rasyonlarına sodyum nitroprussit ve N-nitro-L-arjinin metil ester ilavesinin besi performansı, ovaryum primer ve primordial folliküller üzerine etkisi. Yedinci Ulusal Hayvan Besleme Kongresi, 25-27, Eylül, 2013; Ankara-Türkiye.
  • Calapai G, Squadrito F, Altavilla D, Zingarelli B, Campo GM, Cilia M, Caputi AP. Evidence that nitric oxide modulates drinking behaviour. Neuropharmacol 1992; 31: 761-4.
  • Calapai G, Corica F, Allegra A, Corsonello A, Sautebin L, De Gregorio T, Di Rosa M, Costantino G, Buemi M, Caputi AP. Effects of intracerebroventricular leptin administration on food intake, body weight gain and diencephalic nitric oxide synthase activity in the mouse. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 125: 798-802.
  • Carew LB, Evarts KG, Alster FA. Growth, feed intake and plasma thyroid hormone levels in chicks fed dietary excesses of essential amino acids. Poultry Sci 1998; 77: 295-8.
  • Cengiz O, Kuçukersan S. Effects of graded contents of arginin supplementation on growth performance, haematological parameters and immune system in broilers. Revue Méd Vét 2010; 161: 409-17.
  • Choi YH, Ohno N, Okumura J, Furuse M. Effects of pheripheral nitric oxide on food intake in the chick. Jpn Poult Sci 1996; 33: 286-91.
  • Corzo A, Moran ET, Hoehler D. Arginine need of heavy broiler males: Applying the ideal protein concept. Poultry Sci 2003; 82: 402-7.
  • Cuca M, Jensen LS. Arginine requirement of starting broiler chicks. Poultry Sci 1990; 69: 13778
  • Curran RD, Billiar TR, Stuehr DJ, Ochoa JB, Harbrecht BG, Flint SG, Simmons RL. Multiple cytokines are required to induce hepatocyte nitric oxide production and inhibit total protein synthesis. Ann Surg 1990; 212: 462-71.
  • Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Snyder SH. A novel neuronal messenger molecule in brain: The free radical, nitric oxide. Ann Neurol 1992; 32: 2973
  • Denbow DM, Meade S, Robertson A, McMurtry JP, Richards M, Ashwell C. Leptin-induced decrease in food intake in chickens. Physiol Behav 2000; 69: 359-62.
  • Ensminger ME, Oldfield JE, Heinemann WW. Feeds and Nutrition. Second Edition Clovis, California: The Ensminger Publishing Company, 1990.
  • Evoy D, Lieberman MD, Fahey TJ, Daly JM. Immunonutrition: The role of arginine. Nutrition 1998; 14: 611-7.
  • Forbes JM. Voluntary Food Intake and Diet Selection in Farm Animals. Wallingford. Oxon. OXI-08DE UK: CAB International, 1995; p. 520.
  • Förstermann U, Schmidt HH, Pollock JS, Sheng H, Mitchell JA, Warner TD, Nakane M, Murad F. Isoforms of nitric oxide synthase characterization and purification from different cell types. Bioc Pharmacol 1991; 42(10): 1849-57.
  • Furchgott RF, Zawadski JV. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 1980; 228: 373.
  • Garrel G, Lerront Y, Siriastis C, Berault A, Magre S, Bouchard C, Counis R. Evidence that gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates gene expression and levels of actives nitric oxide synthase type I in pituitary gonadotrophs, a process altered by desensitization on indirectly by gonadal steroids. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 2163-70.
  • Gillespie JS, Liu XR, Martin W. The effects of L-arginine and NG-monomethyl L-arginine on the response of the rat anococcygeus muscle to NANC nerve stimulation. Br J Pharmacol 1989; 98(4): 1080-2.
  • Grillo MA, Colombatto S. Arginine revisited: Minireview article. Amino Acids 2004; 26: 345-51.
  • Gruetter CA, Barry BK, McNamara DB. Relaxation of bovine coronary artery and activation of coronary arterial guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide, nitroprusside and a carcinogenic nitrosamine. J Cyclic Nucleotide Res 1979; 5: 211-44.
