STANDARDISATION OF BLOOD ELECTROLYTES FOR SOME FISH SPECIES

Yıl 2006, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 245 - 255, 01.02.2006

Ekrem Şanver Çelik

Öz

Blood electrolytes in fish are commonly used to determine physiological, toxicity and healthy status. In the present study, the values of some blood electrolytes, considered as important indicators of health and physiological conditions of fish, have been investigated in different species. The minimum and maximum values of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine and phosphorus were found as 61.80-264.80 mmoll-1, 0.60-14.30 mmoll-1, 0.20-11.00 mmoll-1, 0.04-4.60 mmoll-1, 73.00-196.00 mmoll-1 and 1.33-7.98 mmoll-1, respectively. Based on the above parameters, it can be concluded that the blood electrolytes showed variations in different fish species.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fish, Blood, Electrolytes, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chlorine, Phosphorus

BAZI BALIK TÜRLERİ İÇİN KAN ELEKTROLİTLERİNİN STANDARDİZASYONU

Öz

Kan elektrolitleri, balıkların fizyolojik durumlarının belirlenmesinde, toksisite deneylerinde ve sağlık durumlarının kontrolünde yaygın şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bu makalede, balıklarda sağlık ve fizyolojik durumun önemli göstergeleri olarak bilinen bazı kan elektrolitlerinin farklı tür balıklardaki seviyeleri incelenmiştir. Kan elektrolitlerinden sodyum, potasyum, kalsiyum, magnezyum, klor ve fosforun minimum ve maksimum değerleri sırasıyla 61,80-264,80 mmoll-1, 0,60-14,30 mmoll-1, 0,20-11,00 mmoll-1, 0,04-4,60 mmoll-1, 73,00-196,00 mmoll-1 ve 1,33-7,98 mmoll-1 aralıklarında gözlenmektedir. Gözlemlere dayanarak kan elektrolit değerlerinin balık türlerinde farklılık gösterdiği sonucuna varılabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Balık, Kan, Elektrolit, Sodyum, Potasyum, Kalsiyum, Magnezyum, Klor, Fosfor

