Veteriner Fitoterapi ve Etnoveteriner Hekimlikte de Kullanılan Thymbra spicata L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. ve Laurus nobilis L. Bitkilerinin Kimyasal İçeriklerinin Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 31 - 40, 01.04.2021

Mustafa Yipel Sara Büşra Emiroğlu Musa Türkmen Erdinç Türk Aysun İlhan Fatma Ceren Kırgız İbrahim Ozan Tekeli

https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.878020

Cited By: 1

Öz

Bitki ve bitkisel materyaller veteriner fitoterapi ve etnoveteriner hekimlik uygulamaları içerisinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bitkiler tarafından sentezlenen bazı biyoaktif kimyasal bileşenler medikal etkilere sahiptir. Ancak bu bitki ve bitkisel materyallerin kullanımları; teşhisteki yanlışlıklar, doz ayarlama güçlüğü, geleneksel kullanımlarına dair yazılı kayıt ve bilimsel çalışmaların yetersizliği, düşük hijyen koşulları ve toplandığı bölgeye, mevsime, kullanılan kısmına ve elde edildiği yönteme göre sahip oldukları kimyasal kompozisyonlarının değişmesi gibi nedenlere bağlı olarak zehirlen-meler meydana getirebilmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında Hatay bölgesinde yetişen, veteriner fitoterapi ve etnoveteriner hekimliğinde de kullanılan Thymbra spicata var. spicata L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. ve Laurus nobilis L. bitkilerinin içerdikleri biyoaktif kimyasal maddelerin kompozisyonları belirlenmiştir. Solvent ekstraksiyonu yöntemiyle elde edilen bitki ekstraksiyonlarının kimyasal kompozisyonları gaz kromatografisi kütle spektrofotometresi (GC-MS) ile belirlendi. Analiz sonucunda R. officinalis L. ve L. nobilis L.’in ana bileşenleri sırasıyla %38.91 ve %33.70 oranlarında 1,8-sineol (ökaliptol) olarak tespit edildi. T. spicata var. spicata L.’nın ana bileşeni ise karvakrol (%48.82) olarak belirlendi. Bu bileşenlerin antimikrobiyal, antienflamatuar ve antioksidan etkileri yanında karaciğer, böbrek, pankreas ve testis gibi organ hasarları, DNA iplik kopmaları ve solunum problemleri gibi istenmeyen ve zehirli etkilere de yol açtığı bildirilmiş-tir. Bu nedenle hayvan sağlığında da kullanılan tıbbi bitki ve bitkisel materyallerin ana bileşen ve oranının bilinmesinin potansiyel toksik etkilerin önlenebilmesi açısından önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biyoaktif bileşenler, etnoveteriner hekimlik, solvent ekstraksiyon, toksikoloji, veteriner fitoterapi

Determination of Chemical Contents of Thymbra spicata L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Laurus nobilis L., Also Used in Veterinary Phytotherapy and Ethnoveterinary Medicine

Öz

Plants and herbal substances have an important place in veterinary phytotherapy and ethnoveterinary med-icine applications. Some bioactive chemical compounds synthesized by plants have medical effects. However, the use of these plants and herbal materials can cause poisoning due to wrong identification, difficulty in adjusting its dosage, insufficiency of written records and scientific studies on their traditional use, poor hygienic conditions in preparation and variation in their chemical composition according to the region, where and the season when they are gathered, their used part, and their extraction method. In our study, it was aimed to determine the chemical compositions and to toxi-cologically evaluate the major compounds of T. spicata var. spicata L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Laurus nobilis L. grown in Hatay region and used in veterinary phytotherapy and ethnoveterinary medicine. Chemical compositions of plants contents obtained by solvent extraction method were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrophotom-etry (GC-MS) analysis. The major components of R. officinalis L. and L. nobilis L. were determined as 1,8-cineol (eucalyptol), in rates of 38.91%, and 33.70% respectively. The major component of T. spicata var. spicata L. was deter-mined as carvacrol (48.82%). While these components have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, it has also been reported to cause undesirable and toxic effects such as organs damages (liver, kidney, pancreas and testes etc.), DNA thread breaks and respiratory problems. For this reason, it is thought that knowing the major compo-nents and their ratios of medicinal plants and materials used in animal health is important in terms of preventing poten-tial toxic effects.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bioactive components, ethnoveterinary medicine, solvent extraction, toxicology, veterinary phytotherapy