  • Huff GR, Huff, WE, Balog JM, Rath NC. The effects of dexamethasone immunosuppression on turkey osteomyelitis complex in an experimental Escherichia coli respiratory infection. Poultry Sci 1998; 77(5): 654-61.
  • Izzo AA, Mascolo N, Capasso F. Nitric oxide as a modulator of intestinal water and electrolyte transport. Dig Dis Sci 1998; 43: 1605-20.
  • Janero DR. Nutritional aspects of nitric oxide: human health implications and therapeutic opportunities. Nutrition 2001; 17: 896-903.
  • Khan MS, Tachibana T, Hasebe Y, Masuda N, Ueda H. Peripheral or central administration of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor affects feeding behavior in chicks. Comp Biochem A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 148: 458-62.
  • Kidd MT, Peebles ED, Whitmarsh SK, Yeatman JB, Wideman RF. Growth and immunity of broiler chicks as affected by dietary arginine. Poultry Sci 2001; 80: 1535-42.
  • Kiechle FL, Malinski T. Nitric oxide biochemistry, pathophysiology and detection. Clin Chem 1993; 100: 567-75.
  • Kiriş GA. L-arjinin ve Nöropeptid Y’nin Oreochromis Niloticus’da Yem Alımı, Büyüme Performansı, Besin Madde Bileşenleri ve Kan Glikoz Düzeyi Üzerine Etkileri. Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniv. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, , AdanaTürkiye, 2006.
  • Knowles RG. Nitric oxide biochemistry. Biochem Soc 1997; 25: 895-901.
  • Knowles RG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide synthases in mammals. Biochem J 1994; 298: 249-58.
  • Konashi S, Takahashi K, Akiba Y. Effects of dietary essential amino acid deficiencies on immunological variables in broiler chickens. Brit J Nutr 2000, 83: 449-56.
  • Koshland DE. The molecule of the year. Science 1992; 258 : 1861.
  • Kwak H, Austic RE, Dietert RR. Influence of dietary arginine concentration on lenfoid organ growth in chickens. Poultry Sci 1999; 78: 1536
  • Le Bail PY, Boeuf G. What hormones may regulate food intake in fish? Aquat Living Resour 1997; 10(6): 371-9.
  • Lee JE, Austic RE, Naqi SA, Golemboski KA, Dietert RR. Dietary arginine intake alters avian leucocyte population distribution during infectious bronchitis challange. Poultry Sci 2002; 81: 793-8.
  • Lewis JS, Lee JA, Underwood JCE, Harris AL, Lewis CE. Macrophage responses to hypoxia: Relevance to disease mechanisms. J Leucoc Biol 1999; 66: 889-900.
  • Lowenstein CJ, Dinerman JL, Snyder SH. Nitric oxide: A physiologic messenger. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120: 227-37.
  • Luzzana U, Hardy RW, Halver JE. Dietary arginine requirement of fingerling coho salmon (Oncorhyncus kisutch). Aquaculture 1998; 163: 137Manwar SJ, Moudgal RP, Sastry KVH, Mohan J, Tyagi JS. Effect of nitric oxide modulators on feed intake regulation in Japanese quails. Indian J Poult Sci 2002; 37(1): 96-8.
  • Manwar SJ, Moudgal RP, Sastry KVH, Mohan J, Tyagi JBS, Raina R. Role of nitric oxide in ovarian follicular development and egg production in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Theriogenology 2006; 65(7): 1392-400.
  • McCall TB, Feelisch M, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. Identification of N-iminoethyl-L-ornithine as an irreversible inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase in phagocytic cells. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 102: 234Moncada S, Higgs A. The L-arjinine-nitric oxide pathway. N Engl J Med 1993; 10: 521-5.
  • Moncada S, Palmer RMJ, Higgs EA. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 1991; 43: 109-42.
  • Morley JE, Flood JF. Evidence that nitric oxide modulates food intake in mice. Life Sci 1991; 49: 707–11.
  • Morley JE, Flood JF. Competitive antagonism of nitric oxide synthetase causes weight loss in mice. Life Sci 1992; 51: 1285-9.