Kaynakça

• Karagül, H., Altıntaş, A., Fidancı, U.R., Sel, T., Klinik Biyokimya, s. 430, Cilt 1, Medisan Yayın Evi, Yayın No: 45, Ankara, 2000.
• Canfield, P.J., Quartararo, N., Griffin, D.L., Tsoukalas, G.N., Cocaro, S.E., Haematological and Biochemical Reference Values for Captive Australian snapper, Pagrus auratus, Journal of Fish Biology, 44: 849-856, 1994.
• Chen, C.Y., Wooster, G.A., Getchell, R.G., Bowser, P.R., Timmons, M.B., Blood Chemistry of Healthy, Nephrocalcinosis-Affected and Ozone-Treated Tilapia in A Recirculation System, with Application of Discriminant Analysis, Aquaculture, 218, 89-102, 2002.
• Haşiloğlu, M.A., Atamanalp, M., Haliloğlu, H.İ., Demirdöven Baraj Gölü (Erzurum) Tatlısu Kefali (Leuciscus cephalus) Populasyonunun Bazı Biyokimyasal Özelliklerinin Tespiti, Atatürk Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Dergisi, 33 (2) 213-216, 2002.
• Sakamoto, K., Lewbart, G.A., Smith, II.T.M., Blood Chemistry Values of Juvenile Red Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus), Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Vol. 30, No. 2, 50-52, 2001.
• Smith, J.B., Beleau, M.H., Waterstrat, P., Tucker, C.S., Stiles, F., Bowser, P.R., Brown, L.A., Biochemical Reference Ranges for Commercially Reared Channel Catfish, The Prog. Fish-Cult., 49:108-114, 1987.
• Audet, C., Claireaux, G., Diel and Seasonal Changes in Resting Levels of Various Blood Parameters in Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), Can. J. Fish. Aquat., Sci., Vol., 49, 870-877, 1992.
• Bergheim, A., Kroglund, F., Vatne, D.F., Rosseland, B.O., Blood Plasma Parameters in Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar L.) Transferred to Sea Cages at Age Eight to Ten Months, Aquaculture, 84, 159-165, 1990.
• Dawson, M.A., Blood Chemistry of the Windowpane Flounder Scophthalmus aquosus in Long Island Sound: Geographical, Seasonal, and Experimental Variations, Fishery Bulletin, 88 (3): 429-437, 1990.
• Fletcher, G.L., Kao, M.H., Haya, K., Seasonal and Phenotypic Variations in Plasma Protein Antifreeze Levels in a Population of Marine Fish, Sea Raven (Hemitripterus americanus), Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., Vol. 41, 819- 824, 1984.
• Folmar, L.C., Moody, T., Bonomelli, S., Gibson, J., Annual Cycle of Blood Chemistry Parameters in Striped mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) and Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides L.) From the Gulf of Mexico, Journal of Fish Biology, 41:999-1011, 1992.
• Nanba, K., Kakuta, I., Uematsu, K., Murachi, S., Annual Changes in the Osmolarity and Inorganic Ion Level Ratios Between Urine and Plasma in Carp Cyprinus carpio, Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 53 (6), 913-918, 1987.
• Umminger, B.L., Mahoney, J.B., Seasonal Changes in the Serum Chemistry of the Winter Flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, Trans. Am.Fish. Soc., 4:746-748, 1972.
• Cataldi, E., Marco, P.D., Mandich, A., Cataudella, S., Serum Parameters of Adriatic Sturgeon Acipencer naccarii (Pisces: Acipenseriformes): Effects of Temperature and Stres, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 121, 351-354, 1998.
• Hunn, J. B., Greer, I. E., Influence of Sampling on the Blood Chemistry of Atlantic Salmon, The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 53: 184-187, 1991.
• Papoutsoglou, S.E., Miliou, H., Chadio, S., Karakatsouli, N., Zarkada, A., Studies on Stress Responses And Recovery From Removal in Gilthead Sea Bream Sparus aurata (L.) Using Recirculated Seawater System, Aquacultural Engineering, 21: 19-32, 1999.
• Railo, E., Nikinmaa, M., Soivio, A., Effects of Sampling on Blood Parameters in the Rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, Journal of Fish Biology, 26, 725-732, 1985.
• Atamanalp, M., Bir Sentetik Piretroit İnsektisitin (Cypermethrin) Subletal Dozlarının Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss)’na Makroskobik, Histopatolojik, Hematolojik ve Biyokimyasal Etkileri, Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Erzurum, 2000.
• Everall, N.C., Mitchell, C.G., Robson, J.N., Effluent causes of the ‘pigmented salmon syndrome’ in wild adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from the River Don in Aberdeeshire, Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, Vol.12: 199-205, 1992.
• Giles, M.A., Electrolyte and Water Balance in Plasma and Urine of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) During Chronic Exposure to Cadmium, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., Vol., 41, 1678-1685, 1984.
• Handy, R.D., Sims, D.W., Giles, A., Campbell, H.A., Musonda, M.M., Metabolic Trade-Off Between Locomotion and Detoxification for Maintenance of Blood Chemistry and Growth Parameters by Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) During Chronic Dietary Exposure to Copper, Aquatic Toxicology, 47, 23-41, 1999.
• Jeney, Z., Valtonen, E.T., Jeney, G., Jokinen, E.I., Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent (BKME) on Physiology and Biochemistry of the Roach (Rutilus rutilus L.), Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 30, 523-529, 1996.
• Knoph, M.B., Thorud, K., Toxicity of Ammonia to Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Seawater-Effects on Plasma Osmolality, Ion, Ammonia, Urea and Glucose Levels and Hematologic Parameters, Com. Biochem. Physiol. Vol., 113A, No. 4, 375-381, 1996.
• Lusková, V., Svoboda, M., Kolárová, J., The effect of Diazinon on Blood Plasma Biochemistry in Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), Acta Vet. Brno, 71: 117-123, 2002.
