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A Comparative Analysis of E-waste Policies in the Context of Sustainable Development and Industrial Ecology

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 52, 381 - 408, 28.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.429214

Öz

This study aims to investigate the e-waste policies in Turkey and the rest of the world, to identify the problems during the realization of these policies and to develop policy proposals. In the study, we tried to clarify the conceptual framework of sustainable development and industrial ecology to emphasize the importance of e-waste policies in the community life. In addition, we have provided information on various policies and the results of these policies in the world through the related literature. As a result, it is emphasized that the decision makers take an active role in the policies to coordinate the economic units, and take on a new significance about economic, social, environmental and health dimensions of the e-waste policies.

Kaynakça

  • ALLENBY, Braden R.; (1992), “Industrial Ecology: The Materials Scientist in an Environmentally Constrained World”, MRS Bulletin, 17, pp. 46-51 https://doi.org/10.1557/S0883769400040859 , Erişim Tarihi: 23.5.2017
  • AYRES, Robert U.; (1989), “Industrial Metabolism”, in Jesse H. Ausubel and Hedy E. Sladovich (Ed.), Technology and Environment, Washington DC: National Academy Press, pp. 23-49.
  • BALDÉ, Cornelis P., FORTI, Vanessa, GRAY, Vanessa, KUEHR, Ruediger and STEGMANN, Paul; (2017), The Global E-Waste Monitor-2017, Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and International Solid Waste Association (ISWA).
  • BALDÉ, Cornelis P., WANG, Feng, KUEHR, Ruediger and HUISMAN, Jaco; (2015), The Global E-Waste Monitor-2014, Bonn: United Nations University.
  • BECIC, Emira and SVARC, Jadranka; (2009), “Sustainable Development: What Are the Measurement Challenges?”, The 3rd OECD World Forum 'Statistics, Knowledge and Policy, Busan.
  • BODEEN, Christopher; (2007), “In 'e-Waste' Heartland, A Toxic China”, The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/world/asia/18iht-waste.1.8374259.html Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2017
  • BÜYÜKGÜNGÖR, Hanife; (2006), “Çevre Kirliliği ve Çevre Yönetimi”, Toprak İşveren Dergisi, 72, ss. 1-16.
  • CAPRA, Fritjof ve MATTEI, Ugo; (2017), Hukukun Ekolojisi: Doğa ve Toplumla Uyumlu Bir Hukuk Sistemine Doğru, Çev.: Ebru KILIÇ. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • CHANCEREL, Perrine and ROTTER, Susanne; (2009), “Recycling-Oriented Characterization of Small Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment”, Waste Management, 29, pp. 2336–2352.
  • CHUNG, Sung-Woo and MURAKAMI-SUZUKI, Rie; (2008), “A Comparative Study on E-Waste Recycling Systems in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan from the EPR Perspective: İmplications for Developing Countries”, in Michikazu Kojima (Ed.), Promoting 3Rs in Developing Countries: Lessons from the Japanese Experience, Chiba: IDE-JETRO.
  • CLIFT, Roland and DRUCKMAN, Angela; (2016), Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology, Springer International Publishing.
  • Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı; (2015), “Atık Elektrikli ve Elektronik Eşyaların Yönetimi”, Ankara.
  • ÇİFTLİK, Selçuk, HANDIRI, İsmail, BEYHAN, Mehmet, AKÇİL, Ata, ILGAR, Murat ve GÖNÜLLÜ, M. Talha; (2011), “Evaluation of Management, Economy and the Potential of Metal Recovery of Electrical and Electronic Wastes (E-Waste)”, Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sigma 3, pp. 261-267.