  • Morley JEE, Alshaher MM, Farr SA, Flood JF, Kumar VB. Leptin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) modulate nitric oxide synthase: further evidence for a role of nitric oxide in feeding. Peptides 1999; 20: 595–600.
  • Morris S. Arginine metabolism: Boundaries of our knowledge. J Nutr 2007; 137(6): 1602-9.
  • Nathan C, Xie Q. Regulation of biosynthesis of nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 1994; 269(19): 13725-8.
  • Palmer RM, Ferrige AG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 1987; 327: 524-6.
  • O’Donnell C, Liew E. Immunological aspects of nitric oxide. The Biochemist 1994; 16(5): 19-22.
  • Ralston SH. Nitric oxide and bone: What a gas! Br J Rheuma 1997; 36: 831-8. 60. Rand MJ, Li CG. Nitric oxide as a neurotransmitter in peripheral nerves: Nature of transmitter and mechanism of transmission. Annual Rev Physiol 1995; 57: 659-81.
  • Sahin K, Onderci M, Sahin N, Balci TA, Gursu
  • MF, Juturu V, Kucuk O. Dietary arginine silicate inositol complex improves bone mineralization in quail. Poult Sci 2006; 85: 486-92.
  • Sevimli S, Bulbul A. 17β-estradiol inhibites nitric oxide-cGMP-dependent pathway but may activate independent pathway in small intestinum of ovariectomized rat. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2013; 19(6): 949-54.
  • Stuehr DJ. Mammalian nitric oxide synthases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1411: 217-30.
  • Shah S, Nathan L, Singh R, Fu YS, Chaudhuri G. E2 and not P4 increases NO release from NANC nerves of the gastrointestinal tract: implications in pregnancy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 280(5): 1546-54.
  • SoRelle R. Nobel Prize awarded to scientists for nitric oxide discoveries. Circulation 1998; 98: 2365-6
  • Southern LL, Baker DH. Arjinine requirement of the young pig. J Anim Sci 1983; 57: 402-12.
  • Squadrito F, Calapai G, Altavilla D, Cucinotta D, Zingarelli B, Campo GM, Acroraci V, Sautebin L, Mazzaglia G, Caputi AP. Food deprivation increases brain nitric oxide synthase and depresses brain serotonin levels in rats. Neuropharmamacology 1994; 33: 83-6.
  • Squadrito F, Calapai G, Cucinotta D, Altavilla D, Zingarelli B, Ioculano M, Urna G, Sardella A, Campo GM, Caputi AP. Anorectic activity of NGnitro-L-arginine, an inhibitor of brain nitric oxide synthase, in obese Zucker rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 230: 125-8.
  • Wang MY, Koyama K, Shimabukuro M, Newgard CB, Unger RH. OB-Rb gene transfer to leptinresistant islets reverses diabetogenic phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 714-8. 70. Webel DM, Johnson RW, Baker DH. Lipopolysaccharide-induced reductions in body weight gain and feed intake do not reduce the efficiency of arginine utilization for whole-body protein accretion in the chick. Poultry Sci 1998; 77: 1893-8.
  • Yagci A, Bulbul A, Sevimli A, Altunbaş K. The role of nitric oxide in the effects of ovarian steroids in the duodenum. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2013; 19(5): 837-42.
  • Yang SJ, Denbow DM. Interaction of leptin and nitric oxide on food intake in broilers and Leghorns. Physiology & Behavior 2007; 92: 651
  • Xie Q, Cho HJ, Calaycay J, Mumford RA, Swiderek KM, Lee TD, Ding A, Troso T, Nathan C. Coloning and characterization of inducible nitric oxide synthase from mouse macrophages. Science 1992; 256(10): 225-8.

