Süt Sığırlarında Hayvan Refahının Artırılmasına Alternatif Bir Yaklaşım Olarak "Nanoteknoloji"nin Kullanım Olanaklarının Araştırılması

Öz

Süt sığırcılığında doğru refah uygulamaları hayvan yetiştiriciliği alanı için son yıllarda çalışılması gereken bir konu haline gelmiştir. Hayvan refahı için önemli olan beş özgürlük ilkesine (açlık, susuzluk sağlıklı olma hali vb.) uygun olarak yapılan uygulamalar, hayvan refahı ve ürün (süt verimi, döl verimi vb.) kalite düzeyini artıracaktır. Hayvan refahı uygulamalarını geliştirebilecek pek çok uygulama vardır. Bunlardan biri de karmaşık ve yeni bir uygulama olan nanoteknolojidir. Nanoteknoloji birçok farklı alanda kullanılmakta örneğin, nanomalzemeler, nano-biyosistem, nanotıp, nanomineral, nanogörüntüleme, nanokapsülasyon, nano yağlayıcılar, nanokaplama, nano boya, nano yalıtım vd. Süt sığırlarında hayvan refahı uygulamaları verimi etkilediğinden nanoteknolojinin hayvan refahını artırmada alternatif bir yaklaşım olarak kullanılması hakkında sınırlı bilgi olması araştırmayı gerekli kılmıştır. Bu derlemenin amacı; hayvan refahının iyileştirilmesi ile ilgili olarak süt sığırları için kullanılabilir nanoteknolojilerin daha iyi anlaşılması ve seçilmesi için bu alanda yapılacak yeni araştırmalara ışık tutmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hayvan refahı
• nanoteknoloji
• süt sığırcılığı

Investigating the Uses of ‘’Nanotechnology’’ as an Alternative Approach to Increasing Animal Welfare in Dairy Cattle

Öz

In the recent years, proper animal welfare practices in dairy farming have become an urgent topic to investigate in the animal sciences fields. Practices made in accordance with the five principles of freedom (hunger, thirst, well-being etc.), which are important for animal welfare, will improve the levels of animal welfare and the level of product (milk yield, fertility etc.) quality. There is a multitude of technologies to be selected to achieve proper animal welfare practices. One of the most complex and newest technologies is nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is used in many different fields such as nanomaterials, nano-bio system, nanomedicine, nano mineral, nanoimaging, nanoencapsulation, nano lubricants, nanocoating, nano paint, nano insulation, etc. Since animal welfare practices in dairy cattle affect yield, research have been carried out to improve animal welfare nowadays. But the limited information available on the use of nanotechnology as an alternative approach to improve animal welfare has made this research necessary. The purpose of this review is to shed light on further research in this area, and to better understand and select useable nanotechnologies for dairy cattle to improve animal welfare.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Animal welfare
• dairy cattle
• nanotechnology

Kaynakça

1. Akhavan S, Assadpour E, Katouzian I, Jafari SM. Lipid nano scale cargos for the protection and delivery of food bioactive ingredients and nutraceuticals. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018; 74: 132-46.
2. Alvarado AC, Predicala BZ, Asis DA. Mixing nanoparticles with swine manure to reduce hydrogen sulfide and ammonia emissions. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2015; 12(3): 893-904.
3. Anonymous. Techniques for synthesis of nanomaterials. In: 40. Lahore College for Women University, LCWU. Accesed Adress: https://www.slideshare.net/Krishanyadav28/synthesis-of-nanomaterials, Accesed Date: 13.04 2021.
4. Awawdeh MS. Rumen-protected methionine and lysine: effects on milk production and plasma amino acids of dairy cows with reference to metabolisable protein status. J Dairy Res 2016; 83: 151-5.
5. Brunori, G., L. Jiggens, R. Gallardo, and O. Schmidt. New Challenges for Agricultural Research: Climate Change, Food Security, Rural Development, Agricultural Knowledge Systems. Second SCAR Foresight Report. EU Commission, SCAR, Brussels 2009.
6. Buzea C, Pacheco , Robbie K. Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: sources and toxicity, Biointerphases, 2(4): MR17-MR71 2007.
7. Çiçek S, Turhan S, Işık S. Application of selenium nanoparticles diets in ruminants. Atatürk Uni Agri Fac 2021; 52: 98-107.
8. Den Hartog LA, Sijtsma R. Challenges and opportunities in animal feed and nutrition. Eleventh World Conference on Animal Production. October, 15-20, 2013; Beijing, China.