  • DAVIS, James C.; (2016), Taş Devrinden Bugüne Tarihimiz: İnsanın Hikâyesi, Çev.: Barış Bıçakçı. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • DURSUN, Oktay; (2009), “E-Atık 2: Türkiye’de Durum”, Elektrik Mühendisleri Odası Ankara Şubesi Haber Bülteni, 12-13.
  • EHRENFELD, John and GERTLER, Nicholas; (1997), “Industrial Ecology in Practice - The Evolution of Interdependence at Kalundborg”, Journal of Industrial Ecology, I(1), pp. 67-79.
  • EKİNS, Paul, SİMON, Sandrine, DEUTSCH, Lisa, FOLKE, Carl and GROOT, Rudolf De (2003), “A Framework for the Practical Application of the Concepts of Critical Natural Capital and Strong Sustainability”, Ecological Economics, 44(2–3), pp. 165-185.
  • European Union; (2002), Directive 2002/95/Ec of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment, Official Journal of the European Union L 37.
  • European Union; (2011), Directive 2011/65/Eu of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment, Official Journal of the European Union L 174.
  • European Union, (2012), Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), Official Journal of the European Union L 197. Volume 55.
  • FRASE, Peter; (2017), Dört Gelecek: Kapitalizmden Sonra Hayat, Çev.: Akın Emre PİLGİR. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • FREDHOLM, Susan; (2008), “Evaluating Electronic Waste Recycling Systems: The Influence Ofphysical Architecture on System Performance”, Master Thesis, Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  • FROSH, Robert A.; (1992), “Industrial Ecology: A Philosophical Introduction”, National Academy of Sciences, 89, pp. 800–803.
  • GARNER, Andy and KEOLEIAN, Gregory A.; (1995), Industrial Ecology: An Introduction, National Pollution Prevention Centre for Higher Education, Michigan: University of Michigan.
  • GENG, Yong and DOBERSTEIN, Brent; (2008), “Developing the Circular Economy in China: Challenges and Opportunities for Achieving'leapfrog Development”, The International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 15, pp. 231–239.
  • International Union for the Conservation of Nature Resources (IUCN); (1980), “World Conservation Strategy”, https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/wcs-004.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 17.11.2017
  • KAHRAMAN, Ahmet Cihat; (2014), “Avrupa Birliği Uyum Sürecinde Türkiye’de E-Atık Yönetimi ve Uygulamaya Yönelik Stratejik Analizler”, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • KERK, Geurt Van De and MANUEL, Arthur; (2008), “A Comprehensive Index for a Sustainable Society: The SSI the Sustainable Society Index”, Ecological Economics, 66, pp. 4–6.
  • KETTNER, Claudiaa, RADLBERGER, Philipp, SCHLEICHER Stefan and THENIUS, Gregor; (2007), Potentials for Extending National Income Accounts by Integrating Sustainable Development Indicators, Graz: Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change.
  • LAYBOURN, Peter; (2011), “Industrial Symbiosis: Iskenderun by Area”. Launching Event of Industrial Symbiosis Project in Iskenderun, Ankara: British Embassy.LUNDGREN, Karin; (2012), The Global Impact of E-Waste: Addressing the Challenge, Geneva: International Labour Organization.
  • MUNIER, Nolberto; (2005), Introduction to Sustainability: Road to a Better Future, Dordrecht: Springer.
  • MURRAY, James; (2012), “EU Revamps E-Waste Rules with Demanding New Recovery Targets.” The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/aug/14/eu-waste, Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2017
  • NIUTANEN, Ville; (2005), The Potential of Material and Energy Flow Roundput in Regional Waste Management, Joensuu: Unıversity of Joensuu Publications in Social Sciences: 72.