Nitrik Oksitin Hayvanlarda Beslenme Davranışı ve Bağırsak Motilitesi Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 69 - 75, 01.03.2014

T. Bülbül

Öz

Nitrik oksit (NO), L-arjinin amino asidinden NO sentaz enzimi aracılığı ile sentezlenen gaz yapısında bir radikaldir. Nitrik oksit, NO sentaz enziminin izoformlarına göre organizmada pek çok sistem üzerinde farklı fizyolojik etkiler göstermektedir. Nitrik oksitin hayvanların beslenme davranışlarına ve bağırsak motilitesi üzerine olan düzenleyici etkisi, merkezi ve çevresel sinir sisteminde nörotransmitter olarak görev yapmasına bağlanmaktadır. Bu derlemede son yıllarda merkezi ve çevresel sinir sisteminde NO’nun özellikle hayvanlardaki beslenme davranışı ve barsak motilitesi üzerine olan etkileri irdelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Barsak motilitesi beslenme davranışı nitrik oksit

Kaynakça

  • Alderton WK, Cooper CE, Knowles RG. Nitric oxide synthase: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem J 2001; 357: 593-615.
  • Allen PC, Fetterer RH. Effect of Eimeria acervulina infections on plasma L-arginine. Poultry Sci 2000; 79: 1414-7.
  • Anonim. Foods that are high in nitric oxide. http://www.ehow.com/info_7910936_foods-highnitric-oxide.html#ixzz29XXGdBEt. Erişim Tarihi: 002013.
  • Bulbul A, Yagci A, Altunbas K, Sevimli A, Celik HA, Karadeniz A, Akdag A. The role of nitric oxide in the effects of ovarian steroids on spontaneous myometrial contractility in rats. Theriogenology 2007; 68: 1156-68.
  • Bulbul A, Altunbas K, Yağci A, Celik HA, Avci G, Yildiz Gulay O, Gulay MS. Effects of 17B-estradiol on distal colon contractility and L-arginine-NOSNO-cGMP-PK 1 pathway. J Anim Sci 2008; 86: 6
  • Bulbul A, Yagci A, Altunbas K, Celik HA, Avci G, Yildiz Gulay O, Gulay MS. Effects of ovarian steroids on distal colon contractility and L-arginine-NOS-NO-cGMP-PK 1 pathway. J Anim Sci 2008; 86: 61.
  • Bulbul T, Bozkurt Z, Ulutas E, Yılmaz O, Bulbul A. The effect of L-arginine on growth performance, some serum biochemical parameters and duodenal motility in broilers. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2013; 19 (5): 821-7.
  • Bulbul A, Bulbul T, Sevimli A, Yilmaz O. The effect of dietary supplementation of nitric oxide donor and inhibitor on nNOS expression and motility of small intestinum in broilers. Biotech Histochem 2013; 88: 258-66.
  • Bülbül A, Bülbül T, Ulutaş E. Broylerlerde L-arjininin kolon motilitesi üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi. Altıncı Ulusal Hayvan Besleme Kongresi, 29, Haziran-2, Temmuz, 2011; Samsun-Türkiye.
  • Bülbül T, Özdemir V, Akosman MS, Bülbül A, Ulutaş E. Bıldırcın rasyonlarına sodyum nitroprussit ve N-nitro-L-arjinin metil ester ilavesinin besi performansı, ovaryum primer ve primordial folliküller üzerine etkisi. Yedinci Ulusal Hayvan Besleme Kongresi, 25-27, Eylül, 2013; Ankara-Türkiye.
  • Calapai G, Squadrito F, Altavilla D, Zingarelli B, Campo GM, Cilia M, Caputi AP. Evidence that nitric oxide modulates drinking behaviour. Neuropharmacol 1992; 31: 761-4.
  • Calapai G, Corica F, Allegra A, Corsonello A, Sautebin L, De Gregorio T, Di Rosa M, Costantino G, Buemi M, Caputi AP. Effects of intracerebroventricular leptin administration on food intake, body weight gain and diencephalic nitric oxide synthase activity in the mouse. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 125: 798-802.
  • Carew LB, Evarts KG, Alster FA. Growth, feed intake and plasma thyroid hormone levels in chicks fed dietary excesses of essential amino acids. Poultry Sci 1998; 77: 295-8.
  • Cengiz O, Kuçukersan S. Effects of graded contents of arginin supplementation on growth performance, haematological parameters and immune system in broilers. Revue Méd Vét 2010; 161: 409-17.
  • Choi YH, Ohno N, Okumura J, Furuse M. Effects of pheripheral nitric oxide on food intake in the chick. Jpn Poult Sci 1996; 33: 286-91.