9. Dittanet P, Somphol W, Lampang N, Prapainainar P, Loykulnan S. Natural Rubber Reinforced by Nanocellulose Extracted from Dried Rubber Leaves. Seventh International Conference on Nano and Materials Science (ICNMS 2019) AIP Conf. Proc. 2019; 2083 (030008): 1-5.
10. Dowling AP. Development of nanotechnologies. Materials Today 2004; 7 (12): 30-5.
11. EFSA. Scientific report of EFSA prepared by the Animal Health and Animal Welfare Unit on the effects of farming systems on dairy cow welfare and disease. Annex to the EFSA 2009; 1143: 1-38.
12. El-Hammadi MM, Arias JL. Nanomedicine for vaginal drug delivery. In: Theory and Applications of Nonparenteral Nanomedicines. Academic Press, 2021; pp. 235-57.
13. Feng M, Wang ZS, Zhou AG, Ai DW. The effects of different sizes of nanometer zinc oxide on the proliferation and cell integrity of mice duodenum-epithelial cells in primary culture. Pak J Nutr 2009; 8(8): 1164-6.
14. Fesseha H, Degu T, Getachew Y. Nanotechnology and its aplication in animal production: A review. Vet Med 2020; 5(2): 43-50.
15. Gill R. Animal Welfare and the “Five Freedoms”. In: 5. Texas, USA: Texas A & M Agri Life Extension, 2012.
16. Golbashy M, Sabahi H, Allahdadi I, Nazokdast H, Hosseini M. Synthesis of highly intercalated urea-clay nanocomposite via domestic montmorillonite as eco-friendly slow-release fertilizer. Arch Agro Soil Sci 2017; 63(1): 84-95.
17. Gonzales-Eguia A, Fu CM, Lu FY, Lien TF. Effects of nanocopper on copper availability and nutrients digestibility, growth performance and serum traits of piglets. Livest Sci 2009; 126(1-3): 122-9.
18. Haider AJ, Jameel ZN, Al-Hussaini IHM. Review on: titanium dioxide applications. Energy Procedia 2019; 157: 17-29.
19. Hartung J, Phillips VR. Control of gaseous emissions from livestock buildings and manure stores. Agri Engineering Res 1994; 57: 173-89.
20. Huang S, Wang L, Liu L, Hou Y, Li L. Nanotechnology in agriculture, livestock, and aquaculture in China. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 2015; 35: 369-400.
21. Hui-min Z, Hong-rui J, Dai-jie C, Zi-lian S, Yong-jiang M, Yu-sheng L, Loor JJ, Zhang-ping YY. Evaluation of a povidone-iodine and chitosan-based barrier teat dip in the prevention of mastitis in dairy cows. Integrative Agri 2020; 19: 2-12.
22. King T, Osmond-McLeod MJ, Duffy LL. Nanotechnology in the food sector and potential applications for the poultry industry. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018; 72: 62-73.
23. Kirdar SS. Current and future applications of nanotechnology in the food industry. In: ISITES2015 Valencia-Spain: Akademik Platform 2015; pp.1517-27.
24. Kjærnes U, Keeling L. Principles and criteria of good animal welfare. In: 2. Lelystad, The Netherlands: Animal Sciences Group of Wageningen UR 2002.
25. Lamb RC. Relationship between cow behavior patterns and management systems to reduce stress. Dairy Sci 1976; 59: 1630-6.
26. Lauterwasser C. Opportunities and risks of Nanotechnologies: Report in co-operation with the OECD International Futures Programme. In: München, Germany: Allianz Center for Technology & The OECD International Futures Programme 2008; pp. 44-6.
27. Lekka M, Zanella C, Klorikowska A, Bonora PL. Scaling-up of the electrodeposition process of nano-composite coating for corrosion and wear protection. Electrochimica Acta 2010; 55 (27): 7876-83.
28. Lue JT. Physical properties of nanomaterials. Encyclopedia of nanosci nanotechnol 2007; 10: 1-46.
29. Meena N, Sahni Y, Thakur D, Singh R. Applications of nanotechnology in veterinary. Vet World 2018; 3: 477-80.
30. Mejías JH, Salazar FJ, Pérez L, Hube S, Rodriguez M, Alfaro MA. Nanofertilizers: A cutting-edge approach to increase nitrogen use efficiency in grasslands. Front Environ Sci 2021; 9: 52.
31. Mellor DJ. Updating animal welfare thinking: Moving beyond the “Five Freedoms” towards “a Life Worth Living”. Animals 2016; 6(3): 21.
32. Munksgaard L, De Passillé AM,Rushen J, Thodberg K, Jensen MB. Discrimination of people by dairy cows based on handling. Dairy Sci 1997; 80(6): 1106-12.
