High FFA Oils: A Comparative Analysis of Biodiesel Production via Direct Transesterification and Sequential Esterification-Transesterification Processes

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 3, 570 - 586, 30.12.2024

Halis Deviren , Erdal Çılğın

Öz

In this study, biodiesel production was carried out using a single-step (transesterification) and a two-step (esterification + transesterification) process with Pistacia terebinthus oil (TO), which has a high free fatty acid (FFA) content. TO, containing 5.8% FFA, was converted into biodiesel using single-step (TOTB100) and two-step (TOETB100) methods, and the effects of FFA content on biodiesel yield were analyzed using analytical characterization techniques. According to the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) results, the oleic acid content in the TO sample was determined to be 48.4%, while the total Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) content in TOETB100 biodiesel was calculated as 95.7%. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis revealed a characteristic peak at 1438.1 cm⁻¹, indicating FAME formation in the TOETB100 biodiesel. Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H NMR) and Carbon Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹³C NMR) analyses showed that the conversion efficiency of TOTB100 biodiesel was lower (60.74%) compared to that of TOETB100 biodiesel (78.01%). As a result, it was determined that the two-step method provides higher conversion efficiency and FAME content compared to the single-step method in biodiesel production from oils with high FFA content. These findings suggest that the two-step chemical process is a more suitable method for biodiesel production from oils with high FFA content.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Free Fatty Acid (FFA), Terebinth Oil, Biodiesel Production, Esterification + Transesterification, GC-MS, FT-IR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR

Yüksek FFA İçerikli Yağlar: Doğrudan Transesterifikasyon ve Ardışık Esterifikasyon-Transesterifikasyon Prosesleri ile Biyodizel Üretiminin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, yüksek serbest yağ asidi (FFA) içeriğine sahip menengiç yağı (TO) kullanılarak biyodizel üretimi, tek adımlı (transesterifikasyon) ve iki adımlı (esterifikasyon + transesterifikasyon) yöntemleri ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. %5,8 FFA içeriğine sahip TO, tek adımlı (TOTB100) ve iki adımlı (TOETB100) yöntemleriyle biyodizele dönüştürülmüş ve bu süreçlerin FFA oranının biyodizel verimliliğine etkisi analitik karakterizasyon yöntemleri ile incelenmiştir. Gaz Kromatografisi-Kütle Spektrometrisi (GC-MS) analiz sonuçlarına göre, TO örneğinde oleik asit içeriği %48,4 oranında tespit edilmiş ve TOETB100 biyodizelinde toplam Yağ Asidi Metil Esterleri (FAME) oranı %95,7 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi Spektroskopisi (FT-IR) analizinde, TOETB100 biyodizelinde 1438,1 cm⁻¹ dalga boyunda FAME oluşumunu gösteren karakteristik bir pik gözlemlenmiştir. Proton nükleer manyetik rezonans (¹H NMR) ve Karbon nükleer manyetik rezonans (¹³C NMR) analizleri, TOTB100 biyodizelinde düşük dönüşüm verimliliği (%60,74) gösterirken, TOETB100 biyodizelinde bu oran %78,01 olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, yüksek FFA içeriğine sahip yağların biyodizel üretiminde iki adımlı yöntemin, tek adımlı yönteme kıyasla daha yüksek verimlilik ve FAME oranı sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Bu bulgular, yüksek FFA içerikli yağların biyodizel üretiminde iki adımlı kimyasal sürecin daha uygun bir yöntem olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Serbest Yağ Asidi (FFA), Menengiç Yağı, Biyodizel Üretimi, Esterifikasyon + Transesterifikasyon, GC-MS, FT-IR, ¹H NMR ve ¹³C NMR

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