  • Corzo A, Moran ET, Hoehler D. Arginine need of heavy broiler males: Applying the ideal protein concept. Poultry Sci 2003; 82: 402-7.
  • Cuca M, Jensen LS. Arginine requirement of starting broiler chicks. Poultry Sci 1990; 69: 13778
  • Curran RD, Billiar TR, Stuehr DJ, Ochoa JB, Harbrecht BG, Flint SG, Simmons RL. Multiple cytokines are required to induce hepatocyte nitric oxide production and inhibit total protein synthesis. Ann Surg 1990; 212: 462-71.
  • Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Snyder SH. A novel neuronal messenger molecule in brain: The free radical, nitric oxide. Ann Neurol 1992; 32: 2973
  • Denbow DM, Meade S, Robertson A, McMurtry JP, Richards M, Ashwell C. Leptin-induced decrease in food intake in chickens. Physiol Behav 2000; 69: 359-62.
  • Ensminger ME, Oldfield JE, Heinemann WW. Feeds and Nutrition. Second Edition Clovis, California: The Ensminger Publishing Company, 1990.
  • Evoy D, Lieberman MD, Fahey TJ, Daly JM. Immunonutrition: The role of arginine. Nutrition 1998; 14: 611-7.
  • Forbes JM. Voluntary Food Intake and Diet Selection in Farm Animals. Wallingford. Oxon. OXI-08DE UK: CAB International, 1995; p. 520.
  • Förstermann U, Schmidt HH, Pollock JS, Sheng H, Mitchell JA, Warner TD, Nakane M, Murad F. Isoforms of nitric oxide synthase characterization and purification from different cell types. Bioc Pharmacol 1991; 42(10): 1849-57.
  • Furchgott RF, Zawadski JV. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 1980; 228: 373.
  • Garrel G, Lerront Y, Siriastis C, Berault A, Magre S, Bouchard C, Counis R. Evidence that gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates gene expression and levels of actives nitric oxide synthase type I in pituitary gonadotrophs, a process altered by desensitization on indirectly by gonadal steroids. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 2163-70.
  • Gillespie JS, Liu XR, Martin W. The effects of L-arginine and NG-monomethyl L-arginine on the response of the rat anococcygeus muscle to NANC nerve stimulation. Br J Pharmacol 1989; 98(4): 1080-2.
  • Grillo MA, Colombatto S. Arginine revisited: Minireview article. Amino Acids 2004; 26: 345-51.
  • Gruetter CA, Barry BK, McNamara DB. Relaxation of bovine coronary artery and activation of coronary arterial guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide, nitroprusside and a carcinogenic nitrosamine. J Cyclic Nucleotide Res 1979; 5: 211-44.
  • Huff GR, Huff, WE, Balog JM, Rath NC. The effects of dexamethasone immunosuppression on turkey osteomyelitis complex in an experimental Escherichia coli respiratory infection. Poultry Sci 1998; 77(5): 654-61.
  • Izzo AA, Mascolo N, Capasso F. Nitric oxide as a modulator of intestinal water and electrolyte transport. Dig Dis Sci 1998; 43: 1605-20.
  • Janero DR. Nutritional aspects of nitric oxide: human health implications and therapeutic opportunities. Nutrition 2001; 17: 896-903.
  • Khan MS, Tachibana T, Hasebe Y, Masuda N, Ueda H. Peripheral or central administration of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor affects feeding behavior in chicks. Comp Biochem A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 148: 458-62.
  • Kidd MT, Peebles ED, Whitmarsh SK, Yeatman JB, Wideman RF. Growth and immunity of broiler chicks as affected by dietary arginine. Poultry Sci 2001; 80: 1535-42.
  • Kiechle FL, Malinski T. Nitric oxide biochemistry, pathophysiology and detection. Clin Chem 1993; 100: 567-75.
  • Kiriş GA. L-arjinin ve Nöropeptid Y’nin Oreochromis Niloticus’da Yem Alımı, Büyüme Performansı, Besin Madde Bileşenleri ve Kan Glikoz Düzeyi Üzerine Etkileri. Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniv. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, , AdanaTürkiye, 2006.