33. Mousavi SAA, Pourtalebi S. Inhibitory effects of silver nanoparticles on growth and aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus Parasiticus. Iran J Med Sci 2015; 40(6): 501-6.
34. Nikalje AP. Nanotechnology and its applications in medicine. Med Chem 2015; 5(2): 81-9.
35. Nikkhah A, Kowsar R. Seasonal and group effects on dairy cow behavior in large yards. Turk Vet Anim Sci 2012; 36(2): 123-9.
36. Pamungkas FA, Sianturi RG, Wina E, Kusumaningrum DA. Chitosan nanoparticle of hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) hormone in increasing induction of dairy cattle ovulation. JITV 2016; 21 (1): 34-40.
37. Patil SS, Kore KB, Kumar P. Nanotechnology and its applications in veterinary and animal science. Vet World 2009; 2: 475-7.
38. Pieszka M, Szczurek P, Pietras M. SiO2 nanostructures as a feed additive to prevent bacterial infections in piglets. J Annals of Warsaw Uni Life Sci-SGGW Anim Sci 2018; 57.
39. Rafiei S, Rezatofighi SE, Ardakani MR, Madadgar O. In vitro anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus activity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles. IET Nanobiotechnol 2015; 9 (5): 247-51.
40. Rafiei S, Rezatofighi SE, Ardakani MR,Rastegarzadeh S. Gold nanoparticles impair foot-and-mouth disease virus replication. IEEE transactions on nanobiosci 2015; 15 (1): 34-40.
41. Rajak A. Nanotechnology and its application. J Nanomed Nanotechnol 2018; 9: 3.
42. Riazi H, Rezaei J, Rouzbehan Y. Effects of supplementary nano-ZnO on in vitro ruminal fermentation, methane release, antioxidants, and microbial biomass. Turk Vet J Anim Sci 2019; 43: 737-46.
43. Sandin O , Nordin J, Jonsson M. Reflective properties of hollow microspheres in cool roof coatings. Coatings Technol Res 2017; 14(4): 817-21.
44. Scott NR. Impact of nanoscale technologies in animal management. Anim Pro Anim Sci Worldwide 2007; 1: 283-91.
45. Shi L, Xun W, Yue W, Zhang C, Ren Y, Liu Q, Wang Q, Shi L. Effect of elemental nano-selenium on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, and purine derivatives in sheep. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011; 163: 136-42.
46. Singh AK, Kumari T, Rajput MS, Baishya A, Bhatt N, Roy S. A review: Effect of bedding material on production, reproduction and health and behavior of dairy animals. Int J Livest Res 2020; 10(7): 11-20.
47. Spigarelli C, Zuliani A, Battini M, Mattiello S, Bovolenta S. Welfare assessment on pasture: A review on animal-based measures for ruminants. J Anim 2020; 10(4): 609.
48. Stoimenov PK, Klinger RL, Marchin GL, Klabunde KJ. Metal oxide nanoparticles as bactericidal agents. J Langmuir 2002; 18 (17): 6679-86.
49. Su Y, Tang Z, Wang G, Wan R. Influence of carbon nanotube on the tribological properties of vegetable-based oil. Adv Mech Eng 2018; 10 (5): 1-11.
50. The Royal Society, and The Royal Academy of Engineering (RSE). In: Nanomanufactoring Nanoscience and nanotechnology Clyvedon Press: Cardiff, UK 2004; pp. 25-30.
51. Webster AJF. Farm Animal Welfare: The five freedoms and the free market. The Vet J 2001; 161: 229-37.
52. Weixing D, Dongmei W, Zheng L, Cheng M, Depo Y, Chaoliang L, Shaobao L. Effects of nano-Se and vitamin E on anti-oxidative capability of dairy cows in heat stress. China Dairy Cattle 2009; 9: 21-4.
53. Ye BC, Zhang M, Yin BC. Nano-bio probe design and its application for biochemical analysis Springer Science & Business Media 2012; 1: pp. 1.
54. Zadedarvish F, Kesmati M, Khajepour L, Torabi M. Effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on memory impairment induced by postpartum depression model. Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 24 (1): 63-73.
55. Zeedan GSG, Abdalhamed AM, Ibrahim ES, El-Sadawy HAF. Antibacterial efficacy of green silver nanoparticles against bacteria isolated from calf diarrhoea. Asian J Epidemiol 2018; 11(2): 65-73.
56. Zhao C, Bai Y, Fu S, Wu L, Xia C, Xu C. Metabolic alterations in dairy cows with subclinical ketosis after treatment with carboxymethyl chitosan‐loaded, reduced glutathione nanoparticles. Vet Int Med 2020; 34(6): 2787-99.