  • NNOROM, Innocent Chidi and OSIBANJO, Oladele; (2008), “Overview of Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Management Practices and Legislations, and Their Poor Applications in the Developing Countries”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52, pp. 843–858.
  • OECD; (2011), Extended Producer Responsibility: a Guidance Manual for Governments. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • ÖKTEM, Begüm; (2016), “Atık Yönetiminde Entegre Uygulama”, Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2/1), ss. 135-147.
  • PEZZEY, John; (1992), “Sustainability: an Interdisciplinary Guide”, Environmental Values, 1, 4, pp. 321–362.
  • PRADHAN, Prajal, COSTA, Luis, RYBSKI, Diego, LUCHT, Wolfgang and KROPP, Jürgen P.; (2017), “A Systematic Study of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Interactions”, Earth’s Future, 5, pp. 1169–1179.
  • Resmi Gazete; (22.05.2012), Atık Elektrikli ve Elektronik Eşyaların (AEEE) Kontrolü Yönetmeliği.
  • RAJPUT, Jaypalsing E.; (2013), “E-Waste-Concept, Problems and Solution Policies in India”, International Journal of Management and Business Research, 3(1), pp.31-36.
  • ROSSEM, Chris Van, TOJO, Naoko, LINDHQVIST, Thomas; (2006), Lost in Transposition?, Amsterdam: Greenpeace International, Friends of the Earth and the European Environmental Bureau (EEB).
  • SAVAGE, Matthew, OGILVIE, Steve, SLEZAK, Joszef, ARTIM, Eniko and LINDBLOM Josefina; (2006), in Luis Delgado (Ed.), Implementation of Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment Directive in EU 25, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • SAYMAN, Rifat Ünal and AKPULAT, Onur; (2016), Atık Elektrikli ve Elektronik Eşyaların Kontrolü Yönetmeliği Belediye Uygulama Rehberi, Ankara: Bölgesel Çevre Merkezi (REC) Türkiye Yayını.
  • SHARPE, Samantha and AGARWAL, Renu; (2014), “Strengthening Industrial Ecologys Links with Business Studies: Insights and Potential Contributions from the Innovation and Business Models Literature”, Resources, 3(2), pp. 362–382.
  • SINHA-KHETRIWAL, Deepali, KRAEUCHI, Philipp and WIDMER, Rolf; (2009), “Producer Responsibility for E-Waste Management: Key Issues for Consideration-Learning from the Swiss Experience”, Journal of Environmental Management, 90, pp. 153–165.
  • STRANGE, Tracey and BAYLEY, Anne; (2008), Sustainable Development: Linking Economy, Society and Environment, Paris: OECD Publications.
  • TANSKANEN, Pia; (2013), “Management and Recycling of Electronic Waste”, Acta Materialia, 61, pp. 1001-1011.
  • TERADA, Christine; (2012), “Recycling Electronic Wastes in Nigeria: Putting Environmental and Human Rights at Risk”, Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, 10(3), pp. 154-172.
  • TÜRK, Murat ve BEKİŞ, Tuba; (2011), “İşletmelerde Rekabetçi Üstünlük Elde Etmede Önleyici (Proaktif) Çevre Yönetimi Yaklaşımı”, Çukurova Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 15(1), ss. 65–84.
  • ULUTAŞ, Ferda; (2011), Endüstriyel Ekoloji, Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, Sürdürülebilir Üretim ve Tüketim. Ankara: Yayınlar- VI.
  • WANG, Feng and HUISMAN, Jaco; (2010), Formalisation of E-Waste Collection and Recycling in China, Bonn: United Nations University, Institute for Sustainability and Peace.
  • WANG, Feng; (2014), E-Waste: Collect More, Treat Better, China: Master of Science in Chemistry Geboren te Daye.
  • WIDMER, Rolf, OSWALD-KRAPF, Heidi, SINHA-KHETRIWAL, Deepali, SCHNELLMANN, Max and BÖNI, Heinz; (2005), “Global Perspectives on E-Waste”, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 25(5), pp. 436-458.
  • World Comission on Environment and Development (WCED); (1987), Our Common Future. New York: Oxford University Press.

Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Endüstriyel Ekoloji Kapsamında E-atık Politikaları İçin Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 52, 381 - 408, 28.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.429214

Öz

Bu çalışma, dünyada ve Türkiye’de uygulanan e-atık politikalarının incelenmesi, sorunların tespit edilmesi ve politika önerileri geliştirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada, e-atık politikalarının toplum yaşamındaki önemini vurgulamak için sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve endüstriyel ekolojinin kavramsal çerçevesi netleştirmeye çalışılmıştır. Buna ek olarak, ilgili literatürden hareketle dünyadaki çeşitli politikalar ve bunların sonuçları hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, karar vericilerin ekonomik birimlerin koordine edilmesi için politikalarda aktif bir rol benimsemeleri ve e-atık politikalarının ekonomik, sosyal, çevresel ve sağlık boyutlarında yeni bir önem kazanmasının gerekliliği vurgulanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • ALLENBY, Braden R.; (1992), “Industrial Ecology: The Materials Scientist in an Environmentally Constrained World”, MRS Bulletin, 17, pp. 46-51 https://doi.org/10.1557/S0883769400040859 , Erişim Tarihi: 23.5.2017
  • AYRES, Robert U.; (1989), “Industrial Metabolism”, in Jesse H. Ausubel and Hedy E. Sladovich (Ed.), Technology and Environment, Washington DC: National Academy Press, pp. 23-49.
  • BALDÉ, Cornelis P., FORTI, Vanessa, GRAY, Vanessa, KUEHR, Ruediger and STEGMANN, Paul; (2017), The Global E-Waste Monitor-2017, Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and International Solid Waste Association (ISWA).
  • BALDÉ, Cornelis P., WANG, Feng, KUEHR, Ruediger and HUISMAN, Jaco; (2015), The Global E-Waste Monitor-2014, Bonn: United Nations University.
  • BECIC, Emira and SVARC, Jadranka; (2009), “Sustainable Development: What Are the Measurement Challenges?”, The 3rd OECD World Forum 'Statistics, Knowledge and Policy, Busan.
  • BODEEN, Christopher; (2007), “In 'e-Waste' Heartland, A Toxic China”, The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/world/asia/18iht-waste.1.8374259.html Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2017
  • BÜYÜKGÜNGÖR, Hanife; (2006), “Çevre Kirliliği ve Çevre Yönetimi”, Toprak İşveren Dergisi, 72, ss. 1-16.
  • CAPRA, Fritjof ve MATTEI, Ugo; (2017), Hukukun Ekolojisi: Doğa ve Toplumla Uyumlu Bir Hukuk Sistemine Doğru, Çev.: Ebru KILIÇ. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • CHANCEREL, Perrine and ROTTER, Susanne; (2009), “Recycling-Oriented Characterization of Small Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment”, Waste Management, 29, pp. 2336–2352.
  • CHUNG, Sung-Woo and MURAKAMI-SUZUKI, Rie; (2008), “A Comparative Study on E-Waste Recycling Systems in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan from the EPR Perspective: İmplications for Developing Countries”, in Michikazu Kojima (Ed.), Promoting 3Rs in Developing Countries: Lessons from the Japanese Experience, Chiba: IDE-JETRO.
  • CLIFT, Roland and DRUCKMAN, Angela; (2016), Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology, Springer International Publishing.
  • Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı; (2015), “Atık Elektrikli ve Elektronik Eşyaların Yönetimi”, Ankara.
  • ÇİFTLİK, Selçuk, HANDIRI, İsmail, BEYHAN, Mehmet, AKÇİL, Ata, ILGAR, Murat ve GÖNÜLLÜ, M. Talha; (2011), “Evaluation of Management, Economy and the Potential of Metal Recovery of Electrical and Electronic Wastes (E-Waste)”, Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sigma 3, pp. 261-267.
  • DAVIS, James C.; (2016), Taş Devrinden Bugüne Tarihimiz: İnsanın Hikâyesi, Çev.: Barış Bıçakçı. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • DURSUN, Oktay; (2009), “E-Atık 2: Türkiye’de Durum”, Elektrik Mühendisleri Odası Ankara Şubesi Haber Bülteni, 12-13.