  • Knowles RG. Nitric oxide biochemistry. Biochem Soc 1997; 25: 895-901.
  • Knowles RG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide synthases in mammals. Biochem J 1994; 298: 249-58.
  • Konashi S, Takahashi K, Akiba Y. Effects of dietary essential amino acid deficiencies on immunological variables in broiler chickens. Brit J Nutr 2000, 83: 449-56.
  • Koshland DE. The molecule of the year. Science 1992; 258 : 1861.
  • Kwak H, Austic RE, Dietert RR. Influence of dietary arginine concentration on lenfoid organ growth in chickens. Poultry Sci 1999; 78: 1536
  • Le Bail PY, Boeuf G. What hormones may regulate food intake in fish? Aquat Living Resour 1997; 10(6): 371-9.
  • Lee JE, Austic RE, Naqi SA, Golemboski KA, Dietert RR. Dietary arginine intake alters avian leucocyte population distribution during infectious bronchitis challange. Poultry Sci 2002; 81: 793-8.
  • Lewis JS, Lee JA, Underwood JCE, Harris AL, Lewis CE. Macrophage responses to hypoxia: Relevance to disease mechanisms. J Leucoc Biol 1999; 66: 889-900.
  • Lowenstein CJ, Dinerman JL, Snyder SH. Nitric oxide: A physiologic messenger. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120: 227-37.
  • Luzzana U, Hardy RW, Halver JE. Dietary arginine requirement of fingerling coho salmon (Oncorhyncus kisutch). Aquaculture 1998; 163: 137Manwar SJ, Moudgal RP, Sastry KVH, Mohan J, Tyagi JS. Effect of nitric oxide modulators on feed intake regulation in Japanese quails. Indian J Poult Sci 2002; 37(1): 96-8.
  • Manwar SJ, Moudgal RP, Sastry KVH, Mohan J, Tyagi JBS, Raina R. Role of nitric oxide in ovarian follicular development and egg production in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Theriogenology 2006; 65(7): 1392-400.
  • McCall TB, Feelisch M, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. Identification of N-iminoethyl-L-ornithine as an irreversible inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase in phagocytic cells. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 102: 234Moncada S, Higgs A. The L-arjinine-nitric oxide pathway. N Engl J Med 1993; 10: 521-5.
  • Moncada S, Palmer RMJ, Higgs EA. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 1991; 43: 109-42.
  • Morley JE, Flood JF. Evidence that nitric oxide modulates food intake in mice. Life Sci 1991; 49: 707–11.
  • Morley JE, Flood JF. Competitive antagonism of nitric oxide synthetase causes weight loss in mice. Life Sci 1992; 51: 1285-9.
  • Morley JEE, Alshaher MM, Farr SA, Flood JF, Kumar VB. Leptin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) modulate nitric oxide synthase: further evidence for a role of nitric oxide in feeding. Peptides 1999; 20: 595–600.
  • Morris S. Arginine metabolism: Boundaries of our knowledge. J Nutr 2007; 137(6): 1602-9.
  • Nathan C, Xie Q. Regulation of biosynthesis of nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 1994; 269(19): 13725-8.
  • Palmer RM, Ferrige AG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 1987; 327: 524-6.
  • O’Donnell C, Liew E. Immunological aspects of nitric oxide. The Biochemist 1994; 16(5): 19-22.
  • Ralston SH. Nitric oxide and bone: What a gas! Br J Rheuma 1997; 36: 831-8. 60. Rand MJ, Li CG. Nitric oxide as a neurotransmitter in peripheral nerves: Nature of transmitter and mechanism of transmission. Annual Rev Physiol 1995; 57: 659-81.
  • Sahin K, Onderci M, Sahin N, Balci TA, Gursu
  • MF, Juturu V, Kucuk O. Dietary arginine silicate inositol complex improves bone mineralization in quail. Poult Sci 2006; 85: 486-92.
  • Sevimli S, Bulbul A. 17β-estradiol inhibites nitric oxide-cGMP-dependent pathway but may activate independent pathway in small intestinum of ovariectomized rat. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2013; 19(6): 949-54.