• Wood, C.M., Hogstrang, C., Galvez, F., Munger, R.S., The Physiology of Waterborne Silver Toxicity in
• Freshwater Rainbow Trout 1. The Effects of Ionic Ag
• Yamawaki, K., Hashimoto, W., Fujii, K., Koyama, J., Ikeda, Y., Ozaki, H., Hemochemical Changes in Carp
• +, Aquatic Toxicology, 35, 93-109, 1996.
• Exposed to Low Cadmium Concentrations, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 52 (3): 459- 465, 1986.
• Young, G., Brown, C.L., Nishioka, R.S., Folmar§, L.C., Andrews, M., Cashman, J.R., Bern, H.A., Histopathology, Blood Chemistry, and Physiological Status of Normal and Moribund Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) Involved in Summer Mortality (‘die-off’) in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California, Journal of Fish Biology, 44, 491-512, 1994.
• Korcock, D.E., Houston, A.H., Gray, J.D., Effects of Sampling Conditions on Selected Blood Variables of Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, J. Fish Biol., 33, 319-330, 1988.
• Van Raaij, M.TM., Pit, D.S.S., Balm, P.H.M., Steffens, A.B., Van den Thillart, G.E.E.J.M., Behavioral Strategy and the Physiological Stress Response in Rainbow Trout Exposed to Severe Hypoxia, Hormones and Behavior, 30, 85-92, 1996.
• Brown, J.A., Moore, W.M., Quabius, E.S., Physiological Effects of Saline Waters on Zander, Journal of Fish Biology, 59, 1544-1555, 2001.
• Nelson, J.A., Tank, Y., Boutilier, R.G., The Effects of Salinity Change on the Exercise Performance of Two Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Populations Inhabiting Different Environments, The Journal of Experimental Biology, 199, 1295-1309, 1996.
• Vonck, A.P.M.A., Wendelaar Bonga, S.E., Flik, G., Sodium and Calsium Balance in Mozambique Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, Raised at Different Salinities, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Vol. 119A, No. 2, 441- 449, 1998.
• Fletcher, G.L., Effects of Temperature And Photoperiod on the Plasma Freezing Point Depression, Cl- Concentration, and Protein "Antifreeze" in Winter Flounder, Can. J. Zool., 59:193-201, 1981.
• Houston, A.H., Reaves, R.S., Madden, J.A., DeWilde, M.A., Environmental Temperature And the Body Fluid System of the Fresh-Water Teleost. I. Ionic Regulation in Thermally Acclimated Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 25:563-581, 1968.
• Murphy, P., Houston, A.H., Temperature, Photoperiod, And Water-Electrolyte Balance in Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, Can. J. Zool., 55 (9):1377-1388, 1977.
• Shimma, Y., Shimma, H., Ikeda, K., Plasma Constituents of 2-Year-Old Rainbow Trout Raised with Fish Meal And SCP Combined Feeds, Bull. Natl. Res. Inst., Aquaculture, 3, 61-73, 1982.
• Arabacı, M., Çağırkan, H., Sarı, M., Şekeroğlu, R., Serum Ionic Content of Endemic Chalcalburnus tarichi During Spawning, Prespawning and Postspawning Terms, Living in Highly Alkaline Waters of Lake Van (pH 9.8), Turkey, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Central Fisheries Research Ins., Trabzon, 1: 53-57, 2001.
• Giles, M.A., Majewski, H.S., Hobden, B., Osmoregulatory and Hematological Responses of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Extended Environmental Acidification, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., Vol. 44, 1686-1694, 1984.
• Wilkie, M.P., Simmons, H.E., Wood. C.M., Physiological Adaptations of Rainbow Trout to Chronically Elevated Water pH (pH=9.5), The Journal of Eperimental Zoology, 274:1-14, 1996.
• Albrektsen, S., Nortvedt, R., Torrissen, O.J., The Effect of A Short Time Exposure to Different Temperature and Salinity Regimes on Survival of Maturing Atlantic Salmon and Eyed Eggs, and Changes in Blood and Seminal Plasma During the Spawning Period, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, C.M., F:25, Mariculture Committee, Metredal, Norway, 1-24, 1986.
• Masson, N., Guérold, F., Dangles, O., Use of Blood Parameters in Fish to Assess Acidic Stress and Chloride Pollution in French Running Waters, Chemosphere, 47, 467-473, 2002.
• Cadrin, S.X., King, J., Stock Assessment of Yellowtail Flounder in the Cape Cod - Gulf of Maine Area, U.S. Dep. Commer. Northeast Fish. Sci. Cent. Ref. Doc., 03-03; 84 p. 2003.
• Murray R.K. Mayes P.A., Granner D.K. and Rodwel V.W., Harper’in Biyokimyası (Menteş D. ve Ersöz B. çev.), s. 913, Barış Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1993.
• Wells, R.M.G., Macdonald, J.A., DiPrisco, G., Thin-Blood Antarctic Fishes: A Rheological Comparison of the Haemoglobin-Free Icefishes Chionodraco kathleenae And Cryodracoantarcticus With A Red-Blooded Nototheniid, Pagothenia bernacchii, Journal of Fish Biology, 36: 595-609, 1990.
• Warner , M.C., Williams, R.W., Comparison Between Serum Values of Pond And Intensive Raceway Cultured Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), Journal of Fish Biology, 11:385-395, 1977.
• Adam, B., Temel Biyokimya, s. 152, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım Ltd. Şti., Ankara, 2000.
• Hoffert, J.R., Fromm, P.O., Effect of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition on Aqueous Humor And Blood Bicarbonate Ion in the Teleost (Salvelinus namaycush), Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 18: 333-340, 1966.
• Çakıcı, H., Farklı İşletmelerde Yetiştirilen Gökkuşağı Alabalığının (Onchorhychus mykiss Walbaum) Kan Özelliklerinin Karşılaştırılmalı Olarak Araştırılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Çanakkale, 1999.
• Rosseland, B.O., Lea, T.B., Hansen, L.P., Physiological Effects And Survival of Carlintagged and Descaled Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar L., in Different Salinities, ICES C.M./M:30, 1-23, 1982.