  • EHRENFELD, John and GERTLER, Nicholas; (1997), “Industrial Ecology in Practice - The Evolution of Interdependence at Kalundborg”, Journal of Industrial Ecology, I(1), pp. 67-79.
  • EKİNS, Paul, SİMON, Sandrine, DEUTSCH, Lisa, FOLKE, Carl and GROOT, Rudolf De (2003), “A Framework for the Practical Application of the Concepts of Critical Natural Capital and Strong Sustainability”, Ecological Economics, 44(2–3), pp. 165-185.
  • European Union; (2002), Directive 2002/95/Ec of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment, Official Journal of the European Union L 37.
  • European Union; (2011), Directive 2011/65/Eu of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment, Official Journal of the European Union L 174.
  • European Union, (2012), Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), Official Journal of the European Union L 197. Volume 55.
  • FRASE, Peter; (2017), Dört Gelecek: Kapitalizmden Sonra Hayat, Çev.: Akın Emre PİLGİR. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • FREDHOLM, Susan; (2008), “Evaluating Electronic Waste Recycling Systems: The Influence Ofphysical Architecture on System Performance”, Master Thesis, Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  • FROSH, Robert A.; (1992), “Industrial Ecology: A Philosophical Introduction”, National Academy of Sciences, 89, pp. 800–803.
  • GARNER, Andy and KEOLEIAN, Gregory A.; (1995), Industrial Ecology: An Introduction, National Pollution Prevention Centre for Higher Education, Michigan: University of Michigan.
  • GENG, Yong and DOBERSTEIN, Brent; (2008), “Developing the Circular Economy in China: Challenges and Opportunities for Achieving'leapfrog Development”, The International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 15, pp. 231–239.
  • International Union for the Conservation of Nature Resources (IUCN); (1980), “World Conservation Strategy”, https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/wcs-004.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 17.11.2017
  • KAHRAMAN, Ahmet Cihat; (2014), “Avrupa Birliği Uyum Sürecinde Türkiye’de E-Atık Yönetimi ve Uygulamaya Yönelik Stratejik Analizler”, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • KERK, Geurt Van De and MANUEL, Arthur; (2008), “A Comprehensive Index for a Sustainable Society: The SSI the Sustainable Society Index”, Ecological Economics, 66, pp. 4–6.
  • KETTNER, Claudiaa, RADLBERGER, Philipp, SCHLEICHER Stefan and THENIUS, Gregor; (2007), Potentials for Extending National Income Accounts by Integrating Sustainable Development Indicators, Graz: Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change.
  • LAYBOURN, Peter; (2011), “Industrial Symbiosis: Iskenderun by Area”. Launching Event of Industrial Symbiosis Project in Iskenderun, Ankara: British Embassy.LUNDGREN, Karin; (2012), The Global Impact of E-Waste: Addressing the Challenge, Geneva: International Labour Organization.
  • MUNIER, Nolberto; (2005), Introduction to Sustainability: Road to a Better Future, Dordrecht: Springer.
  • MURRAY, James; (2012), “EU Revamps E-Waste Rules with Demanding New Recovery Targets.” The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/aug/14/eu-waste, Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2017
  • NIUTANEN, Ville; (2005), The Potential of Material and Energy Flow Roundput in Regional Waste Management, Joensuu: Unıversity of Joensuu Publications in Social Sciences: 72.
  • NNOROM, Innocent Chidi and OSIBANJO, Oladele; (2008), “Overview of Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Management Practices and Legislations, and Their Poor Applications in the Developing Countries”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52, pp. 843–858.
  • OECD; (2011), Extended Producer Responsibility: a Guidance Manual for Governments. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • ÖKTEM, Begüm; (2016), “Atık Yönetiminde Entegre Uygulama”, Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2/1), ss. 135-147.