  • Stuehr DJ. Mammalian nitric oxide synthases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1411: 217-30.
  • Shah S, Nathan L, Singh R, Fu YS, Chaudhuri G. E2 and not P4 increases NO release from NANC nerves of the gastrointestinal tract: implications in pregnancy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 280(5): 1546-54.
  • SoRelle R. Nobel Prize awarded to scientists for nitric oxide discoveries. Circulation 1998; 98: 2365-6
  • Southern LL, Baker DH. Arjinine requirement of the young pig. J Anim Sci 1983; 57: 402-12.
  • Squadrito F, Calapai G, Altavilla D, Cucinotta D, Zingarelli B, Campo GM, Acroraci V, Sautebin L, Mazzaglia G, Caputi AP. Food deprivation increases brain nitric oxide synthase and depresses brain serotonin levels in rats. Neuropharmamacology 1994; 33: 83-6.
  • Squadrito F, Calapai G, Cucinotta D, Altavilla D, Zingarelli B, Ioculano M, Urna G, Sardella A, Campo GM, Caputi AP. Anorectic activity of NGnitro-L-arginine, an inhibitor of brain nitric oxide synthase, in obese Zucker rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 230: 125-8.
  • Wang MY, Koyama K, Shimabukuro M, Newgard CB, Unger RH. OB-Rb gene transfer to leptinresistant islets reverses diabetogenic phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 714-8. 70. Webel DM, Johnson RW, Baker DH. Lipopolysaccharide-induced reductions in body weight gain and feed intake do not reduce the efficiency of arginine utilization for whole-body protein accretion in the chick. Poultry Sci 1998; 77: 1893-8.
  • Yagci A, Bulbul A, Sevimli A, Altunbaş K. The role of nitric oxide in the effects of ovarian steroids in the duodenum. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2013; 19(5): 837-42.
  • Yang SJ, Denbow DM. Interaction of leptin and nitric oxide on food intake in broilers and Leghorns. Physiology & Behavior 2007; 92: 651
  • Xie Q, Cho HJ, Calaycay J, Mumford RA, Swiderek KM, Lee TD, Ding A, Troso T, Nathan C. Coloning and characterization of inducible nitric oxide synthase from mouse macrophages. Science 1992; 256(10): 225-8.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

T. Bülbül Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2014
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Haziran 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Bülbül, T. (2014). Nitrik Oksitin Hayvanlarda Beslenme Davranışı ve Bağırsak Motilitesi Üzerine Etkisi. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 69-75.
AMA Bülbül T. Nitrik Oksitin Hayvanlarda Beslenme Davranışı ve Bağırsak Motilitesi Üzerine Etkisi. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. Mart 2014;11(1):69-75.
Chicago Bülbül, T. “Nitrik Oksitin Hayvanlarda Beslenme Davranışı Ve Bağırsak Motilitesi Üzerine Etkisi”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 11, sy. 1 (Mart 2014): 69-75.
EndNote Bülbül T (01 Mart 2014) Nitrik Oksitin Hayvanlarda Beslenme Davranışı ve Bağırsak Motilitesi Üzerine Etkisi. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 11 1 69–75.
IEEE T. Bülbül, “Nitrik Oksitin Hayvanlarda Beslenme Davranışı ve Bağırsak Motilitesi Üzerine Etkisi”, Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg, c. 11, sy. 1, ss. 69–75, 2014.
ISNAD Bülbül, T. “Nitrik Oksitin Hayvanlarda Beslenme Davranışı Ve Bağırsak Motilitesi Üzerine Etkisi”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 11/1 (Mart 2014), 69-75.
JAMA Bülbül T. Nitrik Oksitin Hayvanlarda Beslenme Davranışı ve Bağırsak Motilitesi Üzerine Etkisi. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2014;11:69–75.
MLA Bülbül, T. “Nitrik Oksitin Hayvanlarda Beslenme Davranışı Ve Bağırsak Motilitesi Üzerine Etkisi”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 1, 2014, ss. 69-75.
Vancouver Bülbül T. Nitrik Oksitin Hayvanlarda Beslenme Davranışı ve Bağırsak Motilitesi Üzerine Etkisi. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2014;11(1):69-75.
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