Kaynakça

• Akkemik Ü. Türkiye’nin Doğal-Egzotik Ağaç ve Çalıları. Ankara: Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları 2018.
• Al-Rubaye F, Kadhim MJ, Hameed IH. Phytochemi-cal profiles of methanolic seeds extract of cuminum cyminum using GC-MS technique. Int J Curr 2017; 8(2): 114-24.
• Al-Sereiti MR, Abu-Amer KM, Sena P. Pharmacology of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) and its therapeutic potentials. Indian J Exp Biol 1999; 37: 124-30.
• Altınok Yipel F, Yipel M. Etnoveteriner hekimlik (EVH). TVHB Dergisi 2014; 14(1-2): 79-82.
• Andersen A. Final report on the safety assessment of sodium p-chloro-m-cresol, p-chloro-m-cresol, chlo-rothymol, mixed cresols, m-cresol, o-cresol, pcresol, isopropyl cresols, thymol, o-cymen-5-ol, and carvacrol. Int J Toxicol 2006; 25(1): 29-127.
• Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruzec M, Burton Jr. GA, Buschmanne J, Daglif ML, Datea M, Dekantg W, Deodhara C, Francisa M, Fryerh AD, Jonesa L, Joshia K, La Cavaa S, Lapczynskia A, Liebleri DC, O'Briena D, Patela A, Penningj TM, Ritaccoa G, Rominea J, Sadekara N, Salvitoa D, Schultzk TW, Sipesl IG, Sullivana G, Thakkara Y, Tokuram Y, Tsanga S. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assess-ment, terpinyl acetate (Isomer Mixture), CAS regis-try number 8007-35-0. Food and Chem Toxicol 2018; 122: 362-71.
• Aydın S, Başaran AA, Başaran N. Modulating effects of thyme and its major ingredients on oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53(4): 1299-305.
• Azcan N, Kara M, Asilbekova DT, Ozek, T, Baser KHC. Lipids and essential oil of Origanum onites. Chem Nat Compd 2000; 36(2): 132-6.
• Azirak S, Rencuzogullari E. The in vivo genotoxic effects of carvacrol and thymol in rat bone marrow cells. Environ Toxicol 2008; 23(6): 728-35.
• Bayan Y, Genc N, Kusek M, Gul F, Imecık Z. Deter-mination of chemical compositions, antifungal, anti-bacterial and antioxidant activity of Thymbra spicata L. from Turkey. FEB Fresenius Environ Bull 2017; 26: 7595-9.
• Benli M, Yiğit N. Ülkemizde yaygın kullanımı olan kekik (Thymus vulgaris) bitkisinin antimikrobiyal aktivitesi. Orlab On-Line Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi 2005; 3(8): 1-8.
• Bernardes WA, Lucarini R, Tozatti MG, Bocalon FlauzinoLG, SouzaMGM, TurattiICC, Andrade e Silva ML, MartinsCHG, A. da Silva Filho A,Cunha WR. Antibacterial activity of the essential oil from rosmarinus officinalis and its major components against oral pathogens. Z Naturforschung C 2010; 65(9-10): 588-93.
• Biradar S, Veeresh B. Preclinical evolutionary study of alpha-pinene in l-arginine iınduced acute pancre-atitis in rat. Indian J Pharm Educ Res 2013; 41: 73-8.
• Caldas GFR, Limeira MMF, Araújo AV, Albuquerque GS, Silva-Neto JC, da Silva TG, da Costa-Silva JH, de Menezes IRA, da Costa JGM, Wanderley AGl. Repeated-doses and reproductive toxicity studies of the monoterpene 1, 8-cineole (eucalyptol) in Wistar rats. Food Chem. Toxicol 2016; 97; 297-306.
• Cook SP. Influence of monoterpene vapors on spruce spider mite, Oligonychus ununguis, adult females. J Chem Ecol 1992; 18(9): 1497-504.
• Dörsam B, Wu CF, Efferth T, Kaina B, Fahrer J. The eucalyptus oil ingredient 1,8-cineol induces oxida-tive DNA damage. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89(5): 797-805.
• George P. Concerns regarding the safety and toxicity of medicinal plants-An overview. J Appl Pharm Sci 2011; 1(6): 40-4.
• Güzel Y, Güzelşemme M, Miski M. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used in Antakya: A multicultural district in Hatay province of Turkey. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 174: 118-52.
• Hagan EC, Hansen WH, Fitzhugh OG, Jenner PM, Jones WI, Taylor JM, Long EL, Nelson AA, Brouwer JB. Food flavourings and compounds of related structure. II. subacute and chronic toxicity. Fd Cosmet Toxicol 1967; 5: 141-57.
• Inan M, Kirpik M, Kaya DA, Kırıcı S. Effect of harvest time on essential oil composition of Thymbra spicata L. growing in flora of Adıyaman. Adv in Environ Biol 2011; 5(2): 356-8.
• Jalilzadeh-Amin G, Maham M. The application of 1,8-cineole, a terpenoid oxide present in medicinal plants, inhibits castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats. Pharm Biol 2015; 53(4): 594-9.
• Karaoğlan EES, Özgen U. Bazı origanum türleri üzerinde farmakognozik çalışmalar, Doktora tezi, Atatürk Üniv Sağ Bil Ens, Erzurum 2011; s. 4-161.
• Karık Ü, Çiçek F, Tutar M, Ayas F. Türkiye defne (Laurus nobilis L.) populasyonlarının uçucu yağ bileşenleri. Anadolu ETAE Dergisi 2015; 25(1): 1-16.
• Kendir G, Güvenç A. Etnobotanik ve Türkiye’de yapılmış etnobotanik çalışmalara genel bir bakış. J Fac Pharm Hacettepe Univ 2010; 30(1): 49-80.
• Lahlou M, Berrada R. Composition and niticidal activ-ity of essential oils of three chemotypes of Rosma-rinus officinalis L. acclimatized in Morocco. Flavour Fragr J 2003; 18(2): 124-7.
• Lee SJ, Umano K, Shibamoto T, Lee KG. Identifica-tion of volatile components in basil (Ocimum basili-cum L.) and thyme leaves (Thymus vulgaris L.) and their antioxidant properties. Food Chem 2005; 91: 131-7.
• Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Pichardo S, Maisanaba S, Puerto M, Prieto AI, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Jos A, Cameán AM. In vitro toxicological evaluation of es-sential oils and their main compounds used in active food packaging: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 81: 9-27.
• Marzouki HA, Elaissi A, Khaldi S, Bouzid S, Fal-conieri D, Marongiu B, Piras A, Porcedda S. Sea-sonal and geographical variation of Laurus nobilis L. essential oil from Tunisia. Open Nat Prod J 2009; 1: 86-91.
• McLean S, Boyle RR, Brandon S, Davies NW, Sorensen JS. Pharmacokinetics of 1,8-cineole, a dietary toxin, in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula): significance for feeding. Xenobh 2007; 37: 903-22.
• Mert A, Türkmen M, Bahadirli NP, Kaya DA, Ayanoğlu F, Özturk Ş. Effects of different drying methods on components of Thymbra spicata L. es-sential from flora of Hatay (Turkey). Sixth Interna-tional Conference on Advanced Materials and Sys-tems (ICAMS). October, 20-22, 2016; Bucharest-Romania.
• Özbek H, Yılmaz BS. Anti-inflammatory and hypogly-cemic activities of alpha-pinene. Acta Pharm Sci 2017; 55(4): 7-14.
• Özcan MM, Chalchat JC. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus offici-nalis L.) oil from Turkey. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2008; 59(7-8): 691-8.
• Peixoto ITA, Furletti VF, Anıbal PC, Duarte MCT, Höfling JF. Potential pharmacological and toxicolog-ical basis of the essential oil from Mentha spp. Rev Cienc Farm Basica Apl 2010; 30(3): 235-9.
• Pintore G, Usai M, Bradesi P, Juliano C, Boatto G, Tomi F, Chessa M, Cerri R, Casanova J. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Rosma-rinus officinalis L. oils from Sardinia and Corsica. Flavour Fragr J 2002; 17(1): 15-9.
• Saidi M, Ghafourian S, Zarin-Abaadi M, Mohavedi K, Sadeghifard N. In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of black thyme (Thymbra spicata L.) essen-tial oils. Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol 2012; 71: 61-9.
• Sangun MK, Aydin E, Timur M, Karadeniz H, Calıs-kan M, Ozkan A. Comparison of chemical composi-tion of the essential oil of Laurus nobilis L. Leaves and fruits from different regions of Hatay, Turkey. J Environ Biol 2007; 28(4): 731-3.
• Suntres ZE, Coccimiglio J, Alipour M. The bioactivity and toxicological actions of carvacrol. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 55(3): 304-18.
• Tohidi B. Rahimmalek M, Arzani A. Essential oil com-position, total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and anti-oxidant activity of thymus species collected from different regions of Iran. Food Chemistry 2017; 220: 153-61.
• Ündeğer Ü, Başaran A, Degen GH, Başaran N. Anti-oxidant activities of major thyme ingredients and lack of (oxidative) DNA damage in V79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells at low levels of car-vacrol and thymol. Food and Chem Toxicol 2009; 47(8): 2037-43.
• Wynn SG, Fougere B. Veterinary Herbal Medicine. Sydney: Elsevier Health Sciences 2006.
• Xu J, Hu ZQ, Wang C, Yin ZQ, Wei Q, Zhou LJ, Du YH, Jia RY, Li M, Fan QJ, Liang XX, He CL, Yin LZ. Acute and subacute toxicity study of 1,8-cineole in mice. Int J Clin Exp Patho 2014; 7(4): 1495-501.
• Yalçın H, Anık M, Şanda MA, Çakır A. Gas chroma-tography/ mass spectrometry analysis of Laurus nobilis essential oil composition of northern cyprus. J Med Food 2007; 10(4): 715-9.
• Yipel FA, Yipel M. Etnoveteriner hekimlik (EVH). TVHB 2014; (1-2): 79-82.
• Yipel M, Tekeli IO, Sevin S, Yarsan E. Veterinary phytotherapy in cancer therapy: popular medicinal plants and classification by mechanisms or target organ/system. International Veterinary Students Congress. February, 16, 2018; Ankara-Turkey.
• Yipel M, Yipel FA, Tekeli IO, Güzel Y. Ethnoveteri-nary uses of medicinal plants in Mediterranean dis-trict, Turkey. Rev Chim 2017; 68(2): 411-6.