  • PEZZEY, John; (1992), “Sustainability: an Interdisciplinary Guide”, Environmental Values, 1, 4, pp. 321–362.
  • PRADHAN, Prajal, COSTA, Luis, RYBSKI, Diego, LUCHT, Wolfgang and KROPP, Jürgen P.; (2017), “A Systematic Study of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Interactions”, Earth’s Future, 5, pp. 1169–1179.
  • Resmi Gazete; (22.05.2012), Atık Elektrikli ve Elektronik Eşyaların (AEEE) Kontrolü Yönetmeliği.
  • RAJPUT, Jaypalsing E.; (2013), “E-Waste-Concept, Problems and Solution Policies in India”, International Journal of Management and Business Research, 3(1), pp.31-36.
  • ROSSEM, Chris Van, TOJO, Naoko, LINDHQVIST, Thomas; (2006), Lost in Transposition?, Amsterdam: Greenpeace International, Friends of the Earth and the European Environmental Bureau (EEB).
  • SAVAGE, Matthew, OGILVIE, Steve, SLEZAK, Joszef, ARTIM, Eniko and LINDBLOM Josefina; (2006), in Luis Delgado (Ed.), Implementation of Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment Directive in EU 25, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • SAYMAN, Rifat Ünal and AKPULAT, Onur; (2016), Atık Elektrikli ve Elektronik Eşyaların Kontrolü Yönetmeliği Belediye Uygulama Rehberi, Ankara: Bölgesel Çevre Merkezi (REC) Türkiye Yayını.
  • SHARPE, Samantha and AGARWAL, Renu; (2014), “Strengthening Industrial Ecologys Links with Business Studies: Insights and Potential Contributions from the Innovation and Business Models Literature”, Resources, 3(2), pp. 362–382.
  • SINHA-KHETRIWAL, Deepali, KRAEUCHI, Philipp and WIDMER, Rolf; (2009), “Producer Responsibility for E-Waste Management: Key Issues for Consideration-Learning from the Swiss Experience”, Journal of Environmental Management, 90, pp. 153–165.
  • STRANGE, Tracey and BAYLEY, Anne; (2008), Sustainable Development: Linking Economy, Society and Environment, Paris: OECD Publications.
  • TANSKANEN, Pia; (2013), “Management and Recycling of Electronic Waste”, Acta Materialia, 61, pp. 1001-1011.
  • TERADA, Christine; (2012), “Recycling Electronic Wastes in Nigeria: Putting Environmental and Human Rights at Risk”, Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, 10(3), pp. 154-172.
  • TÜRK, Murat ve BEKİŞ, Tuba; (2011), “İşletmelerde Rekabetçi Üstünlük Elde Etmede Önleyici (Proaktif) Çevre Yönetimi Yaklaşımı”, Çukurova Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 15(1), ss. 65–84.
  • ULUTAŞ, Ferda; (2011), Endüstriyel Ekoloji, Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, Sürdürülebilir Üretim ve Tüketim. Ankara: Yayınlar- VI.
  • WANG, Feng and HUISMAN, Jaco; (2010), Formalisation of E-Waste Collection and Recycling in China, Bonn: United Nations University, Institute for Sustainability and Peace.
  • WANG, Feng; (2014), E-Waste: Collect More, Treat Better, China: Master of Science in Chemistry Geboren te Daye.
  • WIDMER, Rolf, OSWALD-KRAPF, Heidi, SINHA-KHETRIWAL, Deepali, SCHNELLMANN, Max and BÖNI, Heinz; (2005), “Global Perspectives on E-Waste”, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 25(5), pp. 436-458.
  • World Comission on Environment and Development (WCED); (1987), Our Common Future. New York: Oxford University Press.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ümit Başülmez Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-4053-9636

Oytun Meçik 0000-0002-7409-6266

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2018
Kabul Tarihi 22 Ekim 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Sayı: 52

Kaynak Göster

APA Başülmez, Ü., & Meçik, O. (2018). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Endüstriyel Ekoloji Kapsamında E-atık Politikaları İçin Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi(52), 381-408. https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